This document lists and describes 10 common cowpea diseases: seedling mortality, anthracnose, pythium stem rot, sclerotium stem rot, fusarium wilt, brown rust, black spot, powdery mildew, bacterial blight, and cowpea mosaic virus. It provides details on the causal agents, symptoms, spread, and potential controls for each disease.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
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This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
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The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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2.
1. SEEDLING MORTALITY
2. ANTHRACNOSE
3. PYTHIUM STEM ROT
4. SCLEROTIUM STEM ROT
5. FUSARIUM WILT
6. BROWN RUST
7. BLACK SPOT (LEAF SMUT)
8. POWDERY MILDEW
9. BACTERIAL CANCER
10. COWPEA (SEVERE) MOSAIC VIRUS (CSMV)
List of cow pea diseases
3.
Causal agent: Pthujam aphanidermatum
Distribution and Importance:
the Causal fungi are global.
Seedling mortality has been investigated only in
Nigeria but the disease probably occurs elsewhere.
Seventy five per cent mortality of cowpea seedlings
has been found with in 21 days after sowing.
Disease occurrence is highest during cool, wet,
cloudy weather.
SEEDLING MORTALITY
4.
Symptoms :
Both pre and post-emergence mortality occur; in
the latter case, symptoms can be observed on the
hypocotyls.
The reddish brown lesions caused by C solani are
usually limited to the collar region of the leaves
and seeds.
6.
Spread and controls:
These pathogens are abundant in soil where the
humid environment is favourable for their activity.
Management options
Corp rotation
Field sanitation
Seed treatment with chloroneb seed dressing (2g/kg).
7.
Causal agent: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Distribution and Importance:
The pathogen is widely distributed, being
present in almost all areas where beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris) are grown.
The disease is particularly severe in
monocropped cowpeas in which it can cause
up to 50 percent loss in yield.
ANTHRACNOSE
8.
All aboveground parts can be affected but anthracnose is
chiefly a stem disease in cowpea.
Individual lesions are lenticular to sunken, and dark to
brown in colour.
Lesion size and spreading depend on varietal
susceptibility.
Highly susceptible lines develop large spreading lesions
which rapidly merge to stems, branches and petioles.
Anthracriose can be distinguished from covering by the
presence of black shield, and from the related brown stain
fungi by the shape of the (C).
Symptoms
10.
Primary inoculum may come from seed (40% seed
transmission) or from diseased plant debris.
Secondary spread is rapid during cool, wet weather.
The disease may be controlled by using clean seed,
applicaion of mancozeb (0.2 percent) or by growing
resistant varieties.
Spread and Control
11.
Causal agent: Pythium aphaniderinatum
Distribution and Importance:
Worldwide. In Nigeria, field rate in cowpea normally
ranges between 0.5 -10.0 percent, although occasional
incidences of up to 30 percent have been observed.
PYTHIUM STEM ROT
12.
Pythiurn stem rot is characterized by a grey-green
water soaked rope of the stem spreading from soil
level Edge to and sometimes including the lower
portions of the lower branches.
During periods of high humidity copious growth of
white, cottony Mycelia occurs at the stem base.
Infected plants quickly wilt and die.
Symptoms
13.
Probably not seed transmitted. Principally soil-borne.
sanitation
Crop rotation
Bi-weekly applications of captafol effectively control
the disease, actually increase its frequency.
Spread and Control
15.
Causal agent: Corticiurn rolfsii = Sclerotium rolfsii)
Distribution and Importance:
The pathogen is widespread in moist tropics and
warm temperate areas but the disease is of minor
importance on cowpea.
SCLEROTIUM STEM
ROT
16.
The causal fungus infects the centres of stems
producing a follower of silky white myceliam and
large round sclerotia which are initially white and
slowly darken.
Infected plants wilt and die.
The mycelium and presence of sclerotia serve to
distinguish this disease from Pythium stem rot which
it otherwise resembles.
Occasionally, concentric leaf spots are also
encouraged by C. rolfsii
Symptoms
18.
C. rolfsii is an unspecific parasite capable of extensive
Parasitic growth in surface layers of soil, continuing
on crop residues and weed hosts.
The sclerotia are spread by cultivation, wind and
water, and rarely as toxins among seed.
Control may be achieved by cultural means.
Spread and Control
19.
Causal agent: Fusurium oxysporurn
Distribution and importance: fairly wide spread,
being reported from North and south America, Asia
and Australia.
Constantly recorded in tropical Africa, Locally
damaging.
Hosts include cowpea and soybean.
FUSARIUM WILT
20.
Leaves of infected plants are wilting and
yellowed and in young plants a rapid wilt
leads to death. Older plants are stunted,
leaves turn yellow and then fall and the plant
gradually wilts.
The vascular tissue is typically necrotic ,and
it is this symptoms and the presence of
characteristic spores, which distinguish the
disease from the stem rots.
Symptoms
22.
The pathogen Is soil-borne and probably also seed
transmitted.
Control is best achieved through:
Sanitation
Crop rotation
Seed treatment with suitable fungicides and
growing resistant varieties.
Spread and Control:
23.
Causal agent: Uromyces appendiculatus
Distribution and Importance:
World wide. Highly susceptible lines can be almost
completely defoliated by mid-flowering time so that
yield loss is probably severe.
BROWN RUST
24.
Spots development on leaf surfaces , releasing
powdery, reddish-brown spores.
The spots may be surrounded by yellow haloes,
then by rings of secondary spots.
The color of the spots becomes black as the
pigmented pores develop. The fruiting stage
occasionally causes a stem rust disease.
Symptoms
26.
Rust is not seed borne. The dispersal of rust is favoured
by cloudy, humid weather with heavy droplets, and
temperature of 21-27°C. spores are distributed
principally by wind.
Control of rust may be achieved by spray and by the
use of resistant varieties/hybrid is the best control
measure, through the presence of numerous pathogenic
races.
Spread and Control:
27.
Causal agent: Protomycopsis phaseoli
Distribution and importance:
This disease is widely distributed on cowpeas in
tropical Africa and Jamaica, and on cowpeas, beans
and other legumes in India and Nepal.
The disease is of major economic importance on
cowpea in Brazil where yield losses of 30-40% are
reported.
BLACK SPOT (LEAF SMUT)
28.
Dark ash-grey to black circular discrete leaf spots 6-
8mm diameter, surrounded by narrow yellow haloes.
The leaf spots enlarge (to 10mm or more), becoming
greenish-grey, irregular and diffuse severe infections
cause pre mature defoliation.
Symptoms
29.
Black spot survive in plant debris for at least two
years but lower their viability when buried.
The fungus is not seed-borne.
Control measures would include
Rotation,
destruction of crop residues, and
Use of fungicides.
Resistant varieties have been identified to use.
Spread and control
30.
Causal apen t: Erysiphe polygoni
apparently of greater importance in tropical
America, and India than it is in Africa.
Disease severity often greater under of dry shady
conditions.
POWDERY MILDEW
31.
Mycelium forms Artificial, scattered, spreading
patches/covers, it white first turning greyish, on leaves
and other plant parts .
Symptoms
33.
Not known; not seed-borne. Mycelium is known to be
tolerant of low humidity.
Survival possibly as active infection.
To control use resistant varieties and suitable
fungicides
Spread and Control:
34.
Causal agent: Xanthomonas vignicola
Distribution and Importance:
A widespread and important disease of cowpea in
tropical Africa, America and India.
Seedling mortality resulting from seed-borne
infection may be up to 60 percent.
Yield losses from field infection have not been
estimated.
BACTERIAL BLIGHT (CANKER)
35.
The initial symptoms of bacterial blight are tiny water
soaked dots on leaves.
These dots remain small and the surrounding tissue dies.
developing a brown to orange coloration with a yellow
halo.
On heavily infected ,leaves the dead spots merge so that
large areas of leaf are affected.
The pathogen also infects the stem, causing cracking
(stem canker), and causes water soaking of pods from
where the pathogen enters the seed.
Symptoms
36.
The disease spread rapidly during heavy rainfall,
and during over head irrigation.
The pathogen is seed borne, and probably survives
on diseased cop residues.
Methods of control include:
The use of clean seed or seed treatment and
Resistant varieties.
Spread and Control:
37.
Distribution and Importance:
widespread in tropical and sub-tropical areas of
Africa and America. In Brazil,yield losses of 60-80%
are caused by CSMV
COWPEA (SEVERE) MOSAIC VIRUS
(CSMV)
38.
Symptoms:
A kind of mosaics
spread and Control:
Sap, and seed-borne (10%) and transmitted by several
beetles including Ceratoma spp, and other common
weeds in tropical areas may act as lakes of CSMV.
Resistant cowpea varieties are available