The document discusses the oxidation of aniline and compares various oxidizing agents such as manganese dioxide, potassium dichromate, and hydrogen peroxide, highlighting their stability and uses. It notes the applications of sodium hypochlorite as a bleach and disinfectant and emphasizes the commercial use of ozone for the oxidation of oleic acid. Additionally, it outlines various chemical transformations involving other organic substances and their industrial applications.

4. Oxidation of aniline furnishes an example for comparison of a number of
oxidizing agent.
Oxidizing agent Product
Manganese dioxide in sulfuric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quinone
Potassium dichromate in dil sulfuric acid at
O-lOoC, for 24 hr ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quinone
Potassium permanganate:
Acid ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . .Aniline black
Alkaline ................................... . ....Azobenzene + ammonia
Neutral. ................................ . . . Azobenzene +nitrobenzene
Alkaline hypochlorite ................................. . . . .... Nitrobenzene
Hypochlorous acid ........................................ . . ..... p-Aminophenol
Another substance exihibiting a variety of action toward oxidizing agent
is furfural.

6. 1)Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Hydrogen peroxide is manufactured, marketed, and
used as an aqueous solution. 90 per cent hydrogen
peroxide free of impurities is stable, may be stored
in high-purity (99.6 per cent) aluminum containers,
but requires intelligent handling.
85-90 weight per cent hydrogen peroxide has a high
order of
stability. It is packed in pure aluminium containers
&may be shifted in drums or tank cars.
Used in textile bleaching, pulp & paper bleaching,
plastisizer,& stabilizer, and in foam ribber
manufacturing.

7.  Sodium hypochlorite is an inexpensive, strong
oxidizing agent. It is unstable as a solid, but solutions
of up to 40% are commercially available that contain
NaOH and NaCl as byproducts of the preparation:
2 NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
 Hypochlorite solutions liberate toxic gases such as
chlorine when acidified or heated.
 USES: Bleaching, Disinfectant, Cleaning ,
Deoderising, Bleaching,
Reduction of skin damage , Reduction of skin
damage, Reduction of skin damage,

8.  The use of ozone for the oxidation of oleic acid to azelaic plus
pelargonic acids has reached commercial practicability in a
multimillion-dollar plant. The ozone is produced from oxygen
in ozonizers designed and manufactured by Welsbach
Corporation.
 It is use in the conversion of tertiary amines to amine oxides, a-
pinene to pinonic and pinic acids, olefins to ozonides and these
in turn to aldehydes and oxy-peroxides, & sulfides to
sulfoxides and sulfones, and of various other organic
substances.
 USES: textile bleaching, paperbleaching, and water
purification

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