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Chickpea
- 1. Area, Production, Classification,Morphology and cultivation practices of Chickpea Vj Bhatia MSc Agronomy
- 2. Content • Introduction • Importance •Area, production and productivity • Classification • Botany • Climatic condition • Soil and field preparation • Others cultivation practices
- 3. Introduction • Pulses arean important source of stable protein food for the poor and the vegetarians which constitute a major population of the country • India’s outstanding contribution towards total global acreage and production of pulses at 35% & 27 % respectively • India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses accounting about 27 % of the total production and about 30 % of the total consumption in the world
- 4. Chickpea • Botanical Name– Cicer arietinum • Synonym – Chickpea, Bengal gram, Chana and Gram • Origin – South West Asia – probably Afghanistan and/or Persia. • Chromosome no. – 2n = 16 • Family - Leguminoseae. ( paplionacious)
- 5. Nutritive value • Protein– 18-22% • Calcium – 280 mg/100 g • Carbohydrate - 61-62% • Iron – 12.3 mg/100 g • Fat – 4.5 % • Phosphorus – 301 mg/100 g
- 6. Area & Production •World chickpea production reached 13.3 million tons in 2013 and 14.2 million tons in 2014 • Six countries including India, Australia, Turkey, Myanmar, Pakistan and Ethiopia account for about 90% of world chickpea production. • Agronomic significance: Leaving about 30-50 kg N/ha for successive crops, especially cereals. Intercrop cereals also get benefited through ‘N’ supplied by way of fixation in gram
- 7. Area production andproductivity • The total area and production of gram during twelfth Plan was 8.88 million hectares and 8.50 mill. tonnes respectively. • Madhya Pradesh ranked first contributing an area of (34.32% and 39.47 % of total area and production of country), followed by Rajasthan (16.64 % and 14.99%) and Maharashtra (16.09 % and 12.95).
- 8. Classification Desi or BrownGram (Cicer arientinum) • Colour of seed coat ranges yellow to dark brown • Good branching ability • Seed size are small • Widely cultivated group in India (90% of total world). Kabuli or White Gram (Cicer kabulium) • Colour of seed coat white with bold and attractive • Plants are taller than desi • Patels are white to pale cream • Which lack anthocyanin • poor branching
- 9. Botany of chickpea •Petals are generally purple in desi type • Contain high amount of anthocyanin pigment • Stems are branched • Primary branches may vary from 1 to 8 • Covered with fine glandular hairs • Leaves are pinnately compound • Covered with glandular hairs. • Maximum height of 45-60 cm
- 10. • Seeds arespherical in shape, wrinkled or smooth with a pointed beak. Its head is similar to chicken’s head with a characteristic ‘beak’ hence called as chickpea • Flowers are typical Papilionaceous consisting of five sepals, five petals (consists of one standard, two wings and two keels), ten stamens (nine fused to form one staminal column and one free • Inflorescence -axillary, racemes • Anthesis takes place between 9 am to 3 pm • Self- fertilization
- 11. Climate • Being awinter season legume, it requires fairly cold and dry climate • But severe cold and frost are injurious to it • Frost at flowering results failure flowers to develop seeds • Av. Annual rainfall 60-90cm • Excessive rains soon after sowing or at flowering and fruiting or hailstorms at ripening cause heavy loss
- 12. Soil and fieldpreparation • Wide range of soils viz light sandy loam to moderately heavy loam in north to black cotton soils of Central Platue. • Sandy loams to clay loam soil, free from excessive salt and neutral in reaction with drainage facility, are best for gram • Soil pH should not be more than 8.5
- 13. • Chick peais highly sensitive to soil aeration • A rough seedbed is required for chick pea • Very fine and compact seedbed is not good for chick pea • Requires a loose and well aerated seedbed
- 14. Varieties Avrodhi : 150‐155 days, This variety is resistant to wilt disease, 25‐ 30 quintals per hectare. 2 Gaurav : 140‐ 145 days, moderately resistant to rust and blight diseases, 25‐ 30 quintals per hectare 3 JG‐ 315: 145‐ 150 days, growing in rainfed , resistant to wilt disease, 25‐ 30 quintals per hectare. 4 Annegri‐ 1 : (100 days) developed from a selection in Karnataka. 10‐ 15 quintals per hectare. 5 Karnal channa: Resistant to salinity 6 DCP 92-3 Lodging resistant
- 15. Seed & sowing •Second fortnight of October • For peninsular India, first fort night of October is the best time for chick pea sowing • Early sown crop suffers more from wilt owing to high temperature at that time • Seed rate of 75‐ 100 kg per hectare • Row spacing of 30‐ 45 and plant spacing is 10- 15cm • Treated with 0.25 per cent Thiram or Carbendazim
- 16. Manure and fertilizer •Chick pea being a leguminous crop fulfils the major part of its nitrogen requirement. • Fertilizer dose is 15-20 kg N as starter dose, 40kg phosphorous. • About 5 tonnes FYM or compost. • Fertilizers are drilled in furrows at a depth of 7‐ 10 centimeters
- 17. Weeding • Weeding orinter culture with hand hoe or wheel hoe after 25‐ 30 days. • Fluchloralin (Basalin) 1 kg per hectare in 800‐ 1000 liters of water as pre‐ planting spray may be used as an effective herbicide
- 18. Water Management • Chickpea is mostly sown as a rainfed crop • Pre‐ sowing irrigation ensure proper germination and smooth growth • Irrigation required at pre‐ flowering stage and one at pod development stage.
- 19. Pest and diseasemanagement • Chickpea wilt • Rust • Ascochyta blight Seed treatment with thiram @2.5g/kg seed Spray the crop with 0.2% Mancozeb 72wp • Wilt • Rust • Ascochyta blight • Cutworm • Gram pod borer • Spray monocrotophos 36EC @ 2% at pod development stage
- 20. Yield • Well managedcrop yields about 20‐ 25 quintals of grain per hectare which is about three to four times higher than the national average.