THE PRESENTATION ABOUT COUNTER CURRENT EXTRACTION GIVINGBDETAIL ON ITS INTRODUCTION, THEORY, EQUATION, EXAMPLES ARE SIMPLIFIED IN EASY WAY TO THE STUDENTS AND READERS LEARNING A TOPIC AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO PCI SYLLABUS FOLLOWED BY CHEMISTRY STUDENTS OF OTHER BRANCHES.
STEREOSPECIFIC REACTION, STEREOSELECTIVE REACTION, OPTICAL PURITY, ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS.. all these topics are explained in this slide with examples and formula.
STEREOSPECIFIC REACTION, STEREOSELECTIVE REACTION, OPTICAL PURITY, ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS.. all these topics are explained in this slide with examples and formula.
Counter current chromatography (CCC) is a liquid chromatography technique that
uses two immiscible liquid phases and no solid support.
2. One liquid acts as the stationary phase and the other as the mobile phase.
3. In Dual Flow CCC/CPC both liquid phases are flowing, as would be common in counter
current process extractors.
4. The liquid stationary phase(s) is held in place by gravity or by centrifugal force. The
gravity method is called droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC).
5. There are two modes of centrifugal force CCC: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. In the
hydrostatic method.
6. The column is spun about
Liquid liquid extraction useful for B. Pharmacy students. solvent extraction is one of the separation technique and it is the most common method adopted in the field of analysis
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
Introduction to chromatography, Definition of Chromatography, Types of column chromatography, Theory of chromatography, Practical considerations in column chromatography , Factors affecting efficiency of a column, Applications.
Presentation extraction ms. juhi bandreJuhiBandre1
Extraction is defined as a process where one or more solute(s) are removed from one liquid phase (technically called a diluent) by transferring that/those the solute(s) to another liquid phase (or a solvent).
Counter current chromatography (CCC) is a liquid chromatography technique that
uses two immiscible liquid phases and no solid support.
2. One liquid acts as the stationary phase and the other as the mobile phase.
3. In Dual Flow CCC/CPC both liquid phases are flowing, as would be common in counter
current process extractors.
4. The liquid stationary phase(s) is held in place by gravity or by centrifugal force. The
gravity method is called droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC).
5. There are two modes of centrifugal force CCC: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. In the
hydrostatic method.
6. The column is spun about
Liquid liquid extraction useful for B. Pharmacy students. solvent extraction is one of the separation technique and it is the most common method adopted in the field of analysis
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
Introduction to chromatography, Definition of Chromatography, Types of column chromatography, Theory of chromatography, Practical considerations in column chromatography , Factors affecting efficiency of a column, Applications.
Presentation extraction ms. juhi bandreJuhiBandre1
Extraction is defined as a process where one or more solute(s) are removed from one liquid phase (technically called a diluent) by transferring that/those the solute(s) to another liquid phase (or a solvent).
introduction of Pipettes , centrifugation , centifuge.
principle of centrifuge and pipettes. different types of centrifugation, centrifuge and pipettes. handling of pipettes and centrifuge, calibration of pipettes and centrifuge.
Advance separation technology , chemical Engineering Short-Path-Distillation....savan51
## Short Path Distillation: A Deep Dive (Around 1500 Words)
Short path distillation (SPD) is a highly versatile technique for purifying and separating heat-sensitive compounds. Unlike traditional distillation methods, SPD operates under reduced pressure, significantly lowering the boiling points of liquids. This allows for the gentle and efficient purification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pharmaceuticals, natural products, and other delicate materials that might decompose at high temperatures.
This in-depth exploration delves into the world of short path distillation, covering its principles, components, operational procedures, applications, and advantages.
### Unveiling the Principles: The Science Behind Short Path Distillation
The core principle of SPD lies in **manipulating pressure** to achieve lower boiling points. By reducing the pressure within the distillation chamber, the energy required for a liquid to transition into a vapor state decreases. This allows for the distillation of heat-sensitive compounds at much lower temperatures compared to traditional methods at atmospheric pressure.
Here's a breakdown of the key factors at play:
* **Vapor Pressure:** Every liquid has a specific vapor pressure, which is the pressure exerted by its vapor when in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature. As temperature increases, the vapor pressure also rises.
* **Reduced Pressure:** In SPD, a vacuum pump is employed to significantly lower the pressure inside the distillation chamber. This reduction in pressure directly impacts the vapor pressure of the liquid mixture.
* **Lower Boiling Points:** With a lower vapor pressure required for boiling under reduced pressure, the boiling point of the liquid mixture also decreases. This allows for the gentle distillation of components without subjecting them to high temperatures that could potentially lead to decomposition.
The efficiency of SPD hinges on two additional factors:
* **Fractional Distillation:** Short path distillation often incorporates a **fractionating column** packed with a specialized material like glass beads or ceramic rings. This column provides additional surface area for vapor-liquid contact, enhancing the separation of different components within the mixture based on their relative boiling points.
* **Condensation:** The vaporized components travel upwards in the distillation flask and encounter a condenser cooled by a circulating coolant, typically water or a chilled liquid. As the vapors come into contact with the cold condenser, they condense back into their liquid forms and collect in a receiving flask.
### The Anatomy of an SPD System: Essential Components
A short path distillation system comprises several key components working in concert to achieve efficient purification:
* **Distillation Flask:** This round-bottomed flask, typically made of borosilicate glass due to its heat resistance and chemical compatibility, holds the liquid mixture to be dis
Methods Of Extractions of crude drugs.pdfArunShah49
This document is made to help different personals to enhance their knowledge about crude drug processing and their proper usage for better therapeutic yeild. In this document one can find the detailed study of some of the popular and effective methods of extraction for crude drugs like as Soxhlet extraction, Countercurrent Extraction and Ultrasonication Assisted extraction methods. Hope this would be helpful for the students and other personals willing to learn about extraction methods related to crude drugs.
Rotational Viscometers,
The viscometers that used to measure the viscosity using retarding force due to the viscous drag.
typers and sub-types, advantages,disadvantages,working of different rotational viscometers.
1.cup and bob viscometer,
2.cone and plate viscometer,
plug flow development, etc.
Chapter: Rheology
4th semester B.Pharm.
Physical Pharmacuetics,
B.pharm, As per the PCI semester syllabus,
!THIS SLIDE IS SIMPLIFIED BULLETINS, USE THIS SLIDE AND REFER MORE RESPECTIVE TEXTBOOKS!.
THANK YOU:
MUTUAL PRODRUG IS DISCUSSED HERE IN DETAIL WITH ITS MULTIPLE TYPES AND FUCTIONAL GROUPS IT IS USE FOR AND FAILURE WITH PRODRUGS, WITH PHARMACEUTICAL EXAMPLES AND STRUCTURE ARE ALSO SHARE, SYNTHETIC APLLICATIONS.
HERE PRESENTS AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY, ITS INTRODUCTION TO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, ITS TECHNIQUES, DEVELOPED METHODS AND THEIR APP,LICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ARE HERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
OXIDATION [PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESS CHEMISTRY]Shikha Popali
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HERE THE NATURAL PRODUCT SERTIA CHIRATA IS DISCUSSED WITH ITS COMMON NAME, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS, SAR, MEDICINAL ACTIVITY AND MORE
THE DCC I.E. DICYCLOCARBODIIMDE IS A REAGENT AND HERE THE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON IT IS GIVEN INCLUDING MOLECULAR WEIGHT, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND APPLICATIONS FOR OTERS SYNTHESIS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, THE DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS WITH DCC COMBINATION ARE ALSO MENTIONED
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PARACETAMOL BRANDSShikha Popali
THE PARACETAMOL TABLETS IS COMMONLY TAKEN AND PRESCRIBED FOR FEVER , SO HERE WE HAVE MADE PRACTICAL IS IT TRUE EVALUATION LABEL AND WHICH BRAND IS MORE SAFE.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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2. COUNTER-CURRENT EXTRACTION
• Counter-current extraction is a refinement of basic liquid-liquid
extraction that permits separation of substance with very similar
portioning behaviour
• The term counter-current indicates that the two phases move in
opposite direction actually in the CCD procedure it is usually used one
phase is stable and other moves hence the two phases are in relative
motion
3. Principle of counter-current extraction
• The distribution of a single solute between two immiscible liquids the
fraction p distribution into he upper phase is a function of the partition
coefficient k and the U of upper to lower phase volume
p=KU/KU+1
The fraction of solutes in the lower phase at equilibrium q is given by,
q=1/KU+1
since p+q=1 The greater the value of KU the larger the fraction p of
solutes that passes into the upper phase
4. • A liquid-liquid extraction posses in which the solvent and the process
stream in contact with each other flow in a opposite direction
• screw extactor and carousel extractor are the two types of
equipments used for counter-current extraction
5. Process of Counter-current Extraction
• In these extraction wet raw material is pulverised using toothed disc
disintegrators to produce the fine slurry
• The material to be extacted is moved in the one direction (generally
in the form of fine slurry) within a cylindrical extractor where it comes
in contact with extraction solvent
• The further the starting material moves the more concentrated the
extract becomes
• Finally, sufficiently concentrated extract comes out at one end of the
extractor while the marc falls out the other end
6. • Theory
• A method of multiple liquid-liquid extractions is countercurrent
extraction, which permits the separation of substances with different
distribution coefficients (ratios). A clever design known as Craig
apparatus is used for this purpose (Lyman C. Craig, 1943).
7. • Craig apparatus consists of a series of glass tubes (r: 0, 1, 2..) that are
designed and arranged such that the lighter liquid phase is
transferred from one tube to the next. The liquid-liquid extractions
are taking place simultaneously in all tubes of the apparatus which is
usually driven electromechanically. In the following animated picture
of a single glass tube the typical "extraction/transfer" cycle is shown.
8. • The lower (heavier) phase of the two-phase solvent system (e.g.
water, blue layer in the picture) is the "stationary phase", whereas the
upper (lighter) phase (e.g. hexane, red layer in the picture) is the
"mobile phase".
• It is interesting to examine the distribution of a substance A in each
tube after a given number of equilibration/transfer cycles.
9. • In the beginning, tube #0 contains the mixture of substances to be
separated in the heavier solvent and all the other tubes contain equal
volumes of the same solvent. The lighter solvent is added to tube #0,
extraction (equilibration) takes place and the phases are allowed to
separate. The upper phase of tube #0 is then transferred to tube #1
and fresh solvent is added to tube #0, and the phases are equilibrated
again. The upper layers of tubes #0 and #1 are simultaneously
transferred to tubes #1 and #2 respectively. This cycle is repeated to
carry on the process through the other tubes of the apparatus.
Obviously, substances with higher distribution ratio move faster than
those with a lower distribution ratio.
10.
11. Normal Approximation to the Binomial
Distribution
• Counter-current extraction is a discontinues process that is it occurs
in discrete countable steps its exact mathematical description the
distribution is therefore a discontinuous function
• The procedure in finding the function is to express n by equation
which gives a close approximation when n is large
12. This equation is variously called as the normal distribution , normal error
curve this derived equation it is an approximation to the binomial
distribution it is an important distribution function in many physical contexts
17. Advantages
• A unit quantity of plant material can be extracted with much smaller
volume of solvent as compared to other methods like maceration,
decoction, and percolation
• CCE is a commonly done at room tempreture which spare the
thermoliabile constituent from exposure to heat which is employed in
most other techniques
• As the pulverization of the drug is done under wet conditions the heat
generated during communication is neutralized by water this again
spares the thermoliabile constituent from exposure to heat
• The extraction procedure has been related be more efficient and
effective than continuous hot extraction
18. Applications
• DNA purification
• Food industry
• Examples citrus oils unsaturated fatty acids
• An important application is citrus oils processing
• An important subject in perfumes and food industry
19. Extraction With Agitation
• Agitation is the movement of one or more components of a mixture
to improve contact
• Putting into motion by shaking or stirring often to achieve mixing
20. Mechanically Agitated Extractors
• rotary-agitated columns,
• Reciprocating columns
• Examples of rotary-agitated columns include: Scheibel columns,
rotating disk contactor (RDC), Oldshue-Rushton Columns, Kuhni
columns, etc. An example of the reciprocating column is the Karr
columns
21.
22. • Because of the mechanical advantages of rotary agitation, most
modern extractors employ this method. Mechanical agitation helps
improve the formation of new droplets and increase interfacial
turbulence, resulting in greater efficiency.
• These extractors are typically proprietary devices for which complete
design procedures are not publicly available.
23. • Scheibel Extractor
• This is probably the oldest of column having agitators. It operates on
the mixer-settler principle. There are many versions of this design, an
example of which is shown in the Figure. The agitators are mounted
at fixed intervals on a central vertical shaft, and wire-mesh packings
are installed to improve coalescence and separation of the phases
24. • Rotating Disk Contactor (RDC)
• In this system, horizontal disks are used as agitating elements, which
are mounted on a centrally supported shaft. Mounted on the column
wall and offset against the agitator disks are the stator rings, whose
have aperture is greater than the agitator disk diameter. This device
uses the shearing action of the rapidly rotating disks to inter-disperse
the phases.
25. • Asymmetric Rotating Disk (ARD) Contactor
• The column consists of an asymmetrically located mixing zone and a
transfer-settling zone partially separated from each other by means of a
vertical baffle.
• The mixing zone contains a number of compartments, each of which is
equipped with a disk-type mixing impeller mounted on a common rotor
shaft. The transfer-settling zone consists of a series of compartments,
separated by means of annular horizontal baffles.
• Its design is aimed at retaining the efficient shearing action of the RDC by
using rotating disks to produce dispersion while using the coalescence re-
dispersion cycle produced in the separated transfer-settling zone to reduce
back-mixing.
26. • Karr Reciprocating-Plate Extractor
• This is a "descendant" of the pulse column with fixed plates. Essentially, the
reciprocating-plate column has sieve plates moving up and down (i.e.
reciprocating motion) driven by an overhead motor. Thus its operation
involves "pulsing" the plates in a steady flow liquid medium.
• The Karr Extractor consists of a stack of perforated plates and baffles which
have a free area of about 58%. The central shaft which supports the plates
is reciprocated by means of a reciprocating drive mechanism located at the
top of the column. The amplitude is adjustable generally from 3 to 50-mm
and the speed is variable up to 1000 stokes/
• Perforated trayes moves up and down
• More uniform drop size distribution