Seed Production Technology in Blackgram

1. SST-505
ASSIGNMENT
SEED PRODUCTION IN
BLACK GRAM
PRESENTED BY
SUSHRUT MOHAPATRA
201222105
1st year M.Sc Ag(PBG)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Black gram[Vigna mungo (L.)] is commonly known as urd
bean, mash, urad dal(Hindi), biri dali(Odia).
• It is one of the important pulses grown in India.
• Currently, India is the largest producer of black gram
accounting for more than 70% of the global production,
Madhya Pradesh being the largest producer of black gram in
India.
• It is an excellent source of protein and is consumed in the
form of ‘dal’ (whole or split, husked and un-husked) or
perched.
• It is used as nutritive fodder specially for milch animals. It is
also used as green manuring crop.
• High values of lysine make urd bean an excellent complement
to rice in terms of balanced human nutrition.
• It has the ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, hence, it
helps in restoring soil fertility and used in crop rotation and as
intercrop to enhance the yield of main crop.

3. NUTRIONAL CONTENT
Carbohydrate 59.6% Moisture 10.9%
Protein 24-25% Calcium 154mg/100g
Fat 1.4% Phosphorus 385mg/100g
Minerals 3.2% Iron 9.1mg/100g
Fiber 0.9% Calorific
Value
347Kcal/100
g

4. PLANT DESCRIPTION
 Scientific Name- Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper
 Family- Leguminosae(Fabaceae)
 Chromosome number(2n) = 2x =22
 Origin- India
 Vigna mungo is divided in to two sub species:
 V. mungo var. niger: It includes varieties which
mature early and have bold and black seeds.
 V. mungo var. viridis: It includes varieties having
longer maturity period. Seeds are small and
green.
 It is an erect or sub erect, fast-growing annual,
herbaceous legume reaching 30-100 cm in height
having epigeal germination.
 It has a well-developed taproot and its stems are
diffusely branched from the base. Occasionally it
has a twining habit and it is generally pubescent.

5. PLANT DESCRIPTION AND
FLORAL BIOLOGY
 The leaves are large, pinnately trifoliate, hairy with large ovate
to lanceolate leaflets ranging 4-10 cm long and 2-7 cm wide.
 Inflorescence is axillary raceme and may have 2-3 branches.
 Flowers are complete, small, bisexual, papilionaceous,
zygomorphic, hypogynous having linear to lanceolate
bracteoles exceeding the calyx.
 Five to six flowers are clustered at the top of the short hairy
peduncle. The peduncle is elongated in the fruit.
 The calyx bracts (bracteoles) are long having 5 sepals and are
gamosepalous and valvate.
 The corolla is bright yellow having 5 petals and the keel petals
are spirally coiled with terminal horn like appendage.
 Stamens are 10 in number which are diadelphous (9+1).

6. FLORAL BIOLOGY
 Gynoecium- It is monocarpellary, filiform stigma, style is spirally twisted, terminal and
hairy, and has superior ovary.
 Ovule is unilocular with few ovules on marginal placentation.
 Pollination- Since the flowers are cleistogamous, this results in self pollination.
Pollination occurs at bud stage before flower opening in night.
 Time of anthesis: Flowers generally open between 6am-7am and flowering continues for an
hour.
Flowers remain open till noon after which they gradually start to close and completely close
by 4pm.
 Anther Dehiscence- Anthers dehisce at night between 9pm and 3am.
 Fruit- The fruit is a cylindrical, erect pod, 4-7 cm long x 0.5 cm broad. The pod is hairy,
pointing upward, buff to dark brown at maturity and has a short hooked beak.
 Seed- Each pod contains 4-10 ellipsoid black or mottled seeds which are oblong with square
ends, green seeds are also found.

11. RECOMMENDED VARIETIES
Recommended
variety
Days to
maturity
Salient features
Azad Urd-1 75-80 Suitable for low altitude, spring season
resistant to yellow mosaic virus (YMV)
KU-301 65-70 Suitable for low altitude, resistant to yellow
mosaic virus (YMV)
Pant U-35 75-80 Suitable for low altitude, hairy pods, dull
greenish brown bold seeds
Kalindi 65-70 Suitable for low and mid altitude
Tripura
Mashkolai-1
75-80 Suitable for low and mid altitude
Varieties recommended and their characteristic features

12. VARIETIES RECOMMENDED
FOR ODISHA
Recommended
variety
Days to
maturity
Salient features
Pant U-35 75-80 Suitable for low altitude, hairy pods,
dull greenish brown bold seeds
Sarala 75 Resistant to YMV and PM (powdery
mildew), 8 q/ha
PANT U 30 65-70 Resistant to YMV, PM, leaf spot
PANT U 19 65-70 Resistant to YMV, PM, leaf spot
KU 301 65-70 Resistant to YMV, leaf spot
T-9 70-75 Suitable to all seasons, no hairs on
pods, Yield 10-12 q/ha

13. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
• Black gram is a warm weather crop and usually taken as kharif crop.
• It can be cultivated in areas receiving an annual rainfall of 600-
1800mm with optimum rainfall from 600-1000mm.
• Optimum temperature requirement of the crop is 28-32oC.
• It is best suited to rice fallows during rabi in southern and south-
eastern parts of India.
• It is quite drought resistant and intolerant of frost and prolonged
cloudiness.

14. SOIL REQUIREMENT
 Black gram does well in heavier soils such as black cotton soil which retain
heavier moisture in a better way
 It can be grown in all types of soils ranging from sandy loam to heavy clay
except the alkaline and saline soils.
 Loam or slightly heavy soils with neutral pH are best suited for urd bean.
 Soil should be well drained having good water holding capacity.

15. AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT
LAND REQUIREMENT:
• Land to be used for seed production of black gram shall be free from volunteer plants.
Hence, previous crop should not be the same unless it is of same variety and certified.
LAND PREPARATION:
• A light textured and well drained field with pH of 6.5-7.8 should be selected for the seed
crops of black gram. Fields should be prepared well by ploughing and one or two
harrowings followed by levelling.
• If the seed crop is being raised after wheat or paddy, no land preparation should be
necessary, and the crop can be seeded after one pre-sowing irrigation.
• During summer it requires a thorough preparation to make the field free from stubbles
and weeds completely.

16. ISOLATION DISTANCE
 Black gram is fully self-fertile and almost entirely self pollinated.
Therefore, isolation distance is required to prevent mixture at harvest.
The recommended isolation distance for seed production in Black
gram is:
 10m for foundation seed crop
 5m for certified seed crop to avoid mechanical admixtures.

17. TIME OF SOWING
 The crop comes up well in the kharif season. However, irrigated crop
taken up in Rabi or Summer season gives better seed yield compared
to kharif crop.
 It can be sown either in the 2nd week of February, soon after the
wheat harvest or in April or in kharif season.
 It also comes up well in the rabi season in light soils with moisture
retentive capacity. It can be grown in rice-fallow after paddy i.e., in
November to December.
METHOD OF SOWING:
Line sowing behind the seed drill or plough has been found beneficial
and recommended for facilitating better intercultural operations and
hoeing.

18. SEED RATE:
The seed rate depends on the method of sowing. Generally, seed rate for different seasons are as follows:
• For Kharif and Rabi crop- 15-20 kg/ha
• For Spring and summer crop- 25-30kg/ha
SPACING:
Spacing depends upon soil type and varieties. To obtain optimum yield, appropriate spacing and recommended
plant population should be maintained.
• Spacing for Kharif and Rabi crop: 30-45cm(Row to row) x 10cm(Plant to plant)
• Spacing for Spring and Summer crop: 20-25cm X 10cm
SEEDING DEPTH:
Black gram seed should be sown upto 5-6 cm deep depending upon soil type and moisture.

19. PRESOWING SEED TREATMENT
• To protect the crop from seed and soil borne diseases, seed should be treated with Carbendazim 1-
2g/kg or Thiram 1.5 gm/kg of seed 24 hours before sowing.
• Seed treatment with Phosphorus solubilising bacteria (PSB) 250g/10kg seed and Rhizobium
200g/10kg of seed results in higher seed yield.
NUTRIENT APPLICATION
• Soil test should be done and accordingly nutrient management should be adopted as per requirement.
Otherwise, blanket application of FYM @ 5t/ha and a fertilizer dose of 20:40:20 kg N-P2O5-
K2O/ha should be applied.
• In Zn-deficient soils, a foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4, + 0.5% lime solution has been recommended.
• Foliar spray of 2% DAP and 2% KCl at Pre flowering stage enhances the yield.
IRRIGATION
 Spring and summer seed crops of black gram will require frequent irrigations to maintain adequate soil
moisture during crop growth.
 Kharif crops may not. require irrigation in areas of assured rainfall. One or two irrigations may be
required if there is a prolonged dry period.
 Irrigation should be provided at critical growth stage i.e. flowering and pod development stage.

20. INTERCULTURE
• Cyperus rotundus poses a serious threat in black gram crop
field.
• The fields of seed crops must be kept clean and free of
weeds by one or two weeding or hoeing operations in the
early stages of growth. Weeding and hoeing is to be done
between 25-30 days after sowing and if the weeds are still
present in the field the 2nd weeding should be done at 45
days after sowing.
• A spray of 1 kg Treflan, in 1000 lit of water per hectare at
the time of final land preparation is recommended to check
weeds in the seed plots.
• Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin at 3.3 litres/ha
under irrigated condition 2.5 litres/ha under rainfed
condition on 3 days after sowing.

21. PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Common Name Nature of damage Management
Gram pod
borer( Helicoverpa armigera)
• Defoliation in early stages
• Larva’s head alone thrust inside
the pods and the rest of the body
hanging out.
• Pods with round holes
• ETL: 10% of affected pods
• Pheromone traps for Helicoverpa
armigera 12/ha
Application of insecticides:
• Dimethoate 30% EC 1237 ml/ha
• Dusting with 10% Sevin of folidol at 25kg/ha
• NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%,
or Neem oil 2%
Bean Aphids( Aphis
craccivora )
• Leaves, inflorescence stalk and
young pods covered with dark
colored aphids
• Honey dew secretion with black
ant movements
• Spray of 625ml metasystox in 625l of water/ha
repeated at 15-20 day intervals
• Emamectin benzoate 5%SG 220 g/ha (500l/ha)
Whitefly(Bemisia tabaci) • Pods with black spots
• Shedding of green pods
• Poorly filled pods with shriveled
grains inside
• Vector of Mungbean Yellow
Mosaic Virus and Leaf Crinkle
Virus
• Spray of any one of the insecticides:
• Dimethoate 30% EC 500ml/ha
• Methyl demeton 25%EC 500ml/ha
• Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100-125 ml/ha

22. GRAM POD BORER
WHITEFLY BEAN APHID

23. Common Name Symptom Management
Powdery Mildew(Erysiphe polygoni) • White powdery patches appear on leaves and
other green parts which later become dull
colored.
• These patches gradually increase in size and
become circular covering the lower surface
also.
• Application of 25kg sulphur dust/ha
• Spray of 25kg wettable sulphur or benlate at
150kg/ha.
• Spray Eucalyptus leaf extract 10% at initiation
of the disease and 10 days later.
Yellow Mosaic( Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus) • Transmitted by whitefly
• The disease is more prevalent in black gram
than green gram
• Initially mild scattered yellow spots appear
on young leaves.
• The next trifoliate leaves emerging from the
growing apex show irregular yellow and green
patches alternating with each other. Spots
gradually increase in size and ultimately some
leaves turn completely yellow. Diseased
plants are stunted, mature late and produce
very few flowers and pods.
• Growing resistant varieties such as Sarala,
Pant U-19 and Pant U-30
• Seed treatment with Dimethoate (or)
Imidacloprid @ 5 ml /kg
• Installation of yellow sticky traps 12 nos/ha
• Rogue out the infected plants up to 45 day
Cercospora leaf spot(Cercospora canescens) • Spots produced are small, numerous in number
with pale brown centre and reddish brown
margin.
• Under favorable environmental conditions,
severe leaf spotting and defoliation occurs at
the time of flowering and pod formation.
• The fungus is seed-borne and also survives on
plant debris in the soil.
• Spray Carbendazim 500 g/ha or Mancozeb
1000g /ha at initiation of the disease and 10
days later.
• Spray of Copper oxychloride at 1.25-2.5kg in
625l of water/ha as soon as initial symptoms of
the disease appear.

24. POWDERY MILDEW YELLOW MOSAIC
CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT

25. ROGUING
→Rouging should be done strictly
to remove all the off-type plants,
which exhibit variation from the
parental variety.
→The plants infested by diseases
and pests especially by yellow
mosaic, anthracnose and blight
should be removed.
FIELD INSPECTION
→The field should be inspected
thoroughly at flowering and
fruiting stages by monitoring
team consisting of experts.
→A minimum of 2 inspections
shall be made, 1st before
flowering and 2nd at flowering
and fruiting

26. HARVESTING AND THRESHING
 HARVESTING INDICES- The crop should be harvested when the when the pods turn
black or after 50% flowering stage.
 Summer and spring seed crops of black gram are ready to harvest when the pods turn black.
The kharif crop is harvested when most of the pods have turned black.
 Hand picking of pods, therefore, is a common practice. In certain varieties 75% of the crop
can be harvested at first picking and the remainder about 10 days later.
 The plants along with the roots are pulled and stacked for a week in the sun on a threshing
floor.
 THRESHING- After the pods are thoroughly dried(around12-13% moisture content), they
are threshed by hand or beating with sticks or trampling by oxen.

27. POST HARVEST HANDLING
DRYING AND CLEANING
 Small quantities of seed are normally dried by spreading on a drying floor, which if covered
should be well ventilated. In humid regions artificial dryers can be used to dry seed, the air
temp should not exceed 35°C.
 Scrupulous cleaning of the grains is required to avoid storage pests. Winnowing in natural
wind generally performs cleaning of the threshed produce.
 The cleaned seed is dried to 8-10% moisture before storage. Necessary precautions must be
taken to avoid mechanical admixtures during harvesting and all post harvest operation.
 SEED TREATMENT AND STORAGE
 The seeds can be treated with captan or thiram to protect them against anthracnose (Colletotrichum
lindomuthianum), wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and damping off disease. (Pythium spp.). Streptomycin
sulphate controls bacterial blight (Xanthomonas vignicola). The powdered leaves of Cymbopogon
flexuous (2-4% by weight) gave adequate protection to pulse seeds against bruchids (Callosobruchus
maculates).
 The best way to combat seed borne disease of pulse crop is to use only healthy seed from a clean crop.
Seeds of pulse treated with malathion and stored in polythene bags in cool, dry, shady place at 9%
moisture retain their viability over a period of 8 months.

28. SEED YIELD
With the adoption of improved technology, the seed yield upto 10-15q/ha
can be obtained.
FIELD STANDARDS
Factor
Maximum permitted
(%)
Foundation Certified
Off-types at any inspection at and
after flowering(maximum)
0.1 0.2
Plants affected by seed-borne
diseases(maximum)
0.1 0.2

29. SEED STANDARDS
Factor
Standards for each class
Foundation Certified
Pure seed (minimum) 98.0% 98.0%
Inert matter (maximum) 2.0% 2.0%
Other crop seeds (maximum) 5/kg 10/kg
Other distinguishable varieties
(maximum)
10/kg 20/kg
Weed seeds (maximum) 5kg 10/kg
Germination (minimum) 75% 75%
Moisture (maximum) – Ordinary
containers
9.0% 9.0%
- For vapor-proof containers
(maximum)
8.0% 8.0%

30. REFERENCES
 http://agriodisha.nic.in/Home/pulses
 https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/package-of-practices/pulses/blackgram-
and-greengram
 Seed Technology- R. L. Agrawal
 Seed Production of Field Crops- S.S. Mondal, Mithun Saha, Kajal Sengupta
 https://www.feedipedia.org/node/236
 Black gram outlook- July 2021
 https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_improvement/crop_imprv_emasculation_pulses.html
 https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop_insect_pul_bla%20and%20gre
enmain.html

31. THANK YOU