This document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research. It defines a theory as a set of constructs, definitions, and propositions that explain phenomena. The theoretical framework comprises concepts and theories that guide a study. The conceptual framework provides the scope and range of a concept and discusses how theories combine. Important purposes of a conceptual framework include identifying the research problem and connecting variables to hypotheses. Key steps in constructing a conceptual framework involve examining keywords and variables, selecting an applicable theory, and describing the theory's relevance. Examples of conceptual frameworks include the IV-DV model and IPO model.

1. Theoretical and
Conceptual
Framework
Prepared by:
Thelma V. Villaflores

2. Definition
A theory is a set of interrelated constructs
(concepts), definitions, and propositions that
present a systematic view of phenomena
by specifying relations among variables,
with the purpose of explaining and
predicting phenomena. (Kerlinger, 1986)

3. Theoretical Framework
• the theory, principle, or model that
the researcher chooses to guide
him/her in the conduct of the study
• comprised of different concepts and
theories that serve as the building
blocks (or the “skeleton”) to strongly
clarify the bases of the study

4. Conceptual Framework
• provides an explanation of the scope
and range of a concept or construct and
discusses cases that combine two or
more theories

5. Importance
causes the
researcher to
address the
questions of
why and how
helps the
researcher to
identify the limits
of the research’s
generalizations

6. Purposes of
Conceptual
Framework

7. Purposesof Conceptual Framework
Identify and
construct your
own view on how
to investigate your
study
Show the research
problem you have
defined
Give structure
when theories are
not applicable
Select theory or
conceptual model
aligned with the
research question
Provide connection
to variables and
hypothesis

8. Steps in
Constructing
the Conceptual
Framework

9. Examine the research topic, title, statement of
the problem and research questions. In one
statement, what is the concern of the
investigation?
Example: Grade 12 students in public schools
are not doing well in achievement tests in
Physics

10. List down the keywords that show the focus
of your research.
Example: math anxiety, achievement tests,
Grade 12 students

11. Read and review related literature on the
topic using a keyword search to locate
research articles related to the topic.
Identify prominent authors who have
advanced the same area of interest.

12. List down variables relevant in the study
and label them as dependent and
independent variables.
IV – math anxiety, self-efficacy, socio-
economic status, teaching strategies, learning
styles
DV – math achievement test scores

13. Select a theory in your field or in other fields
that can help explain how the identified
variables behave and serve as basis for the
conduct of the research.
Example: constructivism, social cognitive
theory

14. Essential
elements

15. Description of the theory –
state the chosen theory, who
is/are the proponent/s
behind it and the year
when it was developed.
Describe what the theory is
all about, its historical
background and the
assumptions or propositions
it was able to prove.

16. Relevance of the theory to
the investigation – discusses
the relevance of the theory
to the current study. It
provides the basis as to how
the situation will be
investigated.

17. Excerpts of
Theoretical
Discussion

18. Constructivism states that learning always build
upon knowledge that a student already knows thus
building on prior knowledge and experiences known as
schema. Because all learnings are filtered through pre-
existing schemata, constructivists suggest that learning is
more effective when a student is actively engaged in
learning math rather than attempting to receive
knowledge passively.
A wide variety of teaching methods claim to be
based on constructivist learning theory. Most of these
methods rely on some form of guided discovery where
Theory that supports
the study
continued to next page

19. the teacher limits direct instruction and attempts to lead
the students through questions and activities to discover,
discuss, appreciate, and verbalize the new knowledge.
Critical Race Theory. CRT theorists question the
social and cultural assumptions of whiteness and
blackness inequalities. Building awareness across cultural
groups is difficult when dealing with racial differences
and might explain why some ethnic groups perform
differently in math or in other academic fields.
another
theory
continued to next page

20. According to Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, self-
efficacy has an important role in the students’
achievement. The proposed study can investigate the
role of personal variables on students’ math achievement.
This could include, but not limited to, math self-efficacy,
math anxiety, attitudes and prior math achievement.
another
theory
Look for theories that will serve
as the foundation of your study
or research.

21. Designing a
Conceptual
Framework

22. To design your conceptual framework,
you will make a conceptual paradigm.
Conceptual paradigm is also called a
research paradigm or schematic diagram
that serves as a map of your research.
The basic shapes you will use are boxes,
lines, and arrows in designing the
conceptual framework.

23. Steps
• Identify the independent and the
dependent variables.
• Create a box for the independent and
dependent variables.
• Use arrow to show the cause-and-effect
relationship.

24. Steps
• Draw a line when you expect a
correlation between the independent
and dependent variables.

25. Shapes & Meanings
represents the
VARIABLES
shows
CORRELATION
between the IV
and DV
shows CAUSE
and EFFECT
relationship
BOX LINE
ARROW

26. Other Variables
An independent
variable that affects
the relationship
between independent
and dependent
variables
Moderating Variable
A variable that links
the IV and the DVs,
whose existence
explains the
relationship between
the other two
variables
A variable that
remains unchanged
or held in constant
to prevent its
effects on the
outcome
Control Variable
Mediating Variable

27. Examples of
Conceptual
Frameworks

28. Conceptual Frameworks
IV-DV
Model
IPO
Model
-P
Model
PC
Model
POM
Model

29. IV-DV Model (Independent Variable-Dependent Variable)
Research Title: The Impact of Playing Mobile Legends to the Grade 12 Senior High School
Students’ Academic Performance
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Playing Mobile Legends Academic Performance

30. IPO Model (Input-Process-Output)
Research Title: The Entrepreneurs Roles toward Improved Work Performance Among Julio’s
Bakeshop Employees
Input Output
Profile of
Entrepreneurs
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Seminars attended
Roles of Entrepreneurs
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation
Analysis of data
through the
questionnaire,
informal interviews,
and statistical
treatment
Profile and roles of
entrepreneurs are
determined
Process

31. PC Model (Predictor - Criterion)
Research Title: The Relationship of Teaching Competence of Senior High School Teachers to
the Level of Performance of ABM Students
Predictor Variable Criterion Variable
Teaching competence of
senior high school teachers
> Knowledge level
> Pedagogical skills
> Classroom management
Level of performance of
ABM students
> Academic grades
> Behavioral attributes
> Peer evaluation result

32. -P Model (Proposed Program or Intervention)
Research Title: Teaching Competence of Instructors and the Level of Performance of Students
towards the Formulation of the Faculty Development Program
Teaching
Competence of
Instructors
- Knowledge
Level
- Pedagogical
Skills
- Classroom
Management
Level of
Performance
of Students
- Academic
Grades
- Practicum
Performance
- Peer
Evaluation
Faculty
Development
Program

33. POM Model (Proposed Original Model)
Research Title: Key Factors Influencing the Purchase Intention of Activewear: An Empirical
Study of US Consumers Watts, Lauren & Chi, Ting. (2018).

34. Other Samples

35. IV-DV Model (Independent Variable-Dependent Variable)
Research Title: The Impact of Playing Mobile Legends to the Grade 12 Senior High School
Students’ Academic Performance
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Playing Mobile
Legends
Academic
Performance
Students’ I.Q,
Level of Self-
Discipline
Moderating Variable

36. IV-DV Model (Independent Variable-Dependent Variable)
Research Title: The Impact of Playing Mobile Legends to the Grade 12 Senior High School
Students’ Academic Performance
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Playing Mobile
Legends
Academic
Performance
Mediating Variable
Parental Guidance

37. IV-DV Model (Independent Variable-Dependent Variable)
Research Title: The Impact of Playing Mobile Legends to the Grade 12 Senior High School
Students’ Academic Performance
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Playing Mobile
Legends
Academic
Performance
Control Variable
Frequency and
duration of playing
the game

38. Assignment
Look for a theory
which is related to
your research/
feasibility study.
Closely coordinate
with other
members of the
group to avoid
duplicity.
Be sure to include
the important
information
indicated in the
next slide.

39. 1. What is the theory? What is its description?
Who are the proponents? When was it
developed?
2. What are its basic features and the
assumptions it was able to prove?
3. Discuss the relevance of the theory with your
research.

40. References
Watts, Lauren & Chi, Ting. (2018). Key factors influencing the purchase intention of
activewear: an empirical study of US consumers. International Journal of Fashion
Design, Technology and Education. 12. 1-10. 10.1080/17543266.2018.1477995.
Cristobal, Amadeo Pangilinan, Jr. and Dela-Cruz-Cristobal, M. (2017). Practical
research 2 for senior high school. Quezon City: C & E. Publishing, Inc.
Practical Research 2. (2020). Presenting the review of related literature and
conceptual framework. DepEd: Division of Bulacan
Prieto, Nelia G. et al. (2017). Practical research 2 for senior high school. Quezon
City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

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