Submit Search
Upload
Mass transfer lab equipment's
•
Download as DOCX, PDF
•
0 likes
•
90 views
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Follow
Mass transfer lab equipment's overview, and their process.
Read less
Read more
Engineering
Report
Share
Report
Share
1 of 21
Download now
Recommended
Evaporator
Evaporator
VIDUSHI MITTAL
Super Critical Fluid Extraction
Super Critical Fluid Extraction
Nandhu Lal
Supercritical Fluids for this Super Critical Time
Supercritical Fluids for this Super Critical Time
cheekygerr
Application of evaporators in fruit and vegetables processing
Application of evaporators in fruit and vegetables processing
Preeti Birwal
Internship Report of Unicol Mirpurkhas (Ethanol Distillery)
Internship Report of Unicol Mirpurkhas (Ethanol Distillery)
Talal Khan
Hwm ppt
Hwm ppt
kartikeya verma
Distillation pharmaceutical engineering
Distillation pharmaceutical engineering
ShaliniDhawale
Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in fruits and vegetables
Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in fruits and vegetables
Rangina Brahma
Recommended
Evaporator
Evaporator
VIDUSHI MITTAL
Super Critical Fluid Extraction
Super Critical Fluid Extraction
Nandhu Lal
Supercritical Fluids for this Super Critical Time
Supercritical Fluids for this Super Critical Time
cheekygerr
Application of evaporators in fruit and vegetables processing
Application of evaporators in fruit and vegetables processing
Preeti Birwal
Internship Report of Unicol Mirpurkhas (Ethanol Distillery)
Internship Report of Unicol Mirpurkhas (Ethanol Distillery)
Talal Khan
Hwm ppt
Hwm ppt
kartikeya verma
Distillation pharmaceutical engineering
Distillation pharmaceutical engineering
ShaliniDhawale
Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in fruits and vegetables
Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in fruits and vegetables
Rangina Brahma
Leaching
Leaching
Abhijit Panchmatiya
Oil Refinery - Processes
Oil Refinery - Processes
Sahyog Shishodia
Mass transferhshsh
Mass transferhshsh
megr1412
Evaporation in food industry
Evaporation in food industry
VIVEK GUPTA
Evaporation in the sugar industry
Evaporation in the sugar industry
Chandrima Shrivastava
Freeze drying By suhail ahmed
Freeze drying By suhail ahmed
Ahmed Suhail
Distillation Column
Distillation Column
Khalid Nawaz
Liquid Liquid Extraction - Basic Principles
Liquid Liquid Extraction - Basic Principles
Gerard B. Hawkins
Extractive Distillation : Technology & Advantages
Extractive Distillation : Technology & Advantages
Shanjul Shrivastava
Distillation petroleum
Distillation petroleum
arunnagre777
John yee saudi aramco project development
John yee saudi aramco project development
Robson Pessoa
Petroleum industry
Petroleum industry
PERAMSETTYNANDINI
Supercritical Fluid extraction
Supercritical Fluid extraction
Jasmine Kaur
Liquid liquid extraction
Liquid liquid extraction
ali alashiri
Distillation and its types
Distillation and its types
Anees u Rehman Hafiz 10-Batch
Evaporators dairy
Evaporators dairy
Arslan Abbas
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction System
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction System
kumarsachin3801
Centrifugal extractor(PDPU)
Centrifugal extractor(PDPU)
Pratibha Singh
Lecture 1 distillation (introduction)
Lecture 1 distillation (introduction)
Nihad Zain
Supercritical fluid extraction ( introduction)
Supercritical fluid extraction ( introduction)
Tezpur University, Assam (M.Tech)
Mass transfer (practical) Assignment
Mass transfer (practical) Assignment
Mehtab Rai
Techniques used in bioprocessing
Techniques used in bioprocessing
BilqeesFatima3
More Related Content
What's hot
Leaching
Leaching
Abhijit Panchmatiya
Oil Refinery - Processes
Oil Refinery - Processes
Sahyog Shishodia
Mass transferhshsh
Mass transferhshsh
megr1412
Evaporation in food industry
Evaporation in food industry
VIVEK GUPTA
Evaporation in the sugar industry
Evaporation in the sugar industry
Chandrima Shrivastava
Freeze drying By suhail ahmed
Freeze drying By suhail ahmed
Ahmed Suhail
Distillation Column
Distillation Column
Khalid Nawaz
Liquid Liquid Extraction - Basic Principles
Liquid Liquid Extraction - Basic Principles
Gerard B. Hawkins
Extractive Distillation : Technology & Advantages
Extractive Distillation : Technology & Advantages
Shanjul Shrivastava
Distillation petroleum
Distillation petroleum
arunnagre777
John yee saudi aramco project development
John yee saudi aramco project development
Robson Pessoa
Petroleum industry
Petroleum industry
PERAMSETTYNANDINI
Supercritical Fluid extraction
Supercritical Fluid extraction
Jasmine Kaur
Liquid liquid extraction
Liquid liquid extraction
ali alashiri
Distillation and its types
Distillation and its types
Anees u Rehman Hafiz 10-Batch
Evaporators dairy
Evaporators dairy
Arslan Abbas
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction System
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction System
kumarsachin3801
Centrifugal extractor(PDPU)
Centrifugal extractor(PDPU)
Pratibha Singh
Lecture 1 distillation (introduction)
Lecture 1 distillation (introduction)
Nihad Zain
Supercritical fluid extraction ( introduction)
Supercritical fluid extraction ( introduction)
Tezpur University, Assam (M.Tech)
What's hot
(20)
Leaching
Leaching
Oil Refinery - Processes
Oil Refinery - Processes
Mass transferhshsh
Mass transferhshsh
Evaporation in food industry
Evaporation in food industry
Evaporation in the sugar industry
Evaporation in the sugar industry
Freeze drying By suhail ahmed
Freeze drying By suhail ahmed
Distillation Column
Distillation Column
Liquid Liquid Extraction - Basic Principles
Liquid Liquid Extraction - Basic Principles
Extractive Distillation : Technology & Advantages
Extractive Distillation : Technology & Advantages
Distillation petroleum
Distillation petroleum
John yee saudi aramco project development
John yee saudi aramco project development
Petroleum industry
Petroleum industry
Supercritical Fluid extraction
Supercritical Fluid extraction
Liquid liquid extraction
Liquid liquid extraction
Distillation and its types
Distillation and its types
Evaporators dairy
Evaporators dairy
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction System
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction System
Centrifugal extractor(PDPU)
Centrifugal extractor(PDPU)
Lecture 1 distillation (introduction)
Lecture 1 distillation (introduction)
Supercritical fluid extraction ( introduction)
Supercritical fluid extraction ( introduction)
Similar to Mass transfer lab equipment's
Mass transfer (practical) Assignment
Mass transfer (practical) Assignment
Mehtab Rai
Techniques used in bioprocessing
Techniques used in bioprocessing
BilqeesFatima3
Chapter 2 crude_oil_processing2
Chapter 2 crude_oil_processing2
Helena Francis
Extraction and isolation of phytoconstituents
Extraction and isolation of phytoconstituents
Government Pharmacy College Sajong, Government of Sikkim
Advance in mass transfer in food application
Advance in mass transfer in food application
Dayanand Raj
Evaporation
Evaporation
Mamta Sahurkar
Basics of Phytochemistry
Basics of Phytochemistry
Ashokrao Mane college of Pharmacy Peth-Vadgaon
Evaporation & crystalization
Evaporation & crystalization
Bahauddin Zakariya University lahore
Wastewater Treatment Refineries
Wastewater Treatment Refineries
Ali Safaa97
WASTE WATER TREATMENT REFINERIES
WASTE WATER TREATMENT REFINERIES
Arun Sarasan
Evaporators
Evaporators
Khalid Nawaz
dokumen.tips_food-concentration.ppt
dokumen.tips_food-concentration.ppt
Bonface Kapalamula
Laboratory assignment 5 (tupaz, ishi pearl c.)
Laboratory assignment 5 (tupaz, ishi pearl c.)
IshiPearlTupaz1
Extraction.pptx
Extraction.pptx
AliMuhammad210109
Physical processes
Physical processes
imranlayyah
Super critical fluid
Super critical fluid
chandresh tripathi
Separation process
Separation process
Yogesh Chauhan
Extraction methods
Extraction methods
JEEVARATHINAM ANTONY
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) pharmaceutical process chemistry
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) pharmaceutical process chemistry
SaketChoudhary13
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) process chemistry
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) process chemistry
SaketChoudhary13
Similar to Mass transfer lab equipment's
(20)
Mass transfer (practical) Assignment
Mass transfer (practical) Assignment
Techniques used in bioprocessing
Techniques used in bioprocessing
Chapter 2 crude_oil_processing2
Chapter 2 crude_oil_processing2
Extraction and isolation of phytoconstituents
Extraction and isolation of phytoconstituents
Advance in mass transfer in food application
Advance in mass transfer in food application
Evaporation
Evaporation
Basics of Phytochemistry
Basics of Phytochemistry
Evaporation & crystalization
Evaporation & crystalization
Wastewater Treatment Refineries
Wastewater Treatment Refineries
WASTE WATER TREATMENT REFINERIES
WASTE WATER TREATMENT REFINERIES
Evaporators
Evaporators
dokumen.tips_food-concentration.ppt
dokumen.tips_food-concentration.ppt
Laboratory assignment 5 (tupaz, ishi pearl c.)
Laboratory assignment 5 (tupaz, ishi pearl c.)
Extraction.pptx
Extraction.pptx
Physical processes
Physical processes
Super critical fluid
Super critical fluid
Separation process
Separation process
Extraction methods
Extraction methods
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) pharmaceutical process chemistry
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) pharmaceutical process chemistry
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) process chemistry
UNIT OPERATIONS (unit 2) process chemistry
More from Mujeeb UR Rahman
Shell Energy Balance
Shell Energy Balance
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Transport Phenomena
Transport Phenomena
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Transport phenomena (Continuity Equation)
Transport phenomena (Continuity Equation)
Mujeeb UR Rahman
MS PowerPoint
MS PowerPoint
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Introduction Microsoft PowerPoint
Introduction Microsoft PowerPoint
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Introduction Microsoft Word
Introduction Microsoft Word
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Introduction of Computers & C++ Programming
Introduction of Computers & C++ Programming
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Report
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Report
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Pollution Control Engineering
Pollution Control Engineering
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Thin Layer Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography
Mujeeb UR Rahman
NACA Regula Falsi Method
NACA Regula Falsi Method
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Quality Control in Glycerin
Quality Control in Glycerin
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Quality Control in Milk
Quality Control in Milk
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Numerical Analysis and Computer Applications
Numerical Analysis and Computer Applications
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Chemical engineering department
Chemical engineering department
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Basic commands in C++
Basic commands in C++
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Urea Manufacturing Process PFD
Urea Manufacturing Process PFD
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Chemical Reaction Engineering
Chemical Reaction Engineering
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Thermodynemics
Thermodynemics
Mujeeb UR Rahman
Renewable energy
Renewable energy
Mujeeb UR Rahman
More from Mujeeb UR Rahman
(20)
Shell Energy Balance
Shell Energy Balance
Transport Phenomena
Transport Phenomena
Transport phenomena (Continuity Equation)
Transport phenomena (Continuity Equation)
MS PowerPoint
MS PowerPoint
Introduction Microsoft PowerPoint
Introduction Microsoft PowerPoint
Introduction Microsoft Word
Introduction Microsoft Word
Introduction of Computers & C++ Programming
Introduction of Computers & C++ Programming
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Report
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Report
Pollution Control Engineering
Pollution Control Engineering
Thin Layer Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography
NACA Regula Falsi Method
NACA Regula Falsi Method
Quality Control in Glycerin
Quality Control in Glycerin
Quality Control in Milk
Quality Control in Milk
Numerical Analysis and Computer Applications
Numerical Analysis and Computer Applications
Chemical engineering department
Chemical engineering department
Basic commands in C++
Basic commands in C++
Urea Manufacturing Process PFD
Urea Manufacturing Process PFD
Chemical Reaction Engineering
Chemical Reaction Engineering
Thermodynemics
Thermodynemics
Renewable energy
Renewable energy
Recently uploaded
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
upamatechverse
247267395-1-Symmetric-and-distributed-shared-memory-architectures-ppt (1).ppt
247267395-1-Symmetric-and-distributed-shared-memory-architectures-ppt (1).ppt
ssuser5c9d4b1
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-5 NC MACHINE TOOLS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-5 NC MACHINE TOOLS
SIVASHANKAR N
(PRIYA) Rajgurunagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(PRIYA) Rajgurunagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
ranjana rawat
(MEERA) Dapodi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Escorts
(MEERA) Dapodi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Escorts
ranjana rawat
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
Asst.prof M.Gokilavani
Call Girls in Nagpur Suman Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Call Girls in Nagpur Suman Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
upamatechverse
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
Tsuyoshi Horigome
UNIT - IV - Air Compressors and its Performance
UNIT - IV - Air Compressors and its Performance
sivaprakash250
Call for Papers - Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, E-ISSN: 21...
Call for Papers - Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, E-ISSN: 21...
Christo Ananth
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
upamatechverse
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
Suman Mia
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
ranjana rawat
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
rakeshbaidya232001
Processing & Properties of Floor and Wall Tiles.pptx
Processing & Properties of Floor and Wall Tiles.pptx
pranjaldaimarysona
Java Programming :Event Handling(Types of Events)
Java Programming :Event Handling(Types of Events)
simmis5
VIP Call Girls Service Hitech City Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Hitech City Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
Suhani Kapoor
Microscopic Analysis of Ceramic Materials.pptx
Microscopic Analysis of Ceramic Materials.pptx
purnimasatapathy1234
Recently uploaded
(20)
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
Introduction to IEEE STANDARDS and its different types.pptx
247267395-1-Symmetric-and-distributed-shared-memory-architectures-ppt (1).ppt
247267395-1-Symmetric-and-distributed-shared-memory-architectures-ppt (1).ppt
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-5 NC MACHINE TOOLS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-5 NC MACHINE TOOLS
(PRIYA) Rajgurunagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(PRIYA) Rajgurunagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
(MEERA) Dapodi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Escorts
(MEERA) Dapodi Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pune Escorts
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
Call Girls in Nagpur Suman Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Call Girls in Nagpur Suman Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
Introduction and different types of Ethernet.pptx
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
UNIT - IV - Air Compressors and its Performance
UNIT - IV - Air Compressors and its Performance
Call for Papers - Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, E-ISSN: 21...
Call for Papers - Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, E-ISSN: 21...
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
Introduction to Multiple Access Protocol.pptx
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
Software Development Life Cycle By Team Orange (Dept. of Pharmacy)
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
Porous Ceramics seminar and technical writing
Processing & Properties of Floor and Wall Tiles.pptx
Processing & Properties of Floor and Wall Tiles.pptx
Java Programming :Event Handling(Types of Events)
Java Programming :Event Handling(Types of Events)
VIP Call Girls Service Hitech City Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Hitech City Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
Microscopic Analysis of Ceramic Materials.pptx
Microscopic Analysis of Ceramic Materials.pptx
Mass transfer lab equipment's
1.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO Department of Chemical Engineering Mass Transfer Laboratory Submitted to: Prof. Abdul Qadeer Laghari Submitted by: Mujeeb-UR-Rahman Roll No. 17CH106
2.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman TABLE OF
CONTENT 1 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION 2 SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OR LEACHING 3 RISING FILM EVAPORATOR 4 COOLING TOWER 5 FIXED AND FLUIDIZAD BED 6 ION EXCHANGE 7 ABSORPTION 8 ADSORPTION 9 DRYING 10 DISTILLATION 11 CRYSTILIZATION
3.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION Liquid-Liquid
extraction is a process that separates the components mixture based on their relative solubility in two immiscible or miscible liquid. Liquid-Liquid extraction involves solute and solvent that are mixing together in order to separates the products. Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) also known as solvent extraction, is a method to separate compound based on their relative solubility in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. LLE is a separation process which is based on the distribution of the components to be separated between two liquid phases. It depends on the mass transfer of the componentto be extracted from a first liquid phase to a second one. Liquid-Liquid extraction is the separation method of choice where distillation fails, e.g., for azeotropic mixtures or temperature sensitive components. Type of liquid-liquid extraction methods: Coalescer Settler Hydro cyclone Centrifugal Extractor Flotation Liquid-Phase Adsorption Column Extractor. In some cases, the efficiency of a liquid-liquid extraction process canbe strongly improved by modifying the distribution coefficient. Thus, an organic acid would prefer the non-polar solvent when not dissociated (at low pH) and the aqueous solvent when dissociated (at high pH). Application: Liquid-liquid extraction is an important separation method in research and chemical analysis. As a commercial process itis frequently used in the chemical and mining industries and in the downstream recovery of fermentation products (antibiotics, amino acids, steroids). Its applications to food are restricted to isolate cases, such as the transfer of carotenoid pigments from organic solvents to edible oils, or the productionof “terpeneless” essential citrus oil by extraction the oxygenated compounds ofthe essential oil with aqueous ethanol.
4.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman In liquid-liquid
extraction units, mass transfer occurs when the surrounding liquid react with the droplets. The different densities of the liquid subsequently separate the two liquids react with the accumulation ofthe droplets from the aboveor below continuous phase occurs depending on the liquids relative densities. The droplets dispersion at the top and bottom of the extraction column. Feed (CarrierA andSolute C) Extract (SolventBand Solute CwithA) SolventB Raffinate (CarrierA with some B and C) Extraction Unit of Two Inlet Streams (The Liquid Barrier Containing Solute Molecules and Solvent) and two outlet Streams (Raffinate and Solute-Rich Extract). Counter Current Extraction Unit Phase-Setting and Coalescing Section Mixing and Contacting Section
5.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman Liquid-liquid Extraction
Equipment
6.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman RISING FILM
EVAPORATOR Rising Film Evaporators operate on a “Thermo-Siphon” principle. Feed product enters the bottom of the heating tubes and as it heats, steam begins to form. The upward force of this steam produced during the boiling causes liquid and vapors to flow upwards in parallel flow. At the same time the production of vapor increases and the productis pressed as a thin film on the walls of the tubes, and the liquid rises upwards. Steam condenseon the outside ofthe surface of the vertical tubes. The liquid inside the tubes is brought to a boil, with the vapor generated occupying the core of the tube. As the fluid moves up the tube, more vapor is formed, resulting in a higher central-core velocity that forces the remaining liquid to the tube wall. This leads to a thinner and more rapidly moving liquid film.as the film moves more rapidly, hat-transfer coefficient increase and residence time drop. Preferably used for the evaporation of highly viscous products and products that have a tendency to foul the heating surface. Can also operate as high concentrators with single-pass operation. Since the vapor and liquid both flow in the same direction, the thinning of the liquid film is not as pronounced as in a falling-film type of evaporator, and the possibility of tube dry out is less. This makes the rising-film evaporator particularly suited to services having mild scaling tendencies. Applications: Major uses of rising-film evaporators include concentrating black liquors in pulp-and-paper mills, and concentrating nitrates, spin-bath liquors, electrolytic tinning liquors, etc. Concentration of dilute solutions of plant extract in water or organic solvent. Re-boiler to distillation Column Used as a pre-concentration before final drying up to saturation point for recovery of solvent from product or waste stream.
7.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman CHEMICAL Caustic Caustic
sodaand Caustic potash solution Organic Acids Inorganic Acids Salt Solutions Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate etc. Amine Urea, diethylene Alcohols Phenol, methanol, ethanol, Glycerin Petroleum products Synthetically products Caprolactum water, synthetic glue, stabilizer, aromas. ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS Fermentation Broths Glue and gelatin Emulsion Steepwater Corn, sorghum PHARMACEUTICAL Pharmaceuticalsolutions Enzymes, antibiotics, drug extracts, sugar substitutes, sorbitol, sorbose, gluconates Effluents Leakage of water, oil emulsions, photographic effluents, etc. FOOD INDUSTRY o Milk and milk products o High protein juices o Vegetables juices o Starch product
8.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION Definition: Extraction
of a soluble constituent from a solid by using a liquid solvent. In order to separate the desired solute constituent or remove an undesirable solute component from the solid phase, the solid is contacted with a liquid phase. When two phases are in intimate contact and the solute can diffuse from the solid to the liquid phase, which causes separation of the components originally in the solid. In this process the components of a solid mixture are extracted into a solvent. Solvent comes into contactwith the solid matrix. A solvent is usually a liquid that functions to dissolve a substance or solute. A solute is the substancebeing dissolved by a solvent. Thus, the solvent would be the liquid and the solute would be the substance you would like to extract from the solid matrix. Again, referring to our tea example, the solute would be your green tea extracted while the solvent would be the hot water. Amount of soluble material removed is often greater than ordinary filtration. Properties of the solid may change considerably during the leaching process Coarse, hard or granular feed solids may disintegrate into pulp or mush when their content of soluble material is removed.
9.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman APPLICATIONS: Extraction of
vegetable oils Extract oil from peanuts, soybeans, castor beans by using Organic solvent (hexane, acetone, etc.). Removal of nickel salts or gold from their natural solid beds with sulfuric acid solutions. Food Industry Sugar industry when soluble sucroseis removed by water extraction from sugar cane or beet. Pharmaceutical Herbal and oil extraction Miniaturized Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques
10.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman COOLING TOWER INTRODUCTION Cooling
towers are widely used in energy systems and industrial processes to dissipate waste heat from hot process streams into the environment. Heat ejection from the wet cooling tower occurs as convectional transfer between water droplets and the surrounding air, and as the evaporation of a small portion of the water into the moving air. Therefore, the process involves both heat and mass transfer. Cooling towers are used to extract waste heat from water to atmospheric air. Cooling towers reject heat from the hot water circulating through the condenser of a chiller. There are two basic types of cooling towers. The theory of cooling: As a water droplet falls through the tower, air flows past it and cooling takes place in three ways: a. A small proportionof heat is lost from the droplet by radiation of heat from its surface. b. Approximately a quarter to one-third of the heat transferred is by conduction and convection between the water and the air the amount of heat transferred depends on the temperature of water and air. c. The remainder of the heat transfer is by evaporation. As the air evaporates some of the water into water vapor, the vapor takes with it the latent heat of evaporation. The remaining water therefore has a lower heat content than it had originally, and is also at a lower temperature. The amount of evaporation which takes place depends on a number of factors;these include the total surface area the water presents to the air (the reason the packing design is so important), and the amount ofair flowing. The greater the air flow, the greater the cooling achieved.
11.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman Cooling Tower
Operation TYPES OF COOLING TOWERS Natural draft cooling tower: The natural draft or hyperbolic cooling tower makes use of the difference in temperature between the ambient air and the hotter air inside the tower. As hot air moves upwards through the tower (because hot air rises), fresh coolair is drawn into the tower through an air inlet at the bottom. Due to the layout of the tower, no fan is required and there is almost no Circulation of hot air that could affect the performance. Mechanical draft cooling tower: Mechanical draft towers have large fans to force or draw air through circulated water. The water falls downwards over fill surfaces, which help increase the contact time between the water and the air - this helps maximize heat transfer between the two. Cooling rates of mechanical draft towers depend upon various parameters such as fan diameter and speed of operation, fills for system resistance etc. Mechanical draft towers are available in the following airflow arrangements: a. Counter flow induced draft. b. Counter flow forced draft. c. Cross flow induced draft.
12.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman The Industrial
Application of Cooling Towers Water cooled air compressors. Natural gas processing plants Power plants Food processing plants Petrochemical plants Semi-conductor plants Petroleum refineries and more. Plastic Injection & Blow Moulding Machine. Die casting machine. Refrigeration and chilling plant. Cold storage. Anodizing processes plant. Electrical power generation plant. Water cooled air conditioning systems and VAM machines. Conclusion: The mass transfer and heat transfer is decreased with increase inlet air humidity and the objective of usepacking is to increase area of contactbetween water and air. The cooling tower does not use in the place which the air have high humidity.
13.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman Assimilation of
molecular species throughout the bulk of the solid or liquid is termed as absorption. PROCESS Absorption occurs when atoms pass through or enter a bulky material. During absorption, the molecules are entirely dissolved or diffused in the absorbent to form a solution. Once dissolved, the molecules cannot be separated easily from the absorbent. It is a bulk phenomenon. Heat exchange Endothermic process. It is not affected by temperature. Rate of reaction it occurs at a uniform rate. Concentration is same throughout the material. Gas-liquid absorption Blue spheres are solute molecules. APPLICATION: The common commercial uses of absorption cycle are absorption chillers for spacecooling applications, ice production, cold storage, turbine inlet cooling. High efficiency operation, environmentally friendly refrigerants, clean-burning fuels and few moving parts that require maintenance make absorption a very good choice for consumers. The process of gas absorption by a liquid is used in hydrogenation of oils and carbonation of beverages. ABSORPTION
14.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman ADSORPTION Accumulation of
the molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of the solid or liquid is termed as adsorption. PROCESS Adsorption is generally classified into physisorption (weak van der Waals forces) and chemisorption (covalent bonding). It can also be caused by electrostatic attraction. The molecules are held loosely on the surface of the adsorbent and can be easily removed. It is a surface phenomenon. Exothermic process. It is favored by low temperature. Rate of Reaction it steadily increases and reaches equilibrium. Concentration on the surface of adsorbentis different from that in the bulk. Gas-liquid absorption Blue spheres are solute molecules. APPLICATIONS: Some of the industrial applications for adsorption are air-conditioning, adsorption chillers, synthetic resin and water purification. In pharmaceutical industry applications, prolong neurological exposure to specific drugs or parts thereof. Adsorption of molecules onto polymer surfaces is used in various applications such as in the development of non-stick coatings and in various biomedical devices.
15.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman DRYING The process
whereby moisture is vaporized from a material and is swept away from the surface. Sometimes under vacuum, but normally by means of carrier gas which passes through or over the material. Commonly, drying is conceived as the removal of water into a hot airstream, but drying may encompass the removal of any volatile liquid into any heated gas. A drying process removes the remaining solvent and a final sintering thermal treatment can be carried out if further polycondensation or densification is needed. The moist material must obtain heat from its surroundings by convection, radiation or conduction, or by internal generation suchas dielectric or inductive heating; the moisture in the body evaporates and the vapor is received by a carrier gas. Convective drying process Dehydration is the process of depriving a material of its water or the loss of water as a constituent. The term is often used in food-drying operations to describe processes which strive to expel moisture but retain other volatile constituents in the original material, and which are responsible for valuable aromatic and flavoring properties. Desiccation implies a more thorough removal of water. It is applied in the drying of foodstuffs to indicate almost complete dehydration of these materials forpreservation. The term is also commonly used to describethe thorough removal of moisture from gases. While heat may be used to drive off moisture from a wet substance, moisture can be severed from its host material by the action of pressure gradients. This process is known as dewatering.
16.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman Drying is
an energy-intensive operation of some significance. An airless drying system with heat recovery Drying only takes place if the wet material contains more moisture than the equilibrium value for its environment. The earliest ideas on convective drying implied that liquid moisture diffuses to the exposed surface of a wet body where it evaporates, the vapor diffusing through the boundary layer into the bulk of the surrounding air. This view is clearly unsatisfactory, except for drying of homogeneous materials in which the moisture is effectively dissolved. Mechanisms ofmoisture movement are generally more complex. Most materials are composed of sub entities, such as particles and fibers, which may be loose or held in some kind of matrix.
17.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman CRYSTALLIZATION A process
by which a chemical is converted from a liquid solution into a solid crystalline state. The widespread useof crystallization within industry is in part due to the fact that crystallization acts as both a separation and purification step; almost all chemical processes utilize at least one crystallization step (either as key separation mechanism or final product). How does the crystallizationprocess occur? The crystallization process consists oftwo major events: Nucleation: Molecules gather together in clusters in a defined manner. Clusters need to be stable under current experimental conditions to reach the “critical cluster size” or they will dissolve. It is this point in the crystallization process that defines the crystal structure. Crystal Growth: Nuclei that have successfully achieved the “critical cluster size” begin to increase in size. Crystal growth is a dynamic process, with atoms precipitating from solution and becoming dissolved. Supersaturation and super cooling are two of the most common driving forces behind crystal formation.
18.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman FIXED AND
FLUIDIZED BED A fluidized bed is a state of a two-phase mixture of particulate solid material and fluid, which is widely used in many modern technologies for efficient implementation of various physical and chemical processes. Fluidized beds have been used in technological processes such as: cracking and reforming of hydrocarbons (oil), carbonization and gasification of coal, ore roasting, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, polyethylene manufacturing, limestone calcining, aluminum anhydride production, granulation, vinil-chloride production, combustion of waste, nuclear fuel preparation, combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, drying, adsorption, cooling, heating, freezing, conveying, storing and thermal treating of various particulate solid materials. The geometrical, physical and aerodynamically properties of particulate solid materials all affect the onset of fluidization, and the characteristics, behavior and the main parameters of fluidized beds. The most important solid properties are: particle density (not taking porosity into account), skeletal (true) density, bulk density—mass per unit volume of fixed bed, porosity (or void fraction) of the fixed bed—ratio of volume of space between the particles and the volume of the fixed bed, mean equivalent particle diameter—particle characteristic dimension, particle shape, particle size distribution—probability distribution of particle distribution due to their size, Free fall (or terminal) velocity—velocity of falling particle at which gravitational, Archimedes and drag forces are in equilibrium. Forthe exact definition ofthe term "fluidized bed," it is not sufficient to say that the fluidized bed is astate ofthe two-phasemixture ofthe particulate solid material and the fluid. Between two limiting states of the mixture—fluid percolation in the vertical direction through a fixed bed of particulate solids and the free fall of the particles through the stagnant fluid due to the gravitational force, a variety of different states ofthe solid-fluid two-phasemixture exist.
19.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman The common
characteristic of all these states in vertical, upward or downward, flow (of fluid, particles orboth, in the same oroppositedirections) is the existence of fluid-to-particle relative velocity and drag force. The fluidized bed characteristics listed above enable its use in various devices for efficient implementation of physical and chemical processes. FIXED AND FLUIDIZED BED APPARATUS
20.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman DISTILLATION Distillation is
the most widely-used method of separating fluid mixtures on a commercial scale, it is thus an important part of many processes in the oil and chemical industries. Many of the tall, thin towers which may be seen in an oil refinery or chemical plant are distillation columns. The most common column diameter is about 2.5 m, but 6 m diameter is commonplace and towers of 12 m dia have been built. Column heights may be as much as 30 m. The advantages of distillation are: a) High purity products b) Economies of scale c) Well-established technology and competitive supply of equipment d) Use of low temperature, low cost energy e) Well suited for energy integration into the surrounding process. The separation of a mixture by distillation depends on the difference between the compositions of a boiling liquid mixture and the vapor mixture in equilibrium with the liquid. DISTILLATION EQUIPMENT
21.
© Mujeeb-UR-Rahman IONEXCHANGE Ion exchange
describes a specific chemical process in which unwanted dissolved ions are exchanged for other ions with a similar charge. Ions are atoms or molecules containing a total number of electrons that are not equal to the total number of protons. Ion exchange is a water treatment process commonly used for water softening or demineralization, but it also is used to remove other substances from the water in processes suchas dealkalization, deionization, and disinfection. If a substanceis not ionic, such as benzene, it cannot be removed via ion exchange. Ion Exchange in Drinking WaterTreatment In the exchange of cations during water treatment, positively charged ions that come into contact with the ion exchange resin are exchanged with positively charged ions available on the resin surface, usually sodium. In the anion exchange process, negatively charged ions are exchanged with negatively charged ions on the resin surface, usually chloride. Various contaminants — including nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, and arsenic — can all be removed by anion exchange.
Download now