Research Methodology

2. Chapter 3
Research Methodology
• Research Design
• Respondents of the study
• Research Instrument
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Treatment of Data

3. Chapter 3
Research Methodology
Writing Chapter 3: Methods and Procedure
Begin the chapter with a brief explanation of what the chapter is all
about. The common introductory explanation is as follows:
Writing the Introductory Paragraph
This chapter presents the discussion on the research
methodology of the study, the subjects, sampling technique, research
instruments, procedure of data gathering, and statistical treatment
that will be used for accurate data analysis and interpretation

4. Research Methodology
This section specifies what method of research will be used – descriptive,
correlation, experimental, or documentary analysis.
Subjects/Respondents of the Study
• A distinction should be made between subjects and respondents of the
study. Subjects are persons investigated in the study. When learning
abilities of pre-school pupils are being assessed in the study, the pre-school
pupils are the subjects. The pupils’ teachers and mothers who will be
interviewed and asked to fill out a questionnaire are the respondents of
the study. Respondents, therefore, are providers of information needed in
the study, elicited orally or in writing.
• It is important to state your number of subjects or respondents and who
they are. Also, explain how the number will be decided upon.

5. Sloven’s Formula

6. Simple Random Sample – SRS
Technically, a simple random sample is a set of n objects in
a population of N objects where all possible samples are equally likely
to happen. Here’s a basic example of how to get a simple random
sample: put 100 numbered bingo balls into a bowl (this is
the population N). Select 10 balls from the bowl without looking (this
is your sample n). Note that it’s important not to look as you could
(unknowingly) bias the sample. While the “lottery bowl” method can
work fine for smaller populations, in reality you’ll be dealing with
much larger populations.

7. Sample Illustration of SRS

8. Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling is possible when it makes sense to partition the
population into groups based on a factor that may influence the
variable that is being measured. These groups are then called
strata. An individual group is called a stratum. With stratified
sampling one should:
• partition the population into groups (strata)
• obtain a simple random sample from each group (stratum)
• collect data on each sampling unit that was randomly sampled from
each group (stratum)

9. Stratified Sampling

10. Purposive Sampling
A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based
on characteristics of a population and the objective of the
study. Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or
subjective sampling

11. Purposive Sampling Population Illustration

12. Sampling Technique
Explain what sampling technique will be used – random, purposive,
stratified, etc.—why you used it, and what procedure will be followed
to carry out the technique.
Research Instruments
• It is necessary to have a separate discussion for this, if several
research instruments have been utilized in the study. Research
instruments are questionnaires, tests, interviews, observations, etc.

13. Data Gathering Procedure
• Identify your sources of data. If a questionnaire will be used, explain
what kind and how it will be constructed if it is original, how it is pre-
tested, distribution, retrieval, collation, etc. Thus, your procedures
may include: Construction of the questionnaire, Validation,
Distribution, Retrieval, Collation, Presentation of Data and
Interpretation of Data.

14. Statistical Treatment of Data
• Specify the statistical treatment/s you will use for interpreting your
data and why they are necessary. Also, include the scale or verbal
interpretation for the statistical processing of your data; mention the
name of the office or agency, or the person taking charge of it.