School health service aims to promote the health and well-being of children throughout their school years. It has evolved from narrowly focusing on medical examinations to providing comprehensive care. This includes health appraisals, treatment, disease prevention, a healthy school environment, nutrition services, first aid, and health education. The objectives are to promote positive health, prevent diseases, enable early diagnosis and treatment, and develop health consciousness in children. Key aspects covered are health screening, immunizations, nutrition, facilities like water and toilets, and addressing issues like mental health, dental health, and care of handicapped children.
Lesson Plan on Epidemiological triad - Community Health NursingJaice Mary Joy
The epidemiologic triad is a model for explaining the organism causing the disease and the conditions that allow it to reproduce and spread.
Epidemiological triad model demanded a broader concept of disease causation that synthesized the basic concept of agent, host and environment. This model helped epidemiologist to focus on different classes of factors, especially with regard to infectious disease.
This topic introduced the concept of Health Education in details i.e
Meaning of Health Education
Objectives of Health Education,
Factors affecting/influencing the health of individual,
History of Health Education in Nigeria
Health agencies in Nigeria (national, state, local and international), etc
It is most important principle of health education . If the health education topic is of no interest to the people , they will not listen to it. The health educator should identify the “felt needs” of the people , i.e. those needs the people feel for themselves and the prepare a programme that they can actively participate in to make it successful .
Lesson Plan on Epidemiological triad - Community Health NursingJaice Mary Joy
The epidemiologic triad is a model for explaining the organism causing the disease and the conditions that allow it to reproduce and spread.
Epidemiological triad model demanded a broader concept of disease causation that synthesized the basic concept of agent, host and environment. This model helped epidemiologist to focus on different classes of factors, especially with regard to infectious disease.
This topic introduced the concept of Health Education in details i.e
Meaning of Health Education
Objectives of Health Education,
Factors affecting/influencing the health of individual,
History of Health Education in Nigeria
Health agencies in Nigeria (national, state, local and international), etc
It is most important principle of health education . If the health education topic is of no interest to the people , they will not listen to it. The health educator should identify the “felt needs” of the people , i.e. those needs the people feel for themselves and the prepare a programme that they can actively participate in to make it successful .
When we think of children’s academic success we think of reputed schools, talented teachers and diligent study by the students. Very often we fail to think of the possibility of child’s health being a deciding factor of the degree of success can attain. Being healthy physically, mentally and emotionally is a major factor that influence child’s ability to perform to her full potential.
Undiagnosed, untreated and often undetected minor medical problems can be major impediments in child’s achievement in school and in life.
For more details visit - http://accomplishindia.org/health/
PPT includes various Nutritional programmes such as -
> Applied Nutrition Programme
> ICDS
> Balwadi nutrition Programme
> Special Nutrition Programme
> VIt. A prophylaxis programme
> National Anemia prophylaxis programme
> Natioanl Iodine deficiency disorder control programme
> Mid day meal
> Others
School health is part of nursing care for the community care provider. To monitor the school students health conditions and health education to students and teachers.
School health services is a branch of preventive medicine which deals with medical inspection of school children and their health protection, primarily in the environment of the school.
When we think of children’s academic success we think of reputed schools, talented teachers and diligent study by the students. Very often we fail to think of the possibility of child’s health being a deciding factor of the degree of success can attain. Being healthy physically, mentally and emotionally is a major factor that influence child’s ability to perform to her full potential.
Undiagnosed, untreated and often undetected minor medical problems can be major impediments in child’s achievement in school and in life.
For more details visit - http://accomplishindia.org/health/
PPT includes various Nutritional programmes such as -
> Applied Nutrition Programme
> ICDS
> Balwadi nutrition Programme
> Special Nutrition Programme
> VIt. A prophylaxis programme
> National Anemia prophylaxis programme
> Natioanl Iodine deficiency disorder control programme
> Mid day meal
> Others
School health is part of nursing care for the community care provider. To monitor the school students health conditions and health education to students and teachers.
School health services is a branch of preventive medicine which deals with medical inspection of school children and their health protection, primarily in the environment of the school.
This PPT has all the necessary information about 'School Health Services'. It is useful for students of Medical field learning 'Preventive & Social Medicine' as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
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This is a simple PPT which will help you to understand and study about school oral health development and programs. This also include some MCQs at the end which will help you to test yourself and boost your confidence about your capabilities. This also helps you to read the topic in a cut short method.
This is a simple PPT which will help you to understand and study about school oral health development and programs. This also include some MCQs at the end which will help you to test yourself and boost your confidence about your capabilities. This also helps you to read the topic in a cut short method.
This is a simple PPT which will help you to understand and study about school oral health development and programs. This also include some MCQs at the end which will help you to test yourself and boost your confidence about your capabilities. This also helps you to read the topic in a cut short method.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition
Aspects of school health programs
Objectives
Ideal requirements
Advantages
Elements/components
Some school oral health programs
WHO’s global school health initiative
Incremental care
Comprehensive care
Conclusion
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
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2. SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE
School health is an important branch of community health.
According to modern concepts, school health service is an
economical and powerful means of raising community
health, and more important, in future generations.
The school health service is a personal health service.
It has developed during the past 70 years from the narrower
concept of medical examination of children to the present
day broader concept of comprehensive care of the health and
well-being of children throughout the school years.
3. Historical development
1909-for the first time medical examination of school
children was carried out in Baroda city.
1946-The Bhore Committee reported that School
Health Services were practically non-existent in
India, and where they existed, they were in an
under-developed state.
1953-the Secondary Education Committee
emphasized the need for medical examination of
pupils and school feeding programmes.
1960-the Government of India constituted a School
Health Committee to assess the standards of health
and nutrition of school children and suggest ways
and means to improve them.
6. OBJECTIVES OF SCHOOL HEALTH
SERVICE
The objectives of the programme of a school health
service are as follows :
1. the promotion of positive health
2. the prevention of diseases
3. early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of defects
4. awakening health consciousness in children
5. the provision of healthful environment.
7. Aspects of School Health
Service
1. Health appraisal of school children and school personnel
2. Remedial measures and follow-up
3. Prevention of communicable diseases
4. Healthful school environment
5. Nutritional services
6. First-aid and emergency care
7. Mental health
8. Dental health
9. Eye health
10. Health education
11. Education of handicapped children
12. Proper maintenance and use of school health records.
8. 1. Health appraisal
The health appraisal should cover not only the students but
also the teachers and other school personnel. Health
appraisal consists of periodic medical examinations and
observation of children by the class teacher.
-(a) Periodic Medical Examination :careful history
and physical examination of the child, with tests for
vision, hearing and speech.
A routine examination of blood and urine should be
carried out. Clinical examination for nutritional deficiency,
and examination of faeces for intestinal parasitosis.
9. CONTD.
(b) School Personnel :Medical examination should be given
to teachers and other school personnel.
(c) Daily Morning Inspection :The teacher is in a
unique position to carry out the "daily inspection. The
following clues will help the school teacher in suspecting
children who need medical attention: (1) unusually flushed
face (2) any rash or spots (3) symptoms of acute cold (4)
coughing and sneezing (5) sore throat (6) rigid neck (7)
nausea and vomiting (8) red or watery eyes (9) headache (10)
chills or fever (11) listlessness or sleepiness (12)
disinclination to play (13) diarrhoea (14) pains in the body
(15) skin conditions like scabies and ringworm (16)
pediculosis
Children showing any such signs or symptoms should be
referred to the school medical officer.
10. 2. Remedial measures and
follow-up
Medical examinations are not an end.
Special clinics should be conducted exclusively for
school children at the primary health centres in the
rural areas.
Considering the high prevalence of dental, eye,
ear,nose and throat defects in the school children
,special clinics should be secured or provided for the
exclusive use of school children for examination.
There should be provision for beds in the existing
referral hospitals for the children to be admitted.
11. 3. Prevention of communicable
diseases
A well planned immunization programme should be
drawn up against the common communicable
diseases.
A record of all immunizations should be maintained as
part of the school health records.
12. 4. Healthful school
environment
(1) Location :The school should normally be centrally
situated with proper approach roads and at a fair distance
from busy places and roads, cinema houses, factories,railway
tracks and market places.
(2) Site:The site should be on suitable high land, and not
subject to inundation or dampness and can be properly
drained. The School Health Committee had recommended
that 10 acres of land be provided for higher elementary
schools and 5 acres for primary schools with an additional
one acre of land per 100 students
13. CONTD.
(3) Structure :Nursery and secondary schools, as
far as possible, be single storied. Exterior walls
should have a minimum thickness of 10 inches and
should be heat resistant.
(4) Classroom :Verandhas should be attached to
classrooms. No classroom should accommodate
more than 40 students. Per capita space for
students in a classroom should not be less than 10
sq. ft.
(5) Furniture :Furniture should suit the age group
of students.
14. CONTD.
(6) Doors and windows:The windows should be broad with the
bottom sill, at a height of 2'-6" from the floor level;combined
door and window area should be at least 25 percent of the floor
space; windows should be placed on different walls for cross-
ventilation; the ventilators should not be less than 2 percent of
the floor area.
(7) Colour :Inside colour of the classroom should be white and
should be periodically white-washed.
(8) Lighting : Classrooms should have sufficient natural light,
preferably from the left,and should not be from the front.
(9) Water supply : There should be an independent source of
safe and potable water supply, which should be continuous,
and distributed from the taps.
15. CONTD.
(10) Eating facilities :there should be a separate room
provided for mid-day meals.
(11) Lavatory : Privies and urinals should be provided
one urinal for 60 students and one latrine for 100
students. Arrangements should be separately made for
boys and girls.
16. 5. Nutritional services
The diet of the school child should, therefore receive
first attention.
The diet should contain all the nutrients in proper
proportion, adequate for the maintenance of optimum
health.
School children, particularly deficiencies relating to
proteins; vitamins A, C, thiamine and riboflavin, calcium
and iron.
17. Mid-day School Meal
In order to combat malnutrition and improve the health of school children, it is
now an accepted procedure in all advanced countries to provide a good
nourishing meal to school children. schools should have some arrangement
for providing mid-day meals through their own cafeteria on a 'no profit no loss'
basis.
Criteria of Mid-day School Meal :
1.The meal should be a supplement and not a substitute to the home
diet .
2. the school meal should provide at least one-third of the daily
calorie requirement and about half of daily protein requirement of
the child.
3.The cost of the meal should be reasonably low.
4.The meal should be such that it can be prepared easily in schools
,no complicated cooking process should be involved.
5.Locally available meal should be used.
6.The meal should be frequently changed to avoid monotony.
19. 6. First-aid and emergency
care
All teachers should receive adequate training during
"Teacher Training Programmes" or "In-service Training
programmes“ regarding child health and treatment .
(a) accidents leading to minor
or serious injuries, and
{b) medical emergencies
such as gastroenteritis, colic,
epileptic fits,
fainting, etc.
20. 7. Mental health
The mental health of the child affects his physical health and
the learning process. Juvenile delinquency, maladjustment
and drug addiction are becoming problems among school
children.
The school routine should be so planned that there is enough
relaxation between periods of intense work, and every effort
should be made to relieve the tedium of the class room. No
distinction should be made between race, religion, caste or
community; between the rich and poor; and between the
clever and the dull.
It is now increasingly realized that there is a great need for
vocational counsellors and psychologists in schools for
guiding the children into careers for which they are suited.
21. 8. Dental health
Dental caries and periodontal disease are the two
common dental diseases among the school childrens.
-A school health programme should have provision for
dental examination,at least once a year.
-The school teacher should teach the children about
dental hygiene.
22. 9. Eye health services
Schools should be responsible for the early detection of
refractive errors, treatment of squint and amblyopia, and
detection and treatment of eye infections such as
trachoma.
Administration of vitamin A to children at risk, has shown
gratifying results. In other words, basic eye health
services should be provided in schools.
23. 10. Health education
Health education in schools should cover the following areas:
(1) Personal hygiene
(2) Environmental Health
(3) Family life
11. Education of –handicapped children-
The ultimate goal is to assist the handicapped child and
his family so that the child will be able to reach his
maximum potential, to lead as normal a life as possible, to
become as independent as possible, and to become a
productive and self-supporting member of society.
24. CONTD.
12. School health records-A cumulative health record of
each student should be maintained. Such records
should contain (a) Identifying data- name, date of birth,
parent's name and address, etc.
(b) past health history
(c) record of findings of physical examination and
screening tests and record of services provided.
The purpose of maintaining school health records is to
have cumulative information on the health aspects of
school children in order to give continuing intelligent
healthsupervision.
25.
26. DIFFERENT TYPES SCHOOL
DESKS
Zero desk-
Here the posterior edge of the desk is
vertically in line with the anterior edge of the seat.
Plus desk-
In this type,there is a space between the
anterior of the edge of the seat and the posterior edge of
the desk
Minus desk-
Here the vertical line from the posterior edge
of the desk fall on the seat .