Corn is a popular grain used in animal feed worldwide. It provides good energy from its starch content but is low in protein. Corn can be included in ruminant diets at high levels when paired with protein supplements. For poultry and fish, corn is commonly included at around 75% of the diet due to its digestible energy. While corn provides good nutrition, it also contains some antinutritional factors like mycotoxins that can cause health issues if contaminated corn is consumed. The price of corn is approximately Rs 50 per kg.

1. Corn grains

2. Topics under discussion
• Introduction
• Nutritional profile
• Production/yeild
• Inclusion level in different animal species
• Last year production
• Antinutritional factors
• Price per kg

3. Introduction
• Popular food throughout world in different forms
• Corn kernels are fruit of maize
• One ear of corn contains roughly 800 kernels in 16 rows
• Kernels of maize consist of pericarp fused to form seed coat
,this type of fruit in grasses are called a caryopsis
• Maize kernels are frequently and incorrectly reffered as
seed
• Kernels are about the size of peas adhere in regular rows
around a white pithy substance which form ears

4. Varieties
• Sweat corn
• Has sugary gene that
retards the convertion
of sugar into starch
• Following harvest if left
too long sugar is
converted into starch
• Used as vegetable
when young

5. Varieties
• Dent corn
• Usually have yellow
endosperm but blue and
red also present
• Colours due to phenolic
compounds which have
antioxidants properties
• Most of products are made
from it
• When mature has a large
notch and depression in
grain

6. Varieties
• Waxy corn
• Starch variant of normal
maize contains 100%
amylopectin while
normal maize contains
75% amylopectin
• Used in food industry as a
stablizer in paper
industry as adhesive
material

7. Varieties
• Popping corn
• Had hard endosperm
which surround the small
amount of starch
• Heating the grain turns the
moisture into steam which
cause explode to
endosperm turning the
grain inside outside
• Expand 30-40 times thier
volume

8. Varieties
• Flour corn
• Endosperm is made up
of soft starch with thin
pericarp
• Crusty corn
• Hard endosperm with
smooth hard seed coat
• Yellow crusty corn has
more protein and beta
carotene
• Vitamin A is in more
amount

9. Nutritional attributes
• Palatable and suitable for livestock
• High starch contents about 65% 4% oil and low fiber
content 10% NDF
• Less readily fermentable than cereal starches
• Protein in maize are mainly zein and glutelin present in
endosperm and germ respectively
• Zein most important is deficient in lysine and tryptophan
so amino acid supplement are needed
• Opaque or floura-2 have been designed to have better
amino acid profile

10. Nutritional attributes
• Maize is low in Ca and P and supplement are
required
• Yellow maize has a higher vitamin A content than
white maize
• Vitamin A deficiency little importance in ruminants
but it has deleterious effects in pig and poultry
• Yellow maize is best for monogastrics

11. Nutritional profile
• Nutrients percentage
• CP. 13.42
• CF. 1.92
• ADF. 3.8
• NDF. 13.6
• Ca 0.44
• P. 0.28
• Mg 1.51
• DM 16.3

12. Inclusion level in different animals
species
• In ruminants
• A valued energy source
• Support high milk because of its high starch contents
• Promote rumen bacterial growth and enhancing
forage digestibility, rumen cycling and subsequent
feed intake
• Slowly degrading starch and help in glucose
absorption in small intestine

13. Inclusion level
• Less proteins in it
• Used with low quality forages(hay) and high quality
forages for protein source(soyabean meal)
• Concentrate,highly digestible and more palatable
• Improve milk yield and milk protein

14. Inclusion level
In poultry
• Appreciated for its highly digestible starch, low fiber
and relatively high oil content
• High metabolizable energy values
• Feed at high level in broiler and laying hens
• Maize oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty
acid (linoleic acid)
• In poultry white and yellow maize has same nutritive
value
• Yellow maize contains more carotene and
cryptoxanthine which are beneficial to yolk
pigmentation

15. Inclusion level
• Birds are attracted to yellow colour
• Maize can be ground ,medium size or fine for inclusion
in pelleted diet
• In hot calimate ,maize is replaced by less expensive
diet
• Barley can totally relplace maize in broiler diet
otherwise sorghum grain and broken rice could be
used
• Inclusion level is 750g per kg of diet

16. Inclusion level
In fishes
• Ground to make meal or pellet
• Digestible energy of maize meal is rather low for
rainbow trout while it is high for carp
• Digestible energy can be increased by gelatinization
of maize starch
• Increased performance of rainbow trout

17. Antinutritional factors
• Acidosis
• Feeding ruminants with high starch feed may cause
acidosis
• Fermentation of large amount of starch in the rumen
lower the pH
• Causes rumen stasis ,a decrease in forage digestion
diarrhoea and dehydration
• Maize starch is not as readily fermentable as the starch
of other grains such as barley and wheat
• Less incidence of acidosis

18. Antinutritional factors
• Mycotoxins
• Maize is susceptible to various moulds producing
myotoxins
• Deleterious effects on animal health
• Grain quality must be assesed before feeding
livestock and test exist to measure myotoxins

19. Antinutritional factors
• Aflatoxins
• Produced by Aspergillus flavus which invade maize
when drought
• Reduce growth and feed efficiency
• Causes liver disorder and abortion
• Contaminate milk from cows fed on damaged maize
• Ochratoxin
• Occur when high moisture maize is infested by
aspergillus or penicillin

20. Antinutritional factors
• Causes renal disorder in pig and decrease growth
• Decrease egg shell quality and egg production in
poultry
• Adding ascorbic acid may alleviate toxicosis in
laying hens
• Fumonisins
• Are typical of maize and are produced by other
species of fusarium

21. Antinutritional factors
• Carcinogenic in pigs and human and causes
pulmonary oedema in pig
• In horses cause induce leukoencephalomalacia(lower
intake ,lameness oral and facial paralysis ,seizure and
eventual death
• Phytic acid
• Antinutritional factor in plant seeds
• Mak insoluble compounds with many minerals and
reduce availability

22. Corn gluten
• Corn gluten meal is obtained whenever maize is
used for starch extraction
• Obtained as by product during wet milling process
• Corn gluten meal is protein rich containing about
65% crude protein
• Also used as energy and pigment for livestock
species including fishes

23. Corn gluten
• Corn gluten should not be mistaken with corn
gluten feed which contain 22% protein rather than
65%
• In USA and corn gluten meal is used as fertilizer and
weed killer

25. • Price per kg
• Rs 50 per kg
• Yield
• Average yield in the world is 3.6t/ha highest yield is
7-10t/ha