This document provides guidance on citing sources in academic writing using standard citation styles. It discusses the importance of citing sources to avoid plagiarism and assign authority. Examples are given for citing different source types such as books, websites, journal articles, and more. Standard citation styles help readers find sources quickly and demonstrate reading of relevant literature.

1. CITING RELATED
LITERATURE USING
STANDARD STYLES
LESSON 12

2. The need for Citing Sources
When writing a research paper, literature citation is
important for two reasons:
1. To avoid plagiarism which is against the student code of
conduct or ethical standards.
2. To assign proper authority to a statement(this adds
weight to your paper)
3. Citation gives details of a scholarly publication’s location,
helping people find it quickly.

3. Referencing Sources
Referencing your sources means systematically showing
what information or ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing
from another author’s work and where they come from.

4. Reasons for Referencing Sources
1. Adds authority to your work by supporting it with
previous research.
2. Demonstrates reading and understanding of relevant
literature.
3. Enables the reader to track down the original sources to
check its quality.
4. Ensures that you write in an ethical manner by giving
credit to the original authors.

5. Citing Web Sites
Source Example Citation
Web site with author Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February
28, 2018, from http.//www.safechild.org
Web site with corporate author. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMSHA). (2008, February 15)
Stop underage drinking. Retrieved February 29,
2008, from http.//www.stopalcoholabuse.gov.
Web site with unknown author Penn State Myths. (2006). Retrieved December
6, 2011, from
http.//www.psoedu.ur/about/myths
Page within a Web site (unknown author) Global Warming solutions. (2007, May 21). In
union of concerned scientists. Retrieved
February 29, 2008, from http.//www.ucsusa
org/global warming/solutions

6. Citing Books
Source Example Citation
Book by a single author Rollin, B.E. (2006). Science and ethics. New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press.
Book by two authors Sherman, C. , & Price, G. (2011). The invisible web:
Uncovering information sources search engines can’t
see. Medford, NJ: Cyber Age Books.
Book by three or more authors Goodpaster, K.E., Nash, L.L., & Betignies, H. (2006)
Business ethics: Policies and person (3rd ed.)
Book by a corporate author American Medical Association. (2004). American Medical
Association family medical guide (4th ed.)
Article or chapter within an edited book Winnie, P.H. (2001). Self-regulated learning viewed from
models of information processing. In B.J. Zimmerman &
D.H. Schuk (Eds), self-regulated learning and academic
achievement (2nd ed, pp 160-192). Mahwah, N.J. :

7. Citing Articles from print periodicals
Source Example Citation
Article in monthly magazine (include volume number if
given)
Swedin, E.G.(2006, May/June). Designing babies: A
eugenics race with China? The Futurist.
Article in a weekly magazine (include volume number if
given)
Wiill, G.G. (2004, July 5) Waging war on Wal-Mart.
Newsweek.
Article in a daily newspaper Dougherty, R. (2006, January 11). Jury convicts man in
drunk driving death. Centre Daily Times., p1A.
Article in a scholarly journal Stock, C.D., & Fisher, P.A. (2006). Language delays among
foster children: Implications from policy and practice.
Child Welfare, 85 (3).
Book Review Rif kind, D. (2005, April 10). Breaking their vows. Review.

8. Citing Electronic Books
Source Example Citation
Electronic Book Mc Kernan, B. (2001). Digital cinema: the revolution in
cinematography, postproduction distribution. New York,
NY: Mc-Graw Hill. Retrieved from www.netlibrary.com
Post, E.. (1923) Etiquette in society, in business, in
politics and at home. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnails.
Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books

9. Citing an Entry in an Online Reference Work
Source Example Citation
Entry from Gale Virtual Reference Library Rey, G. (2006) Behaviorism. In D.M. Borchert (Ed.)
Encylopedia of a Philosophy (2nd ed.). Retrieved from
http//gogalegroup.com

10. When your quote is longer than 40 words
Start the quote on a new line.
Indent the entire quote by 5 spaces (1/2 of an inch if you use the
ruler in Microsoft Word)
Don’t use quotation marks
Double space the quote
Use Brackets enclosing ellipses to represent omitted text.
If your quote contains a quote, use double quotation marks “ “
around the shorter quote

11. Example of a Long Quote
Elder and Paul (2006) explain the difference between absolutists and
relativists. Some people, dogmatic absolutist, try to reduce all questions
to matter of fact. They think that every question has one and only correct
answer. Others, subjective relativist, try to reduce all questions to
matters of subjective opinion. They think that no question has correct or
incorrect answers but that all questions whatsoever are matters of
opinion. Neither absolutist nor relativist leaves room for what is crucial to
success in human life matters of judgement.

12. Laying out your Reference Section
At the end of your report, before the appendix is where you put the
reference section. It is an alphabetical list of all references you cited in
the text of your report.