Research instruments are devices used to collect data and include questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve a series of questions to elicit information and have advantages like being simple and allowing wide data collection, but responses may lack depth. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and allow clarification and flexibility. Observation directly perceives behavior but accurate prediction is difficult. Validity and reliability are important criteria for measuring research instruments. Validity refers to what an instrument measures, and is tested through face validity, content validity, and construct validity. Reliability is the consistency of measurement.

1. Research
Instruments

2. FR
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- described as a device
used to collect data
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

3. FR
1. Questionnaire
2. Interview
3. Observation
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Types of Research
Instrument

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•A series of questions designed
to elicit information, which is
filled in by all participants.
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1.
Questionnaire

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•Simple method of obtaining data
•Less time is consumed
•Researcher is able to gather data from
a widely scattered sample.
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Advantages of Using
Questionnaire

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•responses lack depth
•respondents may omit or disregard any
item he chooses
•some items maybe misunderstood
•length of the questionnaire is limited
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Disadvantages of a
Questionnaire

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•Closed form / Closed- ended
•Open form / Open- ended
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Two forms of questionnaire

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•gives the respondents the ability to
respond on their own words
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Open-ended questions
Close-ended questions
•allows the subject to choose one of
the given alternatives

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Close Ended Questions Open Ended Questions
Do you like working with us?
•Yes
•No
Tell us about your experience with
our organization so far.
Have you been stressed lately?
•Yes
•Unsure
•No
Share with us what has been
troubling you.
How satisfied are you with your
current job role?
•Very satisfied
•Somewhat satisfied
•Somewhat unsatisfied
•Very unsatisfied
What do you expect from this?

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Close Ended Questions

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Open Ended Questions

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•Clarity of language
•Singleness of purpose
•Relevant to the
objective of the study
•Correct grammar
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the
Questionnaire

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•use simple terms
•define or qualify terms that
could easily be misinterpret
•be careful in using descriptive
adjectives and adverbs that
have no agreed-upon meaning
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Guidelines in Constructing
the Questionnaire

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•beware of double negative
•underline the word if you wish
to indicate special emphasis
• when asking for rating or
comparisons a point of
reference is necessary
•design question that will give a
complete answer
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15. FR
• this involves either structure or
unstructured verbal communication
between the researcher and the
subject, during which information is
obtained for the study
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2. Interview

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The purposes of interview are :
- to verify information gathered
from written sources
- to clarify points of information
- to update information and to
collect data
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1. Unstructured interview
2. Structured interview
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Types of Interview

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1. Unstructured interview
- more conversational
- time consuming
- flexibility in questioning the subject
2. Structured Interview
- operates with formal written instrument
- questions are designed prior to the
interview
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19. FR
- depth of responses can be
assured
- clarification is possible
- no items overlooked
- greater amount of flexibility
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Advantages

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- time consuming
- prone to biases
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Disadvantages

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• perceiving data through the
senses: sight, hearing, taste
touch and smell
• most direct way used in
studying individual behavior
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3. Observation

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- produce large quantities of data
- observation can be stopped or
begun at any time
- subjects are easily available
- may be recorded at the time
they occur, eliminating bias
because of the recall
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Advantages

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- accurate prediction of a situation to
be observed is unlikely.
- the presence of an observer gives
the subjects a quality normally
absent
- observed events are subject to
biases
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Disadvantages

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1. Reliability – the degree of
consistency and accuracy with
which an instrument measures a
variable
2. Validity- refers to the extent to
which an instrument measures
what it is designed to measure.
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Criteria for Measuring
Research Instruments

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1. Self evident measures- refers to the fact
that the instrument appears what it is
supposed to measure
2. Pragmatic measures- the procedure
essentially tests the practical value of a
particular research instrument
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Testing Validity of
Data Collection

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a. Face Validity
- refers to the degree to which an
assessment or test subjectively appears
to measure the variable or construct that
it is supposed to measure.
- the researcher verifies face validity by
asking experts to evaluate the
instrument’s intent.
26Self-evident measures
b. Content Validity
- relies on the assurance that you can
demonstrate an adequate coverage of the
study
- The researcher typically verifies this by
asking experts to evaluate the instrument’s
representativeness of the content.

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- Concurrent validity
- Predictive validity
- Construct validity
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Pragmatic Measures

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- refers to the extent to which an
instrument can accurately identify
subjects that differ with respect to a
given characteristics
- Ex: a measure of job satisfaction might
be correlated with work performance
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Concurrent validity

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- to predict future occurrence
- The researcher commonly validates
this by using the instrument then
comparing the result with some
future outcomes.
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Predictive validity

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- useful mainly for measuring the
traits or feelings such as generosity,
grief or satisfaction
- related to the theoretical ideas
behind the personality trait under
consideration
31Construct validity

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