Covid -19 lecture ppt

What Is COVID-19?
O A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes
an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper throat.
Most coronaviruses aren't dangerous.
O In early 2020, after a December 2019 outbreak in
China, the World Health Organization identified SARS-
CoV-2 as a new type of coronavirus. The outbreak
quickly spread around the world.
O COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that
can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract
infection. It can affect your upper respiratory tract
(sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract
(windpipe and lungs).

CONTD.
O It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do,
mainly through person-to-person contact.
Infections range from mild to deadly.
O SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of
coronavirus, including the ones that cause
severe diseases like Middle East respiratory
syndrome (MERS) and sudden acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS). The other coronaviruses
cause most of the colds that affect us during the
year but aren’t a serious threat for otherwise
healthy people.

Is there more than one
strain of SARS-CoV-2?
O An early Chinese study of 103 COVID-19 cases found
two strains, which they named L and S. The S type is
older, but the L type was more common in early
stages of the outbreak. They think one may cause
more cases of the disease than the other, but they’re
still working on what it all means.
O It is also normal for a virus to change, or mutate, as it
infects people and this virus has done so. There are
several variants which are now spreading, some
proving to be more contagious as well as more deadly
than the original virus.

How long will the
coronavirus last?
OThere's no way to tell how long the
pandemic will continue. There are
many factors, including the public’s
efforts to slow the spread,
researchers’ work to learn more
about the virus, their search for a
treatment, and the success of the
vaccines.

Epidemiological Update
Coronavirus disease
(COVID-19)
O Since the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 until epidemiological week
(EW) 47 (ending
27 November 2021), 260,547,965 confirmed cumulative cases of COVID-19
have been
reported globally, including 5,195,833 deaths, of which the Region of the
Americas has
contributed 37.1% of cases and 45.2% of deaths.
• The North America subregion continues accounting for the highest
proportions of cases
(77.8%) and deaths (72.0%) between EW 43 and EW 47. However, in
comparison with
the previous 4-week period (EW 38-EW 42), the number of reported cases
decreased
across all subregions. Additionally, comparing the same periods, the number
of
reported deaths also decreased across all subregions, with the largest
decreases

CONTD.
O The SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) Delta
continues to be the predominant VOC
O in the Region of the Americas. Furthermore, the
recently recognized VOC, Omicron,
O has been detected in the Region of the Americas.
O • As of 30 November 2021, there have been a total of
342,513 SARS-CoV-2 infections
O among pregnant women, including 3,309 deaths
(case-fatality rate 1.0%), reported in
O 35 countries and territories in the Region.
O • Among indigenous populations in 18 countries of
the Americas, a cumulative total of
O 710,027 cases have been reported, including 16,860
deaths.

CONTD.
O • A total of 27 countries and territories have
reported 8,686 cumulative confirmed cases
O of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
and adolescents (MIS-C) temporally
O related to COVID-19, including 165 deaths.
O • Among health workers, 41 countries and
territories have reported 2,379,335 cumulative
O cases, including 12,898 deaths.

Symptoms of COVID-19
OThe main symptoms include-
O Fever
O Coughing
O Shortness of breath
O Trouble breathing
O Fatigue
O Chills, sometimes with shaking
O Body aches
O Headache
O Sore throat
O Congestion/runny nose
O Loss of smell or taste
O Nausea
O Diarrhea

CONTD.
O The virus can lead to pneumonia, respiratory
failure, heart problems, liver problems, septic
shock, and death. Many COVID-19 complications
may be caused by a condition known as cytokine
release syndrome or a cytokine storm. This is
when an infection triggers your immune system
to flood your bloodstream with inflammatory
proteins called cytokines. They can kill tissue
and damage your organs. In some cases, lung
transplants have been needed.

CONTD.
O If you notice the following severe symptoms in
yourself or a loved one, get medical help right
away:
O Trouble breathing or shortness of breath
O Ongoing chest pain or pressure
O Confusion
O Can’t wake up fully
O Bluish lips or face

CONTD.
O Strokes have also been reported in some people who
have COVID-19. Remember FAST:
O Face. Is one side of the person’s face numb or
drooping? Is their smile lopsided?
O Arms. Is one arm weak or numb? If they try to raise
both arms, does one arm sag?
O Speech. Can they speak clearly? Ask them to repeat a
sentence.
O Time. Every minute counts when someone shows
signs of a stroke. Call emergency right away.
O If you’re infected, symptoms can show up in as few
as 2 days or as many as 14. It varies from person to
person.

CONTD.
O According to researchers in China, these were the
most common symptoms among people who had
COVID-19:
O Fever 99%
O Fatigue 70%
O Cough 59%
O Lack of appetite 40%
O Body aches 35%
O Shortness of breath 31%
O Mucus/phlegm 27%
O Some people who are hospitalized for COVID-19 have
also have dangerous blood clots, including in their
legs, lungs, and arteries.

What to do if you think you
have it?
O If you live in or have traveled to an area where
COVID-19 is spreading:
O If you don’t feel well, stay home. Even if you have
mild symptoms like a headache and runny nose,
stay in until you’re better. This lets doctors focus
on people who are more seriously ill and
protects health care workers and people you
might meet along the way. You might hear this
called self-quarantine. Try to stay in a separate
room away from other people in your home. Use
a separate bathroom if you can.

CONTD
O Call the doctor if you have trouble breathing. You
need to get medical help as soon as possible.
Calling ahead (rather than showing up) will let the
doctor direct you to the proper place, which may not
be your doctor’s office. If you don’t have a regular
doctor, call your local board of health. They can tell
you where to go for testing and treatment.
O Follow your doctor’s advice and keep up with the
news on COVID-19. Between your doctor and
health care authorities, you’ll get the care you need
and information on how to prevent the virus from
spreading.

How do I know if it’s
COVID-19, a cold, or the flu?
O Symptoms of COVID-19 can be similar to a bad
cold or the flu. Your doctor will suspect COVID-
19 if:
O You have a fever and a cough.
O You have been exposed to people who have it
within the last 14 days.

Cold vs. Flu vs.
Allergies vs. COVID-19
Symptoms Cold Flu Allergies COVID-19
(can range
from
moderate to
severe)
Fever Rare High (100-102
F), Can last 3-
4 days
Never Common
Headache
General aches,
pains
Rare Intense Uncommon Can be
present
Tiredness Slight Usual, often
severe
Never Common
Longhaul
exhaustion
Never Usual gone in
2-3 weeks
Never Can be
present

Cold vs. Flu vs.
(can range
from moderate
to severe)
Stuffy/runny
nose
Common Sometimes Common Has been
reported
Sneezing Usual Sometimes Usual Has been
reported
Sore throat Common Common Sometimes Has been
reported
Cough Mild to
moderate
Common, can
become severe
Sometimes Common
Loss of smell
and taste Sometimes Sometimes
Never Has been
reported

Cold vs. Flu vs.
(can range
from moderate
to severe
Rash Rare Rare Can Happen Can Happen
Pink Eye Can Happen Can Happen Can Happen Can Happen
Diarrhea Never Sometimes in
children
Never Has been
reported
Shortness of
Breath
Rare Rare Rare, except for
those with
allergic asthma
In more serious
infections
Chest Pain Rare In more serious
infections
Rare In more serious
infections

Is COVID-19 worse than the
flu?
O Unlike the flu, a lot of people aren’t immune to
the coronavirus because it’s so new. If you do
catch it, the virus triggers your body to make
things called antibodies. Researchers are
looking at whether the antibodies give you
protection against catching it again.
O The coronavirus also appears to cause higher
rates of severe illness and death than the flu. But
the symptoms themselves can vary widely from
person to person.

Is COVID-19 seasonal like
the flu?
O While it had hoped intitially that higher
temperatures and humidity levels might help slow
the spread of the coronavirus, that was not the
case. Experts advise caution and say thorough
public health efforts have more influence than
weather on the spread. Also, past flu pandemics
have happened year-round.

Causes of the New
Coronavirus
OResearchers aren’t sure what caused it and
investigations as to its origin are ongoing. .
There’s more than one type of coronavirus.
They’re common in people and in animals
including bats, camels, cats, and cattle.
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-
19, is similar to MERS and SARS. They all
came from bats.

Coronavirus Risk Factors
O Anyone can get COVID-19, and most infections are mild. The
older you are, the higher your risk of severe illness.
O You also a have higher chance of serious illness if you have one
of these health conditions:
O Chronic kidney disease
O Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
O A weakened immune system because of an organ
transplant
O Obesity
O Serious heart conditions such as heart failure or coronary
artery disease
O Sickle cell disease
O Type 2 diabetes

CONTD.
O Conditions that could lead to severe COVID-19 illness
include:
O Moderate to severe asthma
O Diseases that affect your blood vessels and blood
flow to your brain
O Cystic fibrosis
O High blood pressure
O A weakened immune system because of a blood or
bone marrow transplant, HIV, or medications like
corticosteroids
O Dementia
O Liver disease

CONTD.
O Pregnancy
O Damaged or scarred lung tissue (pulmonary fibrosis)
O Smoking
O Thalassemia
O Type 1 diabetes
O Depression
O Anxiety
O Schizophrenia
O Some children and teens who are in the hospital with
COVID-19 have an inflammatory condition that doctors
are calling multisystem inflammatory syndrome in
children. Doctors think it may be linked to the virus. It
causes symptoms similar to those of toxic shock and of
Kawasaki disease, a condition that causes inflammation
in kids’ blood vessels.

How Are Mood Disorders
Linked to Severe COVID-19?
O According to the study, there are several socio-economic
reasons why preexisting mood disorders can increase
your chances for hospitalization and death if you get
COVID-19.
O This includes:
O Poverty
O Lack of access to preventative health care
O Ability to understand health recommendations
O Lack of access to affordable health care
O Living in tight spaces or facilities like nursing homes,
homeless shelters, prisons, or psychiatric inpatient
units

How does the coronavirus
spread?
O SARS-CoV-2, the virus, mainly spreads from person to
person.
O Most of the time, it spreads when a sick person
coughs or sneezes. They can spray aerosol droplets 6
feet away or even further. If you breathe them in or
swallow them, the virus can get into your body. Some
people who have the virus don't have symptoms, but
they can still spread the virus.
O While less likely, you can also get the virus from
touching a surface or object the virus is on, then
touching your mouth, nose, or possibly your eyes.
Most viruses can live for several hours on a surface
that they land on. A study shows that SARS-CoV-2
can last for several hours on various types of

CONTD.
O Copper ( teakettles, cookware): 4 hours
O Cardboard (shipping boxes): up to 24 hours
O Plastic (milk containers, detergent bottles, subway and
bus seats, elevator buttons):2 to 3 days
O Stainless steel (refrigerators, pots and pans, sinks,
some water bottles): 2 to 3 days
O That’s why it’s important to wash or sanitize your
hands regularly and disinfect surfaces to get rid of the
virus.
O Some dogs and cats have tested positive for the virus. A
few have shown signs of illness. There’s no evidence that
humans can catch this coronavirus from an animal, but it
appears it can be passed from humans to animals.

What is community spread?
O Doctors and health officials use this term when they don’t
know the source of the infection. With COVID-19, it
usually refers to someone who gets the virus even though
they haven’t been out of the country or haven’t been
exposed to someone who’s traveled abroad or who has
COVID-19.
O In February 2020, the CDC confirmed a COVID-19
infection in California in a person who had not traveled to
an affected area or been exposed to someone with the
disease. This marked the first instance of community
spread in the U.S. It’s likely that person was exposed to
someone who was infected but didn’t know it. This type of
occurrence has been happening with the variants as well

How contagious is the
coronavirus?
O The transmission rate is relatively high. Early research has
estimated that one person who has it can spread it to between 2
and 3.5 others. One study found that the rate was higher, with one
case spreading to between 4.7 and 6.6 other people. By
comparison, one person who has the seasonal flu will pass it to
between 1.1 and 2.3 others.
O The CDC reports there is evidence it can be transmitted if you
get within 6 feet of someone who is infectious for a total of 15
minutes throughout a day. It had previously been believed the
exposure had to be 15 minutes at a time.
O We can work to lower the transmission rate by wearing cloth face
masks when we can’t stay 6 feet away from others, washing hands
often, keeping common surfaces clean, limiting contact with other
people, and getting vaccinated

Can coronavirus be transmitted
through groceries, packages, or
food?
O You’re much more likely to get COVID-19 from another person
than from packages, groceries, or food. If you’re in a high-risk
group, stay home and use a delivery service or have a friend
shop for you. Have them leave the items outside your front door,
if you can. If you do your own shopping, wear a cloth face mask
and try to stay at least 6 feet away from other shoppers.
O Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds before and after
bringing things into your home. The coronavirus can linger on
hard surfaces, so clean and disinfect countertops and anything
else your bags have touched. You can wipe down plastic, metal,
or glass packaging with soap and water if you want.
O There’s no evidence that anyone has gotten COVID-19 from
food or food containers.

Coronavirus Diagnosis
O The gold standard for the diagnosis of
SARS-CoV-2 infection is the
identification of viral genetic material
by RT-PCR, in different samples, with
greater sensitivity in bronchoalveolar
lavage and nasopharyngeal swab.

Coronavirus Diagnosis
O The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved these
types of tests for diagnosing a COVID-19 infection:
O PCR test. Also called a molecular test, this COVID-19 test detects
genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A fluid sample is collected by
inserting a long nasal swab (nasopharyngeal swab) into your nostril
and taking fluid from the back of your nose or by using a shorter
nasal swab (mid-turbinate swab) to get a sample.
O In some cases, a long swab is inserted into the back of your throat
(oropharyngeal swab), or you may spit into a tube to produce a
saliva sample. Results may be available in minutes if analyzed
onsite or a few days — or longer in locations with test processing
delays — if sent to an outside lab. PCR tests are very accurate
when properly performed by a health care professional, but the
rapid test can miss some cases.

CONTD.
O Antigen test. This COVID-19 test detects certain
proteins in the virus. Using a long nasal swab to get a
fluid sample, some antigen tests can produce results
in minutes. Others may be sent to a lab for analysis.
O A positive antigen test result is considered accurate
when instructions are carefully followed, but there's
an increased chance of false-negative results —
meaning it's possible to be infected with the virus but
have a negative result. Depending on the situation,
the doctor may recommend a PCR test to confirm a
negative antigen test result.

Coronavirus Prevention
O Getting vaccinated against COVID-19 is a key part of
prevention. But you should also take these steps:
O Cover your nose and mouth in public. If you have COVID-
19, you can spread it even if you don’t feel sick. Wear a
cloth face covering to protect others. This isn’t a
replacement for social distancing. You still need to keep a
6-foot distance between yourself and those around you.
Don’t use a face mask meant for health care workers. And
don’t put a face covering on anyone who is:
O Under 2 years old
O Having trouble breathing
O Chest CT Scan .

CONTD.
O Unconscious or can’t remove the mask on their own
for other reasons
O Wash your hands often with soap and water or clean
them with an alcohol-based sanitizer. This kills
viruses on your hands.
O Don’t touch your face. Coronaviruses can live on
surfaces you touch for several hours. If they get on
your hands and you touch your eyes, nose, or
mouth, they can get into your body.

CONTD.
O Practice social distancing. Because you can have and
spread the virus without knowing it, you should stay home
as much as possible. If you do have to go out, stay at least
6 feet away from others.
O Clean and disinfect. You can clean first with soap and
water, but disinfect surfaces you touch often, like tables,
doorknobs, light switches, toilets, faucets, and sinks. Use a
mix of household bleach and water (1/3 cup bleach per
gallon of water, or 4 teaspoons bleach per quart of water)
or a household cleaner that’s approved to treat SARS-
CoV-2. You can check the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) website to see if yours made the list. Wear
gloves when you clean and throw them away when you’re
done.
O There’s no proof that herbal therapies and teas can
prevent infection.

Can a face mask protect you
from infection?
O The CDC recommends that if you are not vaccinated,
you should wear a cloth face mask if you go out in
public. If you are at home with someone who has
been infected or exposed, you should wear it as well.
A mask is an added layer of protection for everyone,
on top of social distancing efforts. You can spread the
virus when you talk or cough, even if you don’t know
that you have it or if you aren’t showing signs of
infection.
O The CDC advises that surgical masks and N95
masks should be reserved for health care workers
and first responders.

How can you help stop the
spread of the coronavirus?
O Because the virus spreads from person to person, it’s
important to limit your contact with other people as much
as possible. and avoid large gatherings. Many states and
cities have eased restrictions but this doesn’t mean the
virus is gone. Continue to follow safety practices such as
wearing a cloth face mask in public places and washing
your hands.
O While many companies continue to use work-from-home
practices, that is not possible for a lot of workers. Some
people work in “essential businesses” that are vital to daily
life, such as health care, law enforcement, and public
utilities. Everyone else should continue to limit your time in
public as much as you can and wear a cloth face mask
when you can’t.

CONTD
O The following terms have now become commonplace:
O Social distancing or physical distancing, keeping
space between yourself and other people when you
have to go out
O Quarantine, keeping someone home and separated
from other people if they might have been exposed to
the virus
O Isolation, keeping sick people away from healthy
people, including using a separate “sick” bedroom
and bathroom when possible
O Precautions should still be followed even if you are
vaccinated.

Coronavirus Vaccine
O Vaccines are now available for children as young as 5
years old. These vaccines are a third the dose of the
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine which is authorized in
those 12 and older. As in the adult version, the children’s
version requires two does, take 3 weeks apart.
O A two dose Moderna vaccine is also approved for adults,
as is a single dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
O Booster shots of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are
recommended for those 65 years and older, 50–64 years
with underlying medical conditions, or 18 years and older
who live in long-term care settings should receive a
booster shot.

CONTD.
O A J & J booster is recommended for those 18 years
and older should receive a booster shot at least 2
months after receiving their original J & J vaccine.
O These vaccines were developed at an
unprecedented speed, with testing in humans starting
in March 2020. The FDA says that no corners were
cut to allow for approval and that the innoculations
are safe. The CDC has said it is safe for pregnant
women and there's no evidence that antibodies
formed from COVID-19 vaccination cause any
problem with pregnancy,.

Coronavirus Treatment
O There’s no specific treatment for COVID-19. People who get a
mild case need care to ease their symptoms, like rest, fluids, and
fever control. Take over-the-counter medicine for a sore throat,
body aches, and fever. But don't give aspirin to children or teens
younger than 19.
O You might have heard that you shouldn't take ibuprofen to treat
COVID-19 symptoms. But the National Institutes of Health says
people who have the virus can use nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen as usual.
O Antibiotics won’t help because they treat bacteria, not viruses. If
you hear about people with COVID-19 getting antibiotics, it’s for
an infection that came along with the disease.
O People with severe symptoms need to be cared for in the
hospital.

CONTD.
O The antiviral medication called remdesivir (Veklury) is the first
medication to get FDA approval for treatment of patients
hospitalized with COVID-19. Originally developed to treat Ebola,
evidence shows that those treated with remdesivir recovered in
about 11 days compared to 15 days for those treated with a
placebo.
O Many clinical trials are under way to explore treatments used for
other conditions that could fight COVID-19 and to develop new
ones.
O For instance, trials are under way for tocilizumab, another
medication used to treat autoimmune conditions. And the FDA is
also allowing clinical trials and hospital use of blood plasma from
people who’ve had COVID-19 and recovered to help others build
immunity. You’ll hear this called convalescent plasma. Currently,
evidence of its effectiveness is limited.

CONTD.
O Early in the pandemic, the antimalarial drugs
hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine were considered
as possible treatments. The FDA later rescinded an
emergency use order because studies found that the
drugs were ineffective and the risks outweighed the
benefits.
O A variety of steroid medications are being used
including dexamethasone which is used to treat
conditions such as arthritis, blood/hormone/immune
system disorders, allergic reactions,. More studies on
effectiveness are still being conducted.

What is the recovery rate for
coronavirus?
O Scientists and researchers are constantly tracking
COVID-19 infections and recoveries. But they don’t
have information about the outcome of every
infection. Early estimates predict that the overall
COVID-19 recovery rate will be between 97% and
99.75%.

Are coronaviruses new?
O Coronaviruses were first identified in the 1960s. Almost
everyone gets a coronavirus infection at least once in
their life, most likely as a young child. In the United
States, regular coronaviruses are more common in the
fall and winter, but anyone can come down with a
coronavirus infection at any time.
O The symptoms of most coronaviruses are similar to any
other upper respiratory infection, including a runny nose,
coughing, sore throat, and sometimes a fever. In most
cases, you won't know whether you have a coronavirus or
a different cold-causing virus, such as a rhinovirus. You
treat this kind of coronavirus infection the same way you
treat a cold

Have there been other serious
coronavirus outbreaks?
O Coronaviruses have led to two serious outbreaks:
O Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). About 858
people have died from MERS, which first appeared in
Saudi Arabia and then in other countries in the Middle
East, Africa, Asia, and Europe. In April 2014, the first
American was hospitalized for MERS in Indiana, and
another case was reported in Florida. Both had just
returned from Saudi Arabia. In May 2015, there was an
outbreak of MERS in South Korea, which was the largest
outbreak outside of the Arabian Peninsula.
O Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In 2003, 774
people died from an outbreak. As of 2015, there were no
further reports of cases of SARS.

What You Need to Know
About Variants
O Scientists monitor all variants but may classify certain
ones as variants being monitored, variants of interest,
variants of concern and variants of high consequence.
Some variants spread more easily and quickly than other
variants, which may lead to more cases of COVID-19. An
increase in the number of cases will put more strain on
healthcare resources, lead to more hospitalizations, and
potentially more deaths.
O These classifications are based on how easily the variant
spreads, how severe the symptoms are, how the variant
responds to treatments, and how well vaccines protect
against the variant.

Variants of Concern
O Omicron - B.1.1.529
O First identified: South Africa
O Spread: May spread more easily than other variants,
including Delta.
O Severe illness and death: Due to the small number of
cases, the current severity of illness and death
associated with this variant is unclear.

CONTD.
O Vaccine: Breakthrough infections in people who are fully
vaccinated are expected, but vaccines are effective at
preventing severe illness, hospitalizations, and death.
Early evidence suggests that fully vaccinated people who
become infected with the Omicron variant can spread the
virus to others. All FDA-approved or authorized vaccines
are expected to be effective against severe illness,
hospitalizations, and deaths. The recent emergence of
the Omicron variant further emphasizes the importance of
vaccination and boosters.
O Treatments: Some monoclonal antibody treatments may
not be as effective against infection with Omicron.

Delta - B.1.617.2
O First identified: India
O Spread: Spreads more easily than other variants.
O Severe illness and death: May cause more severe
cases than the other variants
O .

CONTD.
O Vaccine: Breakthrough infections in people who are fully
vaccinated are expected, but vaccines are effective at
preventing severe illness, hospitalizations, and death.
Early evidence suggests that fully vaccinated people who
become infected with the Delta variant can spread the
virus to others. All FDA-approved or authorized vaccines
are effective against severe illness, hospitalization, and
death.
O Treatments: Nearly all variants circulating in the United
States respond to treatment with FDA-authorized
monoclonal antibody treatments

Masks
O •Wearing a mask is an effective way to reduce the
spread of earlier forms of the virus, the Delta variant
and other known variants.
O •People who are not fully vaccinated should take
steps to protect themselves, including wearing a
mask indoors in public at all levels of community
transmission.
O •People who are fully vaccinated should wear a mask
indoors in areas of substantial or high transmission.

CONTD.
O •People who are not fully vaccinated should take
steps to protect themselves, including wearing a
mask indoors in public at all levels of community
transmission.
O •Wearing a mask is very important if you or someone
in your household -Has a weakened immune system
O -Has an underlying medical condition
O -Is an older adult
O -Is not fully vaccinated

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CONTD.
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Enough.”
O Harvard Health Publishing: “As coronavirus spreads, many questions and some answers,” “Coronavirus Resource Center.”
O Cleveland Clinic: “Frequently Asked Questions about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).”
O National Institutes of Health: “NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins,” “COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines.”
O News release, National Institutes of Health.
O Journal of Virology: "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV); Announcement of the Coronavirus Study
Group."
O Journal of the American Medical Association News: "French Researchers: For Now, Middle Eastern Coronavirus Not Likely to
Cause a Pandemic."
O Johns Hopkins Medicine: "Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) or Common Cold."
O Occupational Safety and Health Administration: “COVID-19.”
O National Science Review: “On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2.”

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