- Groundnuts, also known as peanuts, are a legume crop grown worldwide, with an annual production of 42 million tonnes. - They are classified as both a legume and oil crop due to their high oil content. Peanut pods develop underground rather than above ground. - In Pakistan, groundnuts were first cultivated in 1949-1950 and are mainly grown in Swabi district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. They provide economic returns as a kharif crop in semi-arid regions. - Groundnuts are a nutritious food and their oil is used for cooking and industrial applications like paints, varnishes and lubricants. They require proper cultivation techniques like

1. GROUNDNUTS
• Shah Fahad
• The University of Agriculture Peshawar
(PAKISTAN)
• shahfahad974@gmail.com

3. Peanuts/ Ground nut
• The peanut also known as Ground nut and
moong phalli
• It is a legume crop grown in tropics and
subtropics
• It is classified as both legume crop and oil crop,
• Because of its high oil content
• World annual production is 42 million tonnes in
2014
• Peanut pods develop underground rather than
above ground ,linnaeus assigned the specific
name hypogaea
• Which means under the earth

4. • Groundnut belong to family fabaceae
(leguminosae)
• Like other legumes peanuts harbor symbiotic
nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nudules making it
valuable in
• Crop rotation
• Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional
profile to
• Tree nuts like walnuts and almonds
• Nut is a fruit whose ovary becomes very hard at
maturity there fore peanuts are not true nuts
• But rather a legume

5. History
• The oldest archeological remains of pods have
been dated at about 7600 year old in Peru in
early phase of
• Domestication
• Many pre Columbian cultures depicted peanuts
in their art
• Cultivation was well established in meso
America
• Before the Spanish arrived
• The pea nut was later spread worldwide by
european Traders

6. History
• peanuts was only a garden crop in colonial period
• It was mostly used as animal feed stock until the
1930s
• Cultivated peanut (A.hypogaea) arose from hybrid
• Between two wild species of peanut,thought to be
• A.DURANNSIS and A. IPANSIS
• HYDRIDIZATION GAVE RISE to A. monticola(a wild
form of peanut)
• The process of domestication in Argentina or
southeastern Bolivia through artificial selection made
A.hypogaea dramatically different from its wild
relatives

7. • In pakistan groundnut was first cultivated in
1949-1950
• On 500 hac in rawalpindi area of Pothwar
region.
• It gave the highest economic return per hac
among
• Kharif crops in semi-arid barani area of the
country
• It is now grown on an area of 9800 ha with an
annual production of 104,000 tonnes in the
country
• Ground nut occupies 14400 ha of the cropped
area in kharif season in KPK
• It is mainly grown in SWABI district of the

8. Uses
• Groundnut kernal is palatable and tasty .it is roasted
• And consumed directly like dry fruits.
• It contributes significant amount of fat ,protein
,mineral, and vitamin
• Ground nut oil is edible and serves as an exellent
cooking oil it is free of toxic compound and contains
no linolenic acid (which causes oxidative rancidity )
• Peanuts are used to help fight malnutrition in
developing countries by WHO, UNICEF
• PAINT VARNISH, lubricating oil leather dressing
• Furniture polish, insecticides are made from peanut
oil

10. NOMENCLATURE
• Order Fabales
• Family Fabaceae
• Sub family faboideae
• Genus arachis
• bionomial name Arachis hypogaea

11. Characteristics
• self pollinated
kharif
day neutral
• dicot
• epigeal germination
• tap root system
• harbicious
• normally 30-50 cm tall
• annual
• Indeterminate

12. Flower
• small
• yellowish orange
• grow singly or in
cluster (2 to 4)
• close to the ground
• 1.0 to 1.5 cm long
• born on axillary
clusters on stem

13. Pegging
• peanut pods develop underground
unusual feature
• known as Geocarpy
• after fertilization a short stalk ,at the base
of ovary (pedicel) elongates to form a
thread like structure
• known as peg.
• this peg containing ovary grows down into
the soil
• and develops into a mature peanut pod.

15. Cultural practices
• loose soil Fertile ovule penetrate easily
• Land should be ploughed (15 _20) deep
• Grow best in light , sandy loam soil
• pH 5.9 _7

16. Fertilizer
• NPK ratio should be 1:4:2
• Benifical fertilizer dose at sowing is
• 20 80 40 kg/ha
• adequate levels of P K Ca Mg and micro
nutrients are
• also necessary for good yield

17. Time and method of sowing
• Sowing of ground nuts depends on rainfall
• Barani mid march to end of April
• Irrigated area April till may
• Seed rate for erect type 70 _75 kg/ha
• Spreading type 60_65 kg/ha
• R to R distance 75 cm
• P to P 30 cm
• Seed rate varies with type of cultivar to be
grown
• Seed should be innoculated with Rhizobia

18. Thining
• Ground nuts need thining to keep the plant
population of 150,000 per ha in case erect
type .
• In case of spreading type 75000 per ha
• The weak and dry plants should be
uprooted

19. Irrigation
• Groundnut is mostly grown in barani area
• they can be grown with as little as 350
mm.
• give best yeild at 500 mm
• however field should be irrigated with an
interval
• of two weeks after seeding

20. Insect
• termites
• jassids
• white fly
• White grub
• Pod sucking bug

21. Diseases
• Leaf spot
• Seed rot
• Brown and damaged pods are susceptible
to fungal attack which produce aflatoxins
• Aflatoxins may develop jaundice , allergy
and cancer.

22. Harvesting and storage
• harvested when fully matured
• inderminate
• harvested in october
• hand pulling and machinary methods are
used
• sun drying for 15 days till moisture
content remain
• 8 to 10 %
• the dry pods are stored in clean bags and
stored in fumigated and clean bins.

24. Yield and composition
• varies with cultivars
• average national yield -
---
• Kpk yield

26. Nutritional value
• Oil content 44- 56 %
• protein 22-23%
•
• essential fatty acid
• oleic acid 60 %
• linoleic acid 20 %

27. cultivars
• bari 189, bard -479, g- 17
• spreading type
• runner type
• more productive
• bard -699 banki CG -527