The document summarizes an HTS (high-temperature superconductor) transformer. Key points:
1) HTS transformers provide benefits like greater efficiency, smaller size, and ability to operate above rated power without affecting life compared to conventional transformers.
2) A case study is presented on the development of a 630KVA three-phase HTS transformer with amorphous alloy cores by TBEA for a cable manufacturing plant.
3) Two types of AC losses are discussed - screening currents that induce heat from the external magnetic field, and coupling currents between superconducting filaments that increase the magnetic moment and AC losses.
This document is a table of contents for an IIT piping course material. It lists 18 topics that will be covered in the course, including piping engineering, codes and standards, piping elements, pipe hydraulics and sizing, valves, piping drawings, equipment and piping layout, mechanical design fundamentals, pipe under stress, stress analysis, dynamic analysis, transient fluid flow, steam traps, selection of pipe supports, expansion joints, design of jacketed piping, and cryogenics. Each topic includes the page number where it begins in the full course material document.
This document provides an overview of coal handling plant equipment and operations across three stages. It describes the key equipment used such as conveyors, dust suppression systems, belt weighers, metal detectors, and crushers. Specific details are given about capacities, speeds, widths, lengths and numbers of equipment. Locations of some equipment are also mentioned. The control systems for equipment are described as moving from electro-mechanical to PLC to DDCMIS across the stages. Functions and parameters that can be controlled are also listed.
The cation conductivity degasser DG-105 is a device designed to obtain the value of the
conductivity of a sample, eliminating the contribution to it of possible gases that may be
dissolved. After subjecting the sample to boiling, releasing any gas can be dissolved, a
cooling is performed at 25-30 ° C, and then the treated sample to a conductivity cell is
introduced.
Degassed cationic conductivity is an important parameter for the boiler, most boiler manufacturers have
specified that the value of the cation conductivity in the steam must be below a certain limit of conductivity
(less than 0.5 microsecond / cm), to avoid damage to it or the turbine.
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
Thermo mechanical analysis (TMA) measures the relationship between a sample's length or volume and temperature. TMA instruments precisely measure both the temperature of a sample and very small movements of a probe in contact with the sample. TMA is mainly used to study polymers, characterizing polymers and assessing their mechanical properties. Some applications of TMA include measuring the thermal expansion of materials like aluminum, studying the effect of cross-linking and plasticizers on polymers, and determining the relationship between hardness and indentation.
This document reviews advances in membrane distillation technology for water desalination and purification. It discusses the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent developments in membrane materials and module designs, as well as applications and economics. Key configurations of membrane distillation include direct contact, air gap, vacuum, and sweep gas membrane distillation. While membrane distillation was introduced in the 1960s, limitations in membrane technology and economics previously hindered widespread adoption; however, new membrane materials and improved understanding of mass and heat transfer principles have renewed interest in membrane distillation in recent decades.
This document discusses cable sizing calculations and techniques. It explains that proper cable sizing is important to ensure efficient, safe and economic transmission of electrical energy without interruptions or exceeding the cable's limits. The document outlines the common steps for cable sizing: 1) gathering data on the cable, load and installation conditions, 2) determining the minimum size based on current capacity, voltage drop, temperature rise and fault impedance, and 3) selecting the optimally sized cable. Several examples are provided to illustrate implementing the cable selection process. Risks of improper sizing like voltage drops, overheating and shorter lifespan are also summarized.
This document is a table of contents for an IIT piping course material. It lists 18 topics that will be covered in the course, including piping engineering, codes and standards, piping elements, pipe hydraulics and sizing, valves, piping drawings, equipment and piping layout, mechanical design fundamentals, pipe under stress, stress analysis, dynamic analysis, transient fluid flow, steam traps, selection of pipe supports, expansion joints, design of jacketed piping, and cryogenics. Each topic includes the page number where it begins in the full course material document.
This document provides an overview of coal handling plant equipment and operations across three stages. It describes the key equipment used such as conveyors, dust suppression systems, belt weighers, metal detectors, and crushers. Specific details are given about capacities, speeds, widths, lengths and numbers of equipment. Locations of some equipment are also mentioned. The control systems for equipment are described as moving from electro-mechanical to PLC to DDCMIS across the stages. Functions and parameters that can be controlled are also listed.
The cation conductivity degasser DG-105 is a device designed to obtain the value of the
conductivity of a sample, eliminating the contribution to it of possible gases that may be
dissolved. After subjecting the sample to boiling, releasing any gas can be dissolved, a
cooling is performed at 25-30 ° C, and then the treated sample to a conductivity cell is
introduced.
Degassed cationic conductivity is an important parameter for the boiler, most boiler manufacturers have
specified that the value of the cation conductivity in the steam must be below a certain limit of conductivity
(less than 0.5 microsecond / cm), to avoid damage to it or the turbine.
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
Thermo mechanical analysis (TMA) measures the relationship between a sample's length or volume and temperature. TMA instruments precisely measure both the temperature of a sample and very small movements of a probe in contact with the sample. TMA is mainly used to study polymers, characterizing polymers and assessing their mechanical properties. Some applications of TMA include measuring the thermal expansion of materials like aluminum, studying the effect of cross-linking and plasticizers on polymers, and determining the relationship between hardness and indentation.
This document reviews advances in membrane distillation technology for water desalination and purification. It discusses the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent developments in membrane materials and module designs, as well as applications and economics. Key configurations of membrane distillation include direct contact, air gap, vacuum, and sweep gas membrane distillation. While membrane distillation was introduced in the 1960s, limitations in membrane technology and economics previously hindered widespread adoption; however, new membrane materials and improved understanding of mass and heat transfer principles have renewed interest in membrane distillation in recent decades.
This document discusses cable sizing calculations and techniques. It explains that proper cable sizing is important to ensure efficient, safe and economic transmission of electrical energy without interruptions or exceeding the cable's limits. The document outlines the common steps for cable sizing: 1) gathering data on the cable, load and installation conditions, 2) determining the minimum size based on current capacity, voltage drop, temperature rise and fault impedance, and 3) selecting the optimally sized cable. Several examples are provided to illustrate implementing the cable selection process. Risks of improper sizing like voltage drops, overheating and shorter lifespan are also summarized.
This document describes the process of solid bed gas dehydration. It begins with an introduction to gas dehydration and why it is needed to meet contractual water content specifications. It then covers determining the water content in a gas stream and corrections that must be made. The main part of the document discusses how solid bed dehydration systems work using adsorption onto a desiccant and provides details on the process, design considerations, example calculations, and heat requirements for regeneration. It concludes with a solved example to design a solid bed dehydration unit to treat a specific gas feed.
The document describes the design and construction of heat exchangers. It discusses key components of double pipe heat exchangers like inner and outer pipes, return bends, and support lugs. It also explains components of shell and tube heat exchangers such as tubes, tube sheets, bonnets, channels, nozzles, baffles, and pass partition plates. Additionally, it covers classification of heat exchangers, flow arrangements, fouling factors, heat transfer calculations, and pressure drop analysis for heat exchanger design.
Power plant chemistry ( External Water Treatment )umar farooq
The document provides an overview of power plant chemistry and related topics. It discusses basic chemistry concepts, heat transfer, water chemistry, types of hardness in water, and marine ecology surveys. The document is presented in multiple parts that cover fundamental concepts, water treatment processes, steam water cycle systems, boiler operations, and course objectives for participants.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation theory and basic instruments. It discusses process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It describes common primary elements used to measure these variables, such as orifice plates, pressure gauges, and level measurement techniques. It also covers topics like transmitters, manometers, and control loops.
Piping and instrumentation diagram (p&id)Karnav Rana
A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is a detailed graphical representation showing the piping, equipment, instrumentation, and process flow within a process facility. It provides information needed to understand the facility's operation, allow engineers to design and construct the facility, and aid operators in operating the facility. P&IDs use standard symbols to represent instrumentation and components and show the relationship between the mechanical and control systems. Common synonyms include Engineering Flow Diagram, Utility Flow Diagram, and Mechanical Flow Diagram.
The document describes the basic components of an analog control loop including a transmitter, controller, and final control element. It then provides an overview of analog and digital control systems, explaining the differences between centralized and distributed control systems. Various Yokogawa control system products from the 1960s to beyond 2000 are also summarized.
Super critical power plants operate above the critical point where there is no distinction between liquid and gas phases. They have higher efficiencies of around 45-47% compared to 38% for subcritical plants due to higher turbine inlet temperatures and pressures above 240 atm. Once-through boilers without drums are better suited for supercritical conditions as they allow forced circulation through all sections compared to drum-type boilers. Super critical plants improve efficiency but have higher capital costs.
Trina Solar provides a 10-year product warranty and 25-year linear power warranty for its solar photovoltaic modules. The warranty guarantees that the modules will produce at least 80% of their rated power after 5 years, declining linearly to 90% after 10 years, and no less than 80% after 25 years. Trina Solar aims to provide high quality products and exceptional customer service globally through its local presence and partnerships with installers, developers, and distributors.
After Cation Conductivity (ACC) is a measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a water sample after it has passed through a cation exchange resin column. It detects low levels of anion contaminants like chlorides and sulfates. ACC is commonly measured on main steam, reheat steam, condensate, feedwater, and boiler drum samples in power plants. It is important because power plant steam and water systems must maintain high purity to prevent corrosion and deposition. The cation exchange column increases the conductivity contribution from contaminant salts, amplifying the sensitivity of the conductivity analyzer.
The document provides specifications for various types of low voltage and medium voltage XLPE insulated power cables. It includes tables that list the specifications for single-core, two-core, three-core and four-core cables with both copper and aluminum conductors. The tables provide information on the conductor size, insulation thickness, armor/sheath thickness, diameter, weight, electrical characteristics and standards that the cables comply with. It also includes diagrams showing the basic construction of unarmored and armored cables.
Boiler Process Instrumentation and controlsADITYA AGARWAL
Report based on Boiler process control and instrumentation.This is a one stop destination for you to get all the information about ALSTOM-India and its boiler product line.Highly known for its cutting edge technologies .Alstom has been a leader in boiler business. It is also famous for its transport and Grid services and recent patch up with GE has made them even stronger.
So if you want full theory about the boilers process control and instrumentation ,you will get it here.
Contains all the process fundamentals, P&ID diagrams , KKS tagging etc
Highlights:
* Describes the type and composition of medium voltage electrical power cables.
* Discusses various effects and processes that can cause ageing.
* Agrees that assessment of cable condition is a major challenge.
* Analyses the phenomenon of water tree ageing.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals, including definitions of pipes and piping systems. It discusses pipe and piping components like fittings, flanges, valves and how they are used. The document also covers piping design considerations such as material selection, sizing calculations, support structures and instrumentation. Key points include how to lay out a basic piping system connecting three tanks, the importance of piping drawings called P&IDs, and using 3D modeling software for physical piping design.
This document provides an introduction to membrane distillation, including:
1. It describes four main membrane distillation configurations: direct contact, air gap, sweeping gas, and vacuum membrane distillation.
2. It discusses common membrane module designs including tubular and plate and frame modules.
3. It outlines common membrane materials for membrane distillation including polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene in both hollow fiber and flat sheet configurations.
The document discusses differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC measures heat flow during phase transitions and can identify glass transitions, crystallization, and melting. TGA measures weight loss from decomposition as temperature increases. Both techniques provide information on thermal properties like heat capacity, transition temperatures, and decomposition temperatures. Samples are heated at a constant rate while measuring properties like heat flow, weight, or gas evolution to characterize materials.
Shell and tube heat exchangers transfer heat between two fluids, where one fluid flows through tubes inside a shell and the other flows over the tubes through the shell. They work by exploiting the temperature difference between the two fluids using conduction and convection to transfer heat from one to the other. Common types include straight tube and U-tube exchangers. Baffles inside the shell help direct flow, hold tubes in position, and prevent vibration. Applications include cooling engine fluids, swimming pool water, and in nuclear power plant reactors.
This document discusses different thermal analysis techniques including thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated. DSC directly measures heat flows into or out of a sample during transitions. The techniques are used to study physical and chemical transitions in materials and have applications in fields like polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, and ceramics for analyzing composition, stability, phase transitions, and melting/boiling points.
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
IRJET- Evolution of a 1250-kVa Superconducting Transformer and its Exhibition...IRJET Journal
1) A three-phase 1250-kVA high temperature superconducting transformer operating at 10.5-kV and 0.4-kV has been designed and manufactured.
2) The windings are made of Bi2223 high temperature superconductor tape and the core is made of domain-refined high-induction silicon steel.
3) Testing showed the no-load loss was 2319.2 W, short-circuit impedance was 5.6% of rated value, and average load loss was 249.6 W, meeting grid requirements.
This document describes the process of solid bed gas dehydration. It begins with an introduction to gas dehydration and why it is needed to meet contractual water content specifications. It then covers determining the water content in a gas stream and corrections that must be made. The main part of the document discusses how solid bed dehydration systems work using adsorption onto a desiccant and provides details on the process, design considerations, example calculations, and heat requirements for regeneration. It concludes with a solved example to design a solid bed dehydration unit to treat a specific gas feed.
The document describes the design and construction of heat exchangers. It discusses key components of double pipe heat exchangers like inner and outer pipes, return bends, and support lugs. It also explains components of shell and tube heat exchangers such as tubes, tube sheets, bonnets, channels, nozzles, baffles, and pass partition plates. Additionally, it covers classification of heat exchangers, flow arrangements, fouling factors, heat transfer calculations, and pressure drop analysis for heat exchanger design.
Power plant chemistry ( External Water Treatment )umar farooq
The document provides an overview of power plant chemistry and related topics. It discusses basic chemistry concepts, heat transfer, water chemistry, types of hardness in water, and marine ecology surveys. The document is presented in multiple parts that cover fundamental concepts, water treatment processes, steam water cycle systems, boiler operations, and course objectives for participants.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation theory and basic instruments. It discusses process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It describes common primary elements used to measure these variables, such as orifice plates, pressure gauges, and level measurement techniques. It also covers topics like transmitters, manometers, and control loops.
Piping and instrumentation diagram (p&id)Karnav Rana
A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is a detailed graphical representation showing the piping, equipment, instrumentation, and process flow within a process facility. It provides information needed to understand the facility's operation, allow engineers to design and construct the facility, and aid operators in operating the facility. P&IDs use standard symbols to represent instrumentation and components and show the relationship between the mechanical and control systems. Common synonyms include Engineering Flow Diagram, Utility Flow Diagram, and Mechanical Flow Diagram.
The document describes the basic components of an analog control loop including a transmitter, controller, and final control element. It then provides an overview of analog and digital control systems, explaining the differences between centralized and distributed control systems. Various Yokogawa control system products from the 1960s to beyond 2000 are also summarized.
Super critical power plants operate above the critical point where there is no distinction between liquid and gas phases. They have higher efficiencies of around 45-47% compared to 38% for subcritical plants due to higher turbine inlet temperatures and pressures above 240 atm. Once-through boilers without drums are better suited for supercritical conditions as they allow forced circulation through all sections compared to drum-type boilers. Super critical plants improve efficiency but have higher capital costs.
Trina Solar provides a 10-year product warranty and 25-year linear power warranty for its solar photovoltaic modules. The warranty guarantees that the modules will produce at least 80% of their rated power after 5 years, declining linearly to 90% after 10 years, and no less than 80% after 25 years. Trina Solar aims to provide high quality products and exceptional customer service globally through its local presence and partnerships with installers, developers, and distributors.
After Cation Conductivity (ACC) is a measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of a water sample after it has passed through a cation exchange resin column. It detects low levels of anion contaminants like chlorides and sulfates. ACC is commonly measured on main steam, reheat steam, condensate, feedwater, and boiler drum samples in power plants. It is important because power plant steam and water systems must maintain high purity to prevent corrosion and deposition. The cation exchange column increases the conductivity contribution from contaminant salts, amplifying the sensitivity of the conductivity analyzer.
The document provides specifications for various types of low voltage and medium voltage XLPE insulated power cables. It includes tables that list the specifications for single-core, two-core, three-core and four-core cables with both copper and aluminum conductors. The tables provide information on the conductor size, insulation thickness, armor/sheath thickness, diameter, weight, electrical characteristics and standards that the cables comply with. It also includes diagrams showing the basic construction of unarmored and armored cables.
Boiler Process Instrumentation and controlsADITYA AGARWAL
Report based on Boiler process control and instrumentation.This is a one stop destination for you to get all the information about ALSTOM-India and its boiler product line.Highly known for its cutting edge technologies .Alstom has been a leader in boiler business. It is also famous for its transport and Grid services and recent patch up with GE has made them even stronger.
So if you want full theory about the boilers process control and instrumentation ,you will get it here.
Contains all the process fundamentals, P&ID diagrams , KKS tagging etc
Highlights:
* Describes the type and composition of medium voltage electrical power cables.
* Discusses various effects and processes that can cause ageing.
* Agrees that assessment of cable condition is a major challenge.
* Analyses the phenomenon of water tree ageing.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals, including definitions of pipes and piping systems. It discusses pipe and piping components like fittings, flanges, valves and how they are used. The document also covers piping design considerations such as material selection, sizing calculations, support structures and instrumentation. Key points include how to lay out a basic piping system connecting three tanks, the importance of piping drawings called P&IDs, and using 3D modeling software for physical piping design.
This document provides an introduction to membrane distillation, including:
1. It describes four main membrane distillation configurations: direct contact, air gap, sweeping gas, and vacuum membrane distillation.
2. It discusses common membrane module designs including tubular and plate and frame modules.
3. It outlines common membrane materials for membrane distillation including polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene in both hollow fiber and flat sheet configurations.
The document discusses differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC measures heat flow during phase transitions and can identify glass transitions, crystallization, and melting. TGA measures weight loss from decomposition as temperature increases. Both techniques provide information on thermal properties like heat capacity, transition temperatures, and decomposition temperatures. Samples are heated at a constant rate while measuring properties like heat flow, weight, or gas evolution to characterize materials.
Shell and tube heat exchangers transfer heat between two fluids, where one fluid flows through tubes inside a shell and the other flows over the tubes through the shell. They work by exploiting the temperature difference between the two fluids using conduction and convection to transfer heat from one to the other. Common types include straight tube and U-tube exchangers. Baffles inside the shell help direct flow, hold tubes in position, and prevent vibration. Applications include cooling engine fluids, swimming pool water, and in nuclear power plant reactors.
This document discusses different thermal analysis techniques including thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated. DSC directly measures heat flows into or out of a sample during transitions. The techniques are used to study physical and chemical transitions in materials and have applications in fields like polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, and ceramics for analyzing composition, stability, phase transitions, and melting/boiling points.
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
IRJET- Evolution of a 1250-kVa Superconducting Transformer and its Exhibition...IRJET Journal
1) A three-phase 1250-kVA high temperature superconducting transformer operating at 10.5-kV and 0.4-kV has been designed and manufactured.
2) The windings are made of Bi2223 high temperature superconductor tape and the core is made of domain-refined high-induction silicon steel.
3) Testing showed the no-load loss was 2319.2 W, short-circuit impedance was 5.6% of rated value, and average load loss was 249.6 W, meeting grid requirements.
Superconductivity in Electric Power Sector discusses applications of superconductors in the electric power sector. There are two types of superconductors - low temperature superconductors (LTS) and high temperature superconductors (HTS). LTS have lower critical temperatures requiring expensive liquid helium for cooling, while HTS can be cooled with liquid nitrogen. Potential applications discussed include superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), which stores electricity in magnetic fields with near-zero losses; power transmission cables with reduced resistive losses; more efficient transformers; and fault current limiters providing protection against surges. Further research aims to develop room temperature superconductors for revolutionizing electronics, power and transportation.
The document discusses the history and development of transformers over the past 130 years. It describes how transformers enabled the breakthrough of efficient long-distance AC power transmission systems. While the basic principle of a transformer remains unchanged, the technology has advanced tremendously, allowing for higher voltages, efficiencies, and power capacities. ABB is now the world's largest manufacturer of transformers, supplying products for power grids, buildings, industries, and transportation worldwide.
The document discusses a presentation on innovations in air cooled 3 phase transformer design by Michael Larkin of Tortech Pty Ltd. The presentation will cover Tortech's research on IP56 stainless steel enclosures for 3 phase transformers used by NSW State Railways. It will also discuss their solar isolation transformer design that improves efficiency and temperature characteristics. The talk will review calculations for temperature rise in enclosed transformers, the use of different core materials, IP56 enclosure design, solutions for in rush current, and aluminum windings in air cooled transformers.
high temp superconducting transformer for railway application.pptvaibhavn55
The document summarizes the development of a 1-MVA high-temperature superconducting transformer for railway applications by Siemens from 1996-2001. It describes the design, assembly, testing, and results of the transformer. Key features included a 2-limb core, transposed conductors made of Bi-2223 tape, and a closed cooling system with sub-cooled nitrogen. Electrical and thermal tests confirmed characteristics like a 25% impedance voltage. The conclusion discusses the future potential of HTS transformers for railways through reduced size and increased efficiency over normal conductivity transformers.
This document provides an overview of several power plants in Delhi, India including their specifications and components. It discusses the working of gas power plants which use gas turbines and heat recovery steam generators. It also describes the water treatment plant, generators, transformers, switchyard components like circuit breakers and insulators. The specifications of various equipment are listed. Finally, it discusses the merits and demerits of gas turbine and steam power plants.
This industrial training report provides an overview of NTPC Barh power plant. It discusses NTPC as a company and provides details about coal availability and transportation, construction power requirements, and power evacuation systems for the Barh plant. The document also includes summaries of the key equipment used in the plant, including the boiler, turbines, cooling systems, and switchyard components. It provides specifications for the various transformers used, such as the generating, interconnecting, and station transformers.
This document discusses superconducting DC cables for railway applications. It provides background on superconductors and notes their key properties of zero resistivity below a critical temperature. High-temperature superconductors discovered in 1986 can be cooled by liquid nitrogen, reigniting interest in their power applications. The document describes how high-temperature superconducting cables can bypass normal cables in DC feeding systems for railways. It presents advantages like zero resistance and smaller size, though notes high costs and challenges maintaining cryogenic temperatures. In conclusion, further research aims to develop even higher temperature superconductors that could revolutionize electronics, power transmission and transportation.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
132 KV Grid Station Intern ship training reportMuntazir Mehdi
1. The document summarizes Muntazir Mehdi's two-week internship training at the 132 KV Substation Kamalabad operated by IESCO in Pakistan.
2. It provides details about the substation's configuration, with two incoming 132 KV lines, and describes the various components used in substations including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, bus bars, insulators, and protection relays.
3. The substation components are classified and their functions and characteristics are explained over the course of the 14-page report.
A transformer transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It converts an alternating current from one voltage to another without changing frequency. An ideal transformer is 100% efficient, but real transformers have some losses due to winding resistance, leakage flux, hysteresis, and eddy currents. Transformers come in different types for various applications and use laminated cores to reduce eddy current losses.
Presentation Design of Computer aided design of power transformerSMDDTech
The document summarizes the design of a 100 KVA power transformer. It includes the design calculations for the high voltage and low voltage windings, core, tank, and other components. Key specifications calculated include 11,000/433V voltage ratings, 3344 turns for the high voltage winding, 76 turns for the low voltage winding, and a core size of 115mm diameter. Performance metrics like 98.15% efficiency at full load, 3.94% voltage regulation, and total losses of 1561.617W are provided. Dimensions for the transformer tank and cooling system are also listed.
Shorting of more than one turn through Carbon Brush.( Voltage per turn affect). In windings with thinner wires that have high resistance perturn - this heating is lower in comparison to large heating on thicker wires. In Dimmers of 2 Amps, -this heating is very low in comparison to 200 A coil
A transformer is a static device that changes alternating current (AC) at one voltage level to AC at another voltage level through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils, the primary and secondary windings, wrapped around a laminated iron core. When an alternating current is applied to the primary winding, it produces an alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This allows the transformer to step up or step down voltages without changing the frequency. The transformer transfers power between its two coils through electromagnetic coupling between the coils wound around the iron core.
This document summarizes the construction of distribution transformers manufactured by CG Power Systems. It describes the core, which is made of silicon steel sheets cut at 45 degrees and stacked in an overlap pattern to minimize losses. It also describes the windings, which include copper or aluminum foil for the low voltage winding and layered insulated conductors for the high voltage winding. The core and windings are assembled to form the active part, which is then connected to bushings and may include an off-circuit tap changer to adjust the output voltage.
This document provides a summary of Argha Dutta's industrial seminar presentation on the study and design of electrical power distribution systems. The presentation includes an overview of components like switchgear, transformers, motors, cables, and protective devices. It then describes the design process for a 33kV/6.6kV/415V power distribution system, including calculating transformer capacity, compensating for power factor using capacitor banks, sizing circuit breakers and cables. The presentation concludes with an overview of the single line diagram of the designed distribution system.
This document provides information about transformers and their components. It discusses how transformers work using electromagnetic induction to transfer energy between circuits without a direct electrical connection. The key components of a transformer are described, including the magnetic core made of silicon steel, the windings, insulation and cooling using mineral oil. Ideal transformer theory is also covered, explaining voltage and current ratios based on winding turns.
This document summarizes reliability testing performed on multilayer ceramic (MLC) decoupling capacitors with C4 interconnects. It discusses three types of capacitors - DCAP, LICA, and LP-LICA - which differ in size, capacitance, and number of plates. Extensive reliability stress tests were conducted, including thermal shock, moisture resistance, thermal cycling, high temperature bias, and temperature humidity bias. No failures were observed for any capacitors during the tests, and all electrical parameters remained stable, demonstrating the reliability of the C4 interconnect technology for MLC decoupling capacitors.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
3. TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that
transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic
induction.
A varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic
field, which in turn induces a voltage in a
second coil.
Transformers are used to increase or
decrease the alternating voltages in
electric power applications. 3- phase transformer
4. Basic principle
By Faraday’s law of induction,
𝑣𝑠 = −𝑁𝑠
𝑑∅
𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝑝 = −𝑁 𝑝
𝑑∅
𝑑𝑡
Now,
𝑣 𝑝
𝑣 𝑠
=
𝑁 𝑝
𝑁𝑠
=a
For step-down transformers, a > 1
For step-up transformers, a < 1
We are considering the transformer is ideal .
An ideal transformer is lossless and perfectly coupled.
(Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic
permeability and winding inductances and zero net magneto
motive force.)
By the law of conservation, 𝑆 = 𝐼 𝑝 𝑣 𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑣𝑠
By Ohm's law and the ideal transformer identity:
The secondary circuit load impedance can be expressed as,-
𝑍 𝐿 =
𝑣𝑠
𝐼𝑠
5. Basic principle
The apparent load impedance referred to
the primary circuit is derived to be equal
to the turns ratio squared times the
secondary circuit load impedance
𝑍 𝐿′ =
𝑣 𝑝
𝐼 𝑝
= 𝑎2 𝑍 𝐿
Real transformers are having core losses, collectively called
magnetizing current losses, consisting of
• Hysteresis losses due to nonlinear application of the voltage
applied in the transformer core
• Joule losses due to resistance in the primary and secondary
windings
• Eddy current losses due to joule heating in the core that are
proportional to the square of the transformer's applied voltage.
• Leakage flux that escapes from the core and passes through one
winding only resulting in primary and secondary reactive
impedance.
6. HTS TRANSFORMER
Greater efficiency
Smaller, lighter and quieter
Ability to run above rated power without
affecting transformer life
Liquid nitrogen cooling
Flexibility in siting
BENEFITS
The conventional technology costs cheaper
when dealing with low power levels
However, when talking about high power, the
cost SC is much lower and achievable
7. In a conventional power transformer, load losses (LL) represent approximately 80% of
total losses. Of this load loss, 80% are 𝐼2 𝑅 losses. The remaining 20% consists of eddy
current losses. Even when the transformer is "idling," so-called "no-load losses" (NLL)
are generated in the core.
Savings over conventional units were estimated to be greater than 35%, but the
unknown ac loss characteristics of the HTS materials made it difficult to assess viable
designs.
A comprehensive study conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy found the life -
cycle costs of an HTS transformer, on average, to be half those of a comparable
conventional unit (Dirks 1993).
National savings from the insertion of HTS transformers were estimated to be $25
billion through the year 2030.
Over the size range of 30-1,500 MVA, Mumford (1994) estimated costs savings of HTS
transformers over conventional designs to be as great as 70% and transformer weight to
be 40% less.
BENEFITS
8. COMPARISON
ITEM 60 MVA HTS TRANS. 60 MVA CONVENTIONAL
TRANS.
Weight 16.6 tons (includes
cryostats, without liq 𝑁2 )
27.2 tons (Without
lubrication oil)
Core Size 2674 mm*2429 mm 3150 mm*2590 mm
Copper Loss N/A 100 KW
Core Loss 28.7 KW 33 KW
Refrigeration Loss 12 KW N/A
Total AC loss 40.7 KW 133 KW
Efficiency 99.93% 99.3%
Impedance 16.43% 19.83%
9. DESIGN TRADE OFF:
In spite of having a lot of advantages some
limitations are also there in designing.
Reduction in size will be limited by di-
electric design considerations. The
transformer must meet American National
Standard institute’s dielectric tests.
Iron core mainly determines overall size and
mass also the overall performance. A lot of
Eddy current loss will be produced here (
order of 10 kw).
So HTS transformers are consequently
designed to operate with cores near ambient
temperature and isolated thermally from the
windings. But we cannot have big cores to
reduce losses. So the core size to be reduced.
But reducing core diameter adds to the no of
turns and so to the total length and cost to
the conductor
Typically maximum flux density is about
0.1 – 0.3 tesla. Compared to conventional
all losses are less but as they are of low
temperature so it takes many times the
value of refrigeration.
But another problem is at low
temperature the Current density will be
better but loss also will be high.
10. CONSTRUCTION
HTS wires which are commonly used in high voltage power transformer can be
divided into two types: the 1st generation Bismuth Strontium Copper Oxides (BSCCO)
HTS wires
The 2nd generation Yttrium-Barium- Copper Oxide (YBCO) HTS wires.
Bi2223 has been more applied than Bi2212 since its critical temperature is 20 K
higher than Bi2212.
HTS winding with YBCO wires begin to be considered because YBCO wires have
higher current density and better current magnetic field characteristics than BSCCO
wires.
WINDING:
11. The cryostat must be nonmetallic and have good
low temperature resistance, especially in liquid
nitrogen.
The basic material is epoxy resin, the curing agent
is low molecular weight polyamide, and the filler is
alkali- free glass fiber.
The manufacture process consists four key steps:
1) mixing epoxy resin and polyamide with
appropriate matching
2) smearing the mixture onto alkali-free glass
fiber
3) rolling the smeared glass fiber
4) curing with appropriate time and
temperature.
The cryostat consist warm shell, cold shell, vacuum
chamber and liquid nitrogen (LN2) chamber.
In addition to the vacuum chamber, there is a
thermal insulation layer made from polyurethane
foam behind the lip for decreasing the thermal
CRYOSTAT:
12. CORE:
A suitable magnetic core has also been studied to reduce the HTS transformer
losses.
In China, the TBEA HTS power transformer project has developed the first HTS
transformer with amorphous alloy cores in the world.
In Spain, a straight solenoidal geometry is now considered and studied in an air-
core transformer.
In Korean, the Korean power company has considered the possibility of a HTS
transformer on a common magnetic core since it can be a solution for the
increment of capacity without new construction of substations.
13. Japanese group led by Kyushu
University contained the HTS
windings in a main GFRP cryostat
filled with subcooled liquid nitrogen
at around 65 K, and located an iron
core through room-temperature
bore of the cryostat.
The subcooled liquid is continuously
chilled by two sets of GM cryocooler
in a secondary cryostat and
circulated through transfer lines to
the main cryostat by a pump,
COOLING
14. COOLING:
The US team under the Department of
Energy SPI (Superconductivity Partnership
Initiative) agreement has pursued a
completely different cooling design. In
order to avoid the expensive composite
cryostat, they placed both the windings and
the iron core in vacuum tank. The HTS
windings were maintained at around 30 K
by the circulation of helium gas chilled by a
GM cryocooler, and the radiation shields
were cooled at 77 K by liquid nitrogen and
another cryocooler.
15. COOLING:
Siemens in Germany has developed the HTS
transformers for railway applications. As
geometric constraint and compactness are
more significant than efficiency in the on-
board transformers, the whole core-and-coil
assembly was cooled at around 67 K with
subcooled liquid nitrogen. A huge capacity of
Stirling cooler was employed for a laboratory
test to supply the subcooled liquid through
transfer tubes
16. In an advanced system the HTS pancake
windings are immersed in a liquid nitrogen bath
where the liquid is cooled simply by cold copper
sheets vertically extended from the coldhead of a
closed-cycle cryocooler located above.
Liquid nitrogen in the gap between the windings
and the copper sheets will develop a circulating
flow by buoyancy force in subcooled state close
to the normal freezing point.
Nitrogen functions as a heat transfer medium
and an electrical insulating fluid at the same
time. Since no circulating pump or transfer line
is necessary, the proposed cooling by natural
convection has great advantages in all aspects of
compactness, efficiency, and reliability, over the
forced-flow cooling of the previous systems
COOLING:
17. DEVELOPMENT OF A 630 KVA THREE-PHASE HTS TRANSFORMER
WITH AMORPHOUS ALLOY CORES
CASE STUDY
18. DEVELOPMENT OF A 630 KVA THREE-PHASE HTS TRANSFORMER
WITH AMORPHOUS ALLOY CORES
19. Overview of 630 kVA
three-phase
transformer
Schematic
associated view of
cryostats and the
amorphous alloy
core with 5 limbs.
The HTS transformer operation
field serving cable manufacture
plant
of TBEA
20. DEVELOPMENT OF A 630 KVA THREE-PHASE HTS TRANSFORMER
WITH AMORPHOUS ALLOY CORES
22. WHAT IS AC LOSS ?
Due to screening current
local power density is given
by E*J
The energy is delivered by the
external magnetic field and is
supplied by the power source
of the magnet that generates
the field.
The energy is converted into
heat that must be removed by
the cooling system.
The screening currents give the sample a magnetic moment m, which
is calculated from the current distribution. Then the AC loss of the
sample is found by integrating either the product m×dB or B×dm over
a single magnetic-field cycle.
SCREENING CURRENT:
23. COUPLING CURRENT:
A quite different sort of eddy currents is induced in a
superconductor consisting of separate filaments embedded in a
normal material.
The currents in Figure are called coupling currents because they
couple the filaments together into a single large magnetic system.
The system has a magnetic moment higher than the sum of the
magnetic moments of the individual filaments. Then the AC loss
in alternating magnetic field is higher as well.