This document discusses various methods of cooling power transformers. It describes air natural cooling and air blast cooling for smaller dry type transformers. For larger oil immersed transformers, it outlines oil natural, oil natural air forced, and oil natural water forced cooling. More advanced methods like oil forced air forced and oil forced water forced cooling are highlighted. The document also briefly introduces nitrogen cooling for high temperature superconducting transformers. It concludes by noting different cooling applications based on transformer size and type.
WHAT IS TRANSFORMER, DEFINE TRANSFORMER, TYPES OF TRANSFORMER, RATINGS OF TRANSFORMERS, MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TRANSFORMER, PARTS OF TRANSFORMER, TESTS OF TRANSFORMER, COSTING OF COPPER.
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
This document contains the Report for a Synchronizing Panel that I made for Diploma main project. It carries the complete detail about parallel operation AC Generators aka Alternators.
Sodium vapour lamp construction , working of sodium vapour lamp, advantages and disadvantages of sodium vapour lamp, explanation of sodium vapour lamp, what is sodium vapour lamp, application of sodium vapour lamp . All information covers in this ppt.
it explains
Temperature Classes
Causes of High Temperature
Cooling Symbol
ONAN (oil natural air natural).
ONWF (oil natural water forced).
ONAF (oil natural air forced).
OFAN (oil forced air natural).
OFWF (oil forced water forced).
• Directed cooling or zig-zag cooling
• Non directed cooling or axial cooling
• Fully directed cooling or pumped cooling
WHAT IS TRANSFORMER, DEFINE TRANSFORMER, TYPES OF TRANSFORMER, RATINGS OF TRANSFORMERS, MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TRANSFORMER, PARTS OF TRANSFORMER, TESTS OF TRANSFORMER, COSTING OF COPPER.
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
This document contains the Report for a Synchronizing Panel that I made for Diploma main project. It carries the complete detail about parallel operation AC Generators aka Alternators.
Sodium vapour lamp construction , working of sodium vapour lamp, advantages and disadvantages of sodium vapour lamp, explanation of sodium vapour lamp, what is sodium vapour lamp, application of sodium vapour lamp . All information covers in this ppt.
it explains
Temperature Classes
Causes of High Temperature
Cooling Symbol
ONAN (oil natural air natural).
ONWF (oil natural water forced).
ONAF (oil natural air forced).
OFAN (oil forced air natural).
OFWF (oil forced water forced).
• Directed cooling or zig-zag cooling
• Non directed cooling or axial cooling
• Fully directed cooling or pumped cooling
Dr. Shamasundar spoke about the thermal management in transformers, different cooling methods and how simulation through JMAG can help you design an Efficient Transformer.
If you are looking for a better solution than VRF systems look no further. AERMEC is now introducing their simultaneous hot and chilled water heat pumps to the North American HVAC market!
General overview of HVAC Technology
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Benefits of VRF
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3. INTRODUCTION
Power transformers are key components for
electricity supply systems.
It convert energy at one voltage level to another
voltage level. During the process of energy
transfer ,losses occur in the winding of the
transformer. This losses appear as heat that may
burn the winding of the transformer.
So to make the transformer healthier cooling is
needed.
6. OIL IMMERSED TYPE
Oil natural (ON) cooling
Oil natural air forced (ONAF)cooling
Oil natural water forced (ONWF) Cooling
Oil forced air natural (OFAN) cooling
Oil forced air forced (OFAF) Cooling
Oil forced water forced (OFWF) Cooling
7. AIR NATURAL COOLING
The transformers having smaller output(5-10KVA)
are cooled by this method.In this method the external
surface is sufficent to dissipate the heat produce by
the losses.
Such transformers are cooled by the combination of
air convection currents within the enclose case and by
natural radiation from the case itself.
9. AIR BLAST COOLNG
This type of cooling is used in dry type
transformers.
In this method ,heat dissipation is improved
by a continuous blast of air forced through the
core and windigs.
The air blast is produced by means of external
fans and blowers.
This type of cooling is limited to transformers
of voltage rating not exceeding 25kv.
10. DISADVANTAGES
In this process the increase in
insulation strength is not obtained due
to non-immersion in oil.
A regular maintenance is a must for
this kind of transformers.(i.e filter
maintenance)
11. OIL NATURAL (ON)COOLING
This is the most usual method of cooling.
Here the assembly of core and windings is
immersed in insulating oil contained in iron tank.
The heat produced in core and windings passed on
to oil by conduction.Oil in contact with heated
parts rises and its place is taken by cool oil from
the bottom.
The heated oil transfers its heat to the tank
surface which dissipates it to the surroundings
14. OIL NATURAL AIR
FORCED(ONAF)COOLING
Here the assembly of core and windings is immersed
in insulating oil and cooling is improved by forced air
over the cooling surfaces
The air is forced over external surfaces such as the
case,tubes and radiators, usually by means of fans
mounted external to the transformer.
Medium to large capacity transformers are cooled by
this method.
16. OIL NATURAL WATER
FORCED(ONWF)COOLING
In this type of cooling,the core and windings is
immersed in an insulating oil and cooling is
improved by circulation of water through copper
cooling coils mounted above the transformer core
but below oil surface.
The heated water is cooled in a spray pond or
cooling tower.
This method will be cheaper where a natural
water head is already available.
17. OIL FORCED AIR NATURAL
(OFAN)COOLING
In this method, oil is circulated through the
transformer with the help of pump and cooled in a
heat exchanger by natural circulation of air.
This method proves very useful where coolers have to
be well remove from the transformer.
This method is not very common.
18. OIL FORCED AIR
FORCED(OFAF)COOLING
In this method,the oil is cooled in external heat
exchanger using air blast produced by fans.
At light load, say upto 50% of rated load,(when the
losses are small) natural circulation of air may be
sufficient to cool the transformer.
At higher loads,the pump and fans may be switch on
by temperature sensing elements.
This arrangement results in higher efficiency of the
system.
21. OIL FORCED WATER
FORCED(OFWF)COOLING
In this method,the heat oil pumped out from the
main tank to the radiator where the oil is cooled by
the water passing through copper tubes.
The pressure of oil is kept higher than that of water
therefore,any leakage that occurs is from oil to water.
There is no condensation problem.
22. NITROGEN COOLING
Heat transfer analysis on a cryogenic cooling system
is performed for HTS transformers to be operated at
63–66 K.
HTS windings are immersed in a liquid nitrogen bath
where the liquid is cooled simply by colder copper
sheets vertically extended from the coldhead of a
cryocooler.
Liquid nitrogen in the gap between the windings and
the copper sheets develops a circulating flow by
buoyancy force in subcooled state close to the normal
freezing point.
Nitrogen functions as a heat transfer medium and an
electrical insulating fluid at the same time.
23. CONTINUED…….
HTS windings in a main cryostat filled with subcooled
liquid nitrogen at around 65 K, and located an iron
core through room-temperature bore of the cryostat.
The subcooled liquid is continuously chilled by
two sets of cryocoolers in a secondary cryostat and
circulated through transfer lines to the main cryostat
by a pump.
26. APPLICATION
Air natural (AN) cooling is used for smaller output
transformer having rating 5-10kva.
Air blast cooling is used for dry type transformer.
The voltage rating should not be exceed 25kv.
The oil forced air forced (OFAF) cooling is usually
used for power transformer of rating 30mva and
higher.
Continued..
27. CONTINUED…
Oil forced water forced (OFWF) cooling is used
for transformers designed for hydro-electric
power plant.
Cooling radiator system with natural cooling is
used for power transformers with a capacity of
10Mva
28. CONCLUSION
Not only the transformer but also all electrical
equipment requires cooling system.
By providing cooling system the efficiency of the
transformer will increase.
In case of rotating electrical machine due to
rotating parts air natural cooling is provided. But
in case of transformer there no is rotating part, so
these types of cooling must required for
transformer.
Editor's Notes
Advantages:greater capacity, Emergency self-cooled operation,smaller space requirements