Construction techniques and measures
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This document discusses various landslide control techniques including prevention and detention measures. Prevention techniques change site conditions like drainage, while detention aims to control or stop landslide movement using structures. Specific prevention techniques mentioned are controlling surface drainage by diverting water away, filling cracks and depressions, and installing open ditches or deep trench drains lined with gravel and filter fabric. Detention structures discussed are retaining walls founded on stable rock or soil, masonry walls, concrete retaining walls incorporating weep holes, and anchored walls that actively oppose soil movement using pre-stressed anchors.
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This document discusses reinforced earth retaining walls and slopes. It notes that reinforced earth walls are important for highway construction as they reduce required right-of-way and allow construction within limited existing spaces. Reinforced embankments can also provide a cost-effective foundation for earthen embankments over soft soils. The document then describes the load transfer mechanism of reinforced earth walls, involving friction between flexible reinforcement and soil to resist shear stresses and generate tensile forces in the reinforcement. It notes pullout and tensile failure must be considered for stability. Construction procedures are also outlined.
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This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
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This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
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This document discusses four main types of retaining walls for earth retaining structures:
1) Gravity retaining walls which rely on their mass to resist pressure and may have a batter or setback for stability.
2) Cantilevered retaining walls made of reinforced concrete or masonry in an inverted T-shape to cantilever loads to a structural footing.
3) Sheet piling retaining walls made of steel, vinyl or wood planks driven into the ground, often requiring tie-backs for taller walls.
4) Bored pile retaining walls constructed by assembling bored piles and excavating soil, sometimes including anchors, beams and soil improvements.
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Theory of structures 002
The document discusses different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, sheet pile, bridge, and mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls. It describes the basic design and components of each type of wall. It also covers earth pressure on retaining walls, advantages and disadvantages of retaining walls, and recent advancements in retaining wall technology such as various precast concrete panel systems and geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.
Reinforced earth & its application
Reinforced earth is a composite material that combines soil with tension-resistant reinforcing elements like metal sheets, strips, or nets. It was developed in 1966 by French engineer Henri Vidal and improves the engineering properties of soil. Reinforced earth is commonly used in retaining walls, embankments, and other structures due to its technical advantages and cost-effectiveness. It provides increased stability through the use of sheet, strip, or grid reinforcements made of materials like steel or synthetic polymers.
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This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their design considerations. It describes:
1. Gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining wall types based on their structural components and typical height ranges.
2. Design considerations for retaining walls including stability against overturning, sliding, and settlement; drainage; and structural design basis using load and safety factors.
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- For this project, large modular concrete blocks were used instead of cheaper CMU blocks, making construction more difficult and expensive than typical GRS-IBS projects.
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Shoring system and Dewatering
Shoring systems and dewatering techniques are used for deep excavations in Dubai to retain soil and allow for vertical excavation faces. There are various shoring system options that include wood lagging, sheet piles, secant piles, contiguous piles, and tangent piles. Dewatering is also required and involves removing groundwater from the excavation site using techniques like sump pumps. Regulations in Dubai specify requirements for excavation slopes and dewatering.
GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
1. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
2. GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS FOR INVESTIGATION
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This document provides information on various retaining wall technologies. It discusses gravity walls, crib walls, gabion walls, cantilever walls, sheet pile walls, and types of materials that can be used for retaining walls like wood, steel, concrete. It also summarizes different retaining wall systems like MSE walls, precast panel walls, counterfort walls, modular block walls, and vegetated soil bioengineering systems. The document highlights the advantages of each technology which include fast construction, flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
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This document discusses different types of retaining walls used in civil engineering structures. It outlines four main types: gravity walls which rely on mass to resist pressure; cantilever retaining walls made of reinforced concrete or masonry in an inverted T-shape; counterfort retaining walls which have vertical stems and heel slabs strengthened by counterforts at intervals; and buttressed walls which are a modification using buttresses on the backfill side.
Re wall12
This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their uses. It provides details on:
- What retaining walls are and common construction materials like concrete, wood, and interlocking blocks.
- Applications such as supporting road embankments, separating roads from highways, and preventing erosion.
- Specific types like gravity walls, pre-cast crib walls, gabion walls, reinforced concrete, and mechanically stabilized earth walls.
- Design considerations for different wall types and factors of safety in designs.
PROJECT REPORT ON SOIL REINFORCEMENT RETAINING STRUCTURES
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Lecture 4
Groundwater can affect engineering structures through several mechanisms:
- It can erode foundations, cause settlement or collapse through volume changes in soil/rock.
- Increase moisture in slopes, reducing stability and increasing landslide risk.
- Impact excavation and construction by flowing towards work sites.
- Reduce bearing capacity and shear strength of soils.
- Cause uplift pressures that can lead to failure of structures.
Proper site investigation is needed to understand subsurface water conditions and mitigate risks.
Earthen dams
Storage tanks can range in depth from 15 feet for general tanks up to 35 feet in exceptional cases. There are three main types of earthen dams: homogeneous material, a hearting of plastic material with a casing of more stable material, and an impervious wall of puddle or masonry. Earthen dams can fail due to percolation, slipping, overflow, or erosion. Percolation is caused by cracking in the soil, burrowing animals, or decaying tree roots. Maintaining proper slopes, using suitable materials, clearing vegetation, and addressing water seepage can help prevent failures from percolation and slipping. Freeboard above the maximum water level and revetments are used to guard against
Engineering Geology
This document discusses various geological processes and landforms resulting from physical geology. It covers the geological work of rivers including erosion, transportation, deposition and various fluvial landforms. It also discusses the geological work of other agents like wind, groundwater and oceans. Rivers can erode, transport and deposit sediment, forming features like drainage patterns, valleys, waterfalls and terraces over long periods of time. Wind erosion can form dunes and loess deposits, while groundwater can dissolve rock to form sinkholes, caves and valleys. Oceans also erode, transport and deposit material along coastlines.
SEAPAGE
This document discusses seepage forces and their effect on soil stability. It defines seepage forces as the viscous drag of water flowing through soil pores, which increases intergranular pressure and reduces effective stresses. Seepage forces are higher in more permeable soils like sand versus less permeable soils like clay. Two case studies of dam failures are presented: Nanak Sagar Dam in 1962 failed due to internal erosion from seepage forces, while Fontenelle Dam in 1965 also failed due to piping caused by seepage. The conclusion is that seepage forces can be strong enough to cause liquefaction, erosion, and failures of dams and retaining walls if not properly addressed.
Research in geotechnical engineering
Ground improvement involves altering the properties of soil to better suit engineering project requirements rather than changing the design. This involves reducing settlement, increasing shear strength and bearing capacity, and improving liquefaction resistance. A simple demonstration showed how adding a cloth layer to a pile of sand reduced dispersion, analogous to how geosynthetics can improve soil. Geogrids are polymer meshes that reinforce soil through friction and adhesion. Geotextiles and geogrids can reduce required pavement thickness for roads by improving soil strength properties.
soil retention in construction -Group 7 powerpoint
Soil retention is important for plant growth, flood control, and soil functioning. Soil texture and composition determine water retention levels, with sandy soils retaining the least and clay soils retaining the most. Soil can hold considerable amounts of water important for plants and organisms. The maximum water soil can hold is field capacity, while the minimum for plant growth is wilting point. Soil water retention impacts the environment, climate, hydrological cycle, and soil stability. Techniques to retain soil include soil nailing, retaining walls, and different types of excavation methods.
chapter-6 Expansive Soils.pptx
Expansive soils are soils that change volume due to changes in moisture content, swelling when wet and shrinking when dry. Typical expansive soils contain clay minerals like montmorillonite. Damage to structures occurs due to differential swelling and shrinkage of the soil, causing cracking and structural issues. Foundations and light structures are most susceptible. Common preventative measures include proper drainage, using non-expansive backfill, limiting landscaping, and flexible utilities near the home. Additional techniques involve altering the soil through replacement, lime treatment, or pre-wetting; bypassing the active clay zone; or using a rigid foundation system.
Soil improvement Methods.pptx
This document discusses various methods for soil improvement applied to foundations and slopes. It describes 11 different soil improvement methods: 1) compaction, 2) mechanical stabilization using admixtures like lime and cement, 3) preloading, 4) vertical drains, 5) dewatering, 6) electro-osmosis, 7) dynamic compaction, 8) stone columns, 9) grouting, 10) soil reinforcement using geosynthetics, and 11) using waste materials. For each method, it provides details on the process, materials used, and effectiveness in improving soil properties like bearing capacity, shear strength, and consolidation. The overall purpose of soil improvement is to develop stable foundations and slopes for structures.
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This document discusses four main types of retaining walls for earth retaining structures:
1) Gravity retaining walls which rely on their mass to resist pressure and may have a batter or setback for stability.
2) Cantilevered retaining walls made of reinforced concrete or masonry in an inverted T-shape to cantilever loads to a structural footing.
3) Sheet piling retaining walls made of steel, vinyl or wood planks driven into the ground, often requiring tie-backs for taller walls.
4) Bored pile retaining walls constructed by assembling bored piles and excavating soil, sometimes including anchors, beams and soil improvements.
Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil walls
Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective retaining structures that can tolerate large settlements. They consist of layers of soil reinforced with tensile inclusions like geogrids or geotextiles. The reinforcement improves the soil strength allowing near-vertical faces to be constructed. Key advantages include flexibility, rapid construction, and ability to absorb movements. The document discusses design principles like external stability checks against sliding and bearing capacity failure. Internal stability checks reinforcement rupture and pullout capacity. Settlements, seismic design, and typical failures are also covered.
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The document discusses different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, sheet pile, bridge, and mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls. It describes the basic design and components of each type of wall. It also covers earth pressure on retaining walls, advantages and disadvantages of retaining walls, and recent advancements in retaining wall technology such as various precast concrete panel systems and geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.
Reinforced earth & its application
Reinforced earth is a composite material that combines soil with tension-resistant reinforcing elements like metal sheets, strips, or nets. It was developed in 1966 by French engineer Henri Vidal and improves the engineering properties of soil. Reinforced earth is commonly used in retaining walls, embankments, and other structures due to its technical advantages and cost-effectiveness. It provides increased stability through the use of sheet, strip, or grid reinforcements made of materials like steel or synthetic polymers.
Retaining wall
This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their design considerations. It describes:
1. Gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining wall types based on their structural components and typical height ranges.
2. Design considerations for retaining walls including stability against overturning, sliding, and settlement; drainage; and structural design basis using load and safety factors.
3. An example problem showing calculations for earth pressure, restoring moments, and checking stability of a gravity wall.
First Use Of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil – Integrated Bridge System in Il...
This document discusses the first use of a geosynthetic reinforced soil integrated bridge system (GRS-IBS) in Illinois for the Great Western Trail project in Lombard. Key points:
- GRS-IBS uses alternating layers of compacted soil and geosynthetic fabric for the walls and foundation of a bridge abutment, replacing traditional methods using piles and MSE walls.
- For this project, large modular concrete blocks were used instead of cheaper CMU blocks, making construction more difficult and expensive than typical GRS-IBS projects.
- Construction is underway and proceeding well. FHWA is monitoring the project to study wall movement over the next two years.
- While more expensive
Theory of structures
Retaining walls are structures designed to retain earth and prevent it from sliding down slopes. They provide lateral support and hold back earthfill, embankments, and other materials in a vertical position. There are various types of retaining walls that differ based on their materials, structure, and means of stability. Common types include gravity walls, cantilever walls, counterfort walls, buttress walls, sheet pile walls, soldier pile and lagging walls, slurry walls, secant pile walls, crib walls, gabion walls, and mechanically stabilized earth walls. Proper design of a retaining wall requires consideration of the earth pressures acting on it, including active and passive pressures, and ensuring adequate drainage.
Modes of failure earth dams
There are three main modes of failure for earthen dams: hydraulic failure (40%), seepage failure (30%), and structural failure (30%). Hydraulic failures are caused by overtopping, erosion of the downstream toe, or erosion of the upstream or downstream face. Seepage failures occur through concentrated seepage paths that erode soil and cause piping. Structural failures happen due to shear slides in the embankment or foundation, or issues with construction and maintenance such as overly steep slopes. Earthquakes can also induce failures through cracking, overtopping, settlement, shear slides, or liquefaction.
Shoring system and Dewatering
Shoring systems and dewatering techniques are used for deep excavations in Dubai to retain soil and allow for vertical excavation faces. There are various shoring system options that include wood lagging, sheet piles, secant piles, contiguous piles, and tangent piles. Dewatering is also required and involves removing groundwater from the excavation site using techniques like sump pumps. Regulations in Dubai specify requirements for excavation slopes and dewatering.
GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
1. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
2. GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS FOR INVESTIGATION
Advancement in retaining wall
This document provides information on various retaining wall technologies. It discusses gravity walls, crib walls, gabion walls, cantilever walls, sheet pile walls, and types of materials that can be used for retaining walls like wood, steel, concrete. It also summarizes different retaining wall systems like MSE walls, precast panel walls, counterfort walls, modular block walls, and vegetated soil bioengineering systems. The document highlights the advantages of each technology which include fast construction, flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
Classification of retaining wall
This document discusses different types of retaining walls used in civil engineering structures. It outlines four main types: gravity walls which rely on mass to resist pressure; cantilever retaining walls made of reinforced concrete or masonry in an inverted T-shape; counterfort retaining walls which have vertical stems and heel slabs strengthened by counterforts at intervals; and buttressed walls which are a modification using buttresses on the backfill side.
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This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their uses. It provides details on:
- What retaining walls are and common construction materials like concrete, wood, and interlocking blocks.
- Applications such as supporting road embankments, separating roads from highways, and preventing erosion.
- Specific types like gravity walls, pre-cast crib walls, gabion walls, reinforced concrete, and mechanically stabilized earth walls.
- Design considerations for different wall types and factors of safety in designs.
PROJECT REPORT ON SOIL REINFORCEMENT RETAINING STRUCTURES
Brief history of Soil reinforcement, What is meant by ‘Reinforced Soil Structures’, What elements to be used as reinforcements, What are the possible field of applications, How to go for the analysis and design of such structures, Portrayal of Basic Mechanism, What is the main purpose of Facing in soil reinforcement, Problem regarding soil reinforcement
Lecture 4
Groundwater can affect engineering structures through several mechanisms:
- It can erode foundations, cause settlement or collapse through volume changes in soil/rock.
- Increase moisture in slopes, reducing stability and increasing landslide risk.
- Impact excavation and construction by flowing towards work sites.
- Reduce bearing capacity and shear strength of soils.
- Cause uplift pressures that can lead to failure of structures.
Proper site investigation is needed to understand subsurface water conditions and mitigate risks.
Earthen dams
Storage tanks can range in depth from 15 feet for general tanks up to 35 feet in exceptional cases. There are three main types of earthen dams: homogeneous material, a hearting of plastic material with a casing of more stable material, and an impervious wall of puddle or masonry. Earthen dams can fail due to percolation, slipping, overflow, or erosion. Percolation is caused by cracking in the soil, burrowing animals, or decaying tree roots. Maintaining proper slopes, using suitable materials, clearing vegetation, and addressing water seepage can help prevent failures from percolation and slipping. Freeboard above the maximum water level and revetments are used to guard against
Engineering Geology
This document discusses various geological processes and landforms resulting from physical geology. It covers the geological work of rivers including erosion, transportation, deposition and various fluvial landforms. It also discusses the geological work of other agents like wind, groundwater and oceans. Rivers can erode, transport and deposit sediment, forming features like drainage patterns, valleys, waterfalls and terraces over long periods of time. Wind erosion can form dunes and loess deposits, while groundwater can dissolve rock to form sinkholes, caves and valleys. Oceans also erode, transport and deposit material along coastlines.
SEAPAGE
This document discusses seepage forces and their effect on soil stability. It defines seepage forces as the viscous drag of water flowing through soil pores, which increases intergranular pressure and reduces effective stresses. Seepage forces are higher in more permeable soils like sand versus less permeable soils like clay. Two case studies of dam failures are presented: Nanak Sagar Dam in 1962 failed due to internal erosion from seepage forces, while Fontenelle Dam in 1965 also failed due to piping caused by seepage. The conclusion is that seepage forces can be strong enough to cause liquefaction, erosion, and failures of dams and retaining walls if not properly addressed.
Research in geotechnical engineering
Ground improvement involves altering the properties of soil to better suit engineering project requirements rather than changing the design. This involves reducing settlement, increasing shear strength and bearing capacity, and improving liquefaction resistance. A simple demonstration showed how adding a cloth layer to a pile of sand reduced dispersion, analogous to how geosynthetics can improve soil. Geogrids are polymer meshes that reinforce soil through friction and adhesion. Geotextiles and geogrids can reduce required pavement thickness for roads by improving soil strength properties.
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Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil walls
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GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
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PROJECT REPORT ON SOIL REINFORCEMENT RETAINING STRUCTURES
Similar to Construction techniques and measures
soil retention in construction -Group 7 powerpoint
Soil retention is important for plant growth, flood control, and soil functioning. Soil texture and composition determine water retention levels, with sandy soils retaining the least and clay soils retaining the most. Soil can hold considerable amounts of water important for plants and organisms. The maximum water soil can hold is field capacity, while the minimum for plant growth is wilting point. Soil water retention impacts the environment, climate, hydrological cycle, and soil stability. Techniques to retain soil include soil nailing, retaining walls, and different types of excavation methods.
chapter-6 Expansive Soils.pptx
Expansive soils are soils that change volume due to changes in moisture content, swelling when wet and shrinking when dry. Typical expansive soils contain clay minerals like montmorillonite. Damage to structures occurs due to differential swelling and shrinkage of the soil, causing cracking and structural issues. Foundations and light structures are most susceptible. Common preventative measures include proper drainage, using non-expansive backfill, limiting landscaping, and flexible utilities near the home. Additional techniques involve altering the soil through replacement, lime treatment, or pre-wetting; bypassing the active clay zone; or using a rigid foundation system.
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This document discusses various methods for soil improvement applied to foundations and slopes. It describes 11 different soil improvement methods: 1) compaction, 2) mechanical stabilization using admixtures like lime and cement, 3) preloading, 4) vertical drains, 5) dewatering, 6) electro-osmosis, 7) dynamic compaction, 8) stone columns, 9) grouting, 10) soil reinforcement using geosynthetics, and 11) using waste materials. For each method, it provides details on the process, materials used, and effectiveness in improving soil properties like bearing capacity, shear strength, and consolidation. The overall purpose of soil improvement is to develop stable foundations and slopes for structures.
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This document summarizes the construction of galleries in gravity dams. It discusses the functions and types of galleries, including foundation galleries and inspection galleries. Foundation galleries are located near the upstream face and contain drain holes to collect seepage. Inspection galleries intercept seepage, provide dam access, and space for pipes and grouting. The document also outlines joint construction, including transverse and longitudinal joints, as well as shear keys. Foundation treatment is discussed, including surface preparation, consolidation grouting, and curtain grouting to reduce uplift pressure.
م.92-#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.نبيل السيد إمام-خيارات التأسيس في التربة الانتفاخية
م.92-#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.نبيل السيد إمام-خيارات التأسيس في التربة الانتفاخيةEgyptian Engineers Association
92
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة الثانية والتسعون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور / نبيل السيد الإمام
استاذ الهندسة المدنية(الجيوتقنية)
بعنوان
"خيارات التأسيس في التربة الانتفاخية"
" Foundation Options in Expansive Soil"
الثامنة والنصف مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة
السابعة والنصف توقيت القاهرة
الإثنين 07 ديسمبر 2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم
Meeting ID: 819 8588 7363 https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUkf-ygpjwpHNfw4klN5to3joHhpLWn7y-L
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9Damp proofing
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
Earthen Dams
Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
Grouting, guniting, jacketing
This document discusses various methods for repairing distressed concrete structures, including:
- Guniting, which involves pneumatically projecting cement and aggregates onto surfaces.
- Shortcreting, where mortar or concrete is projected onto surfaces to repair cracks or strengthen existing concrete.
- Crack repair techniques like stitching, routing and sealing, and resin injection.
- Shoring and underpinning methods to provide temporary or permanent support to unsafe or sinking structures, such as vertical, inclined, and pit shoring as well as underpinning foundations.
Akash verma.pptx
Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous pavement) is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge.
A pervious concrete street
Pervious concrete is made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. The concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses.[1][2] It is an important application for sustainable construction and is one of many low impact development techniques used by builders to protect water quality.
Chapter 6.0 modern foundation tech. & ground improvement
Ground improvement techniques are required to enhance the engineering properties of soils that are inadequate for supporting structures. Common issues include soft, collapsible, or swelling soils. Techniques include densification using vibro compaction or dynamic compaction to increase density; reinforcement by installing compaction piles or jet grouting columns; and stabilization through admixtures or electrochemical processes. The appropriate technique depends on the soil type and desired improvement to shear strength, stiffness, or permeability.
UNIT-2.pptx
The document discusses various methods for railway track construction, maintenance, and operation. It describes the process for earthwork and preparing the track bed, including stabilizing poor soils. It then covers several tunneling methods for passing through rock and soft ground, as well as underwater. These include the full face method, heading and benching, drift system, pilot tunnel method, shield tunneling, and cut and cover method. It also discusses forepoling for tunneling through soft ground.
Soil Nailing
Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from top down.It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
Interlocking pavement
An early version of interlocking concrete pavement dates back to the Roman Empire in 312 BC. Interlocking concrete pavement (ICP) consists of solid concrete paving units called pavers with openings that allow water to infiltrate. The pavers are placed on an open-graded aggregate base and subbase to store and infiltrate water. ICP provides benefits like permeability for stormwater management, durability lasting over 30 years, and easy repair of individual units.
6.1 Grouting.pptx
Grouting is the injection of a liquid into cracks and voids in rock masses to improve their properties. The most common improvement methods are grouting and rock bolting. Grouting materials include cement grouts, chemical grouts, and bituminous grouts. Cement grouts use a mixture of portland cement, water, and additives to fill voids, while chemical grouts are solutions that react to form gels and bituminous grouts use asphalt emulsions. Grouting operations involve grouting fractured rock masses and fault zones using methods like permeation, compaction, pressure, and chemical grouting.
1.9 GROUTING.ppt
1. Grouting is a process of injecting fluid materials like cement into soil or rock to fill pores and fissures.
2. There are different types of grouts including suspension, solution, and chemical grouts. Common materials used are cement, water, sand, and chemicals.
3. Grouting has applications in construction projects like mass concrete structures, ground anchors, and tunnel works. It can also be used to repair cracks in buildings.
Grouting n gunintung
Grouting and guniting are construction techniques used to fill voids and apply concrete coatings. Grouting involves placing a cementitious mixture into cavities to strengthen structures, fill gaps, and stop leaks. There are different types of grouts for various applications. The guniting process involves mixing cement and sand then projecting it at high pressure onto surfaces using compressed air. It can be used on vertical, overhead and horizontal surfaces to rehabilitate concrete structures. Both grouting and guniting are effective techniques for repairing and strengthening buildings and infrastructure.
Diaphragm walls
Diaphragm walls, cut-off walls, and slurry walls are types of concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed below ground using trench excavation methods. Diaphragm walls provide structural support and can retain excavations, while cut-off walls are primarily used to minimize groundwater flow with low permeability. Slurry walls are constructed using excavation techniques that use a bentonite slurry to support the trench walls and can be built with a single-phase or two-phase process depending on the depth.
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soil retention in construction -Group 7 powerpoint
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م.92-#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.نبيل السيد إمام-خيارات التأسيس في التربة الانتفاخية
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Chapter 6.0 modern foundation tech. & ground improvement
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Wall finishes provide decorative coverings for walls that conceal structural elements and enhance the interior or exterior appearance of a building. They come in various materials like wood, stone, tiles, gypsum boards and more. Good wall finishes are durable, straight, and can take paints or wallpaper easily. The type of wall finish used depends on factors like the rooms' functions and resistance to damage from water or fire.
Thermosetting plastics & rubber
Thermosetting plastics, also called thermosets, cure through the addition of energy into a rigid 3D structure. Common thermosetting plastics include rubber, bakelite, duroplast, urea-formaldehyde, melamine, polyester resin, and epoxy resin. Bakelite was the first plastic made from synthetic polymers and was used in electrical insulators. Urea-formaldehyde is used in plywood production while melamine is used in decorative laminates and countertops due to its hardness, strength, and heat resistance. Polyester and epoxy resins are versatile thermosets used in fiberglass and composites due to properties like impact resistance, adhesion, and mechanical/
Thermoplastics
This document provides information on different types of plastics, including their composition, methods of polymerization, and common examples. It discusses the two main types of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosets. For thermoplastics, it describes how they are formed and provides examples like ABS, PMMA, polyesters, polyethylene, and polystyrene. It also discusses specific polymer materials like polycarbonates, polyamide-imides, polyoxymethylene, and polyphenylene oxide, highlighting their properties and applications.
Roomi darwaza
The Roomi Darwaza is a gateway constructed in Lucknow, India between 1784-1786 in the architectural style of Awadh. It was commissioned by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula and is considered one of the finest examples of the architectural style. Inspired by a similar gateway in Istanbul, it stands 60 feet tall and features an octagonal cupola at the top, flanked by low curtain walls with cusped windows and octagonal bastions on the sides. Ornate carvings and floral motifs adorn the arches and exterior.
Roof coverings 2
This document discusses different types of roof coverings. It describes flat roofs, pitched roofs, and various natural and artificial materials that can be used as roof coverings, including clay tiles, cement tiles, concrete tiles, fibre sheets, asbestos cement sheets, and aluminum sheets. Specific details are provided on the characteristics of different clay tile types like Allahabad tiles and half round country tiles. Installation methods are also outlined for some roof covering materials. Overall, the document provides an overview of common roof covering materials and their properties.
Presentation on flood disaster management
This document provides statistics on flooding in a geographical area, including that 12% of the area is flood prone, 45% of protectable areas are protected, and the average annual flood affected area is 7.7 with a maximum of 17.5 in 1978 and minimum of 1.5 in 1965. It also lists activities like flood forecasting, data collection, and pre-flood, flood, and post-flood operations that are likely part of a flood management program.
Joints ppt devesh
This document discusses different types of joints used in concrete structures and buildings. It describes construction joints, which define placements of concrete slabs and allow for movement. Expansion joints prevent cracking from temperature changes. Contraction joints create planes of weakness to control cracking. Isolation joints separate new and existing concrete that may expand differently. The document provides details on the purpose, design, and proper installation of each type of joint to allow for structural movement while maintaining integrity.
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The document provides historical and architectural details about Jaisalmer Fort in India. It discusses:
1) The history of Jaisalmer Fort's founding in 1156 AD and the ruling Bhati clan's origins.
2) The materials and construction techniques used, including light yellow sandstone walls and limestone panels.
3) The traditional architecture including dense clustering of buildings, courtyards, and features like jharokhas and chajjas for sun control and ventilation.
4) The pre-cast construction approach using carved stone elements like slabs, beams and columns assembled by artisans.
Interior designing
The document discusses various materials, products, and finishes used in interior design. It provides details on wall finishes like types, materials, and specifications. It also discusses flooring options and costs of materials like tiles, marbles. Bathroom fittings and their brands and prices are mentioned. Door fittings like closers, hinges, handles, locks and their typical rates are highlighted. The document shares information on wall paneling, wallpapers including types and pricing. It covers materials like MDF boards, gypsum boards and faucets used in interior design.
Devesh report
The document is a report on construction defects in buildings submitted by Devesh Tripathi. It defines construction defects as any deficiencies in design, planning, construction, or inspection of new homes or buildings. Common reasons for defects are design deficiencies, material deficiencies, construction deficiencies, and subsurface deficiencies. The report categorizes building defects as structural or non-structural. Structural defects include cracks in foundations, floors, and walls. Non-structural defects include defects in brickwork, plaster, and dampness issues. Common defects discussed are cracks in walls, dampness, decay, insect/termite attacks, and roof and foundation issues. Causes of cracks include structural issues, shrinkage, foundation movement, earthquakes,
Devesh ppt
The Danteum was an unbuilt monument proposed by Giuseppe Terragni to honor the Italian poet Dante Alighieri. Terragni designed the structure to symbolically represent Dante's Divine Comedy, with different levels representing Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. The levels, forms and spaces were meant to interpret the poem's references to numerology and geometry. Though unbuilt, the Danteum project demonstrated Terragni's skill at translating literary concepts into architectural design through proportion, geometry and symbolic use of space.
Devesh ppt history
The document discusses the transformation from Modern to Postmodern architecture. Modernism emphasized form following function and simplicity, while Postmodernism featured diverse aesthetics and contextualism. Some key characteristics of Postmodernism included sculptural forms, ornamentation, and meaning through pluralism and irony. Influential Postmodern architects included Aldo Rossi, Frank Gehry, and Cesar Pelli, whose Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur featured Islamic-inspired designs and innovative engineering.
Ceiling
This document discusses different types of ceilings. It describes tin ceilings, dropped ceilings, coffer ceilings, popcorn ceilings, gypsum ceilings, and acoustic ceilings. Tin ceilings were an affordable alternative to plasterwork and were formed by pressing patterns into metal. Dropped ceilings use a grid of metal channels to hold acoustic tiles. Coffer ceilings are recessed panels that serve as decorative elements. Popcorn ceilings provided acoustic benefits but are no longer commonly used. Gypsum is a material used in some ceiling types due to its hardening properties. Acoustic ceilings aim to absorb or redirect sound using perforated materials.
Arcuated structure ppt
The document summarizes different types of arcuated structural systems including barrel vaults, groin vaults, ribbed vaults, and fan vaults. It then provides examples of structures that utilize these systems, including the Pantheon in Rome, the Alhambra Palace in Spain, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Harvard Stadium, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Gol Gumbaz mausoleum in Bijapur.
Aluminium
The document provides information on aluminium, including:
- Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, making up about 8% by weight. It is a silvery-white and highly conductive metal.
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Air conditioning system
The document discusses an air conditioning system. It begins by defining air conditioning and its key components and principles. It then describes the components of an air conditioner including the blower, evaporator coil, compressor, condensing coil, fan, air filter, and thermostat. It explains the refrigeration cycle and includes a diagram. It also discusses different air conditioning system types, components of central air conditioning like the air handling unit and cooling tower, and concludes with descriptions of the air distribution system components like fans, filters, ductwork, outlets, and dampers.
Steel
The document discusses steel alloys and their manufacturing process. It provides information on various steel alloys including carbon steel, stainless steel, and tool steel. It describes the alloying elements that are added to iron to make different grades of steel and improve properties like strength and corrosion resistance. The manufacturing process for steel tubes is also summarized, which involves roll forming, welding, pickling, solution annealing, and polishing. Various steel products that are used in construction are listed such as pipes, tubes, plates, angles, bolts, nuts, and fasteners made from carbon steel, stainless steel, and other alloy steels.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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occur natural.
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Construction techniques and measures
- 1. CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES AND MEASURES: LANDSLIDE DEVESH TRIPATHI B ARCH 3 RDYEAR
- 2. Landslide control measures Landslide control measures are implemented after adequate study and understanding of the causes of the landslide occurrences, the landslide inducing processes and their mechanism.The foremost requirements for slide control are reliable information on the geologic structure of the ground adjoining the land under considerations, hydro-geological study as well as geomorphological attribute which may directly lead to a failure of the slope. Landslide control measures include two types of works, (i) prevention works and (ii) detention works. The former intends to stop or mitigate a landslide motion by changing the natural conditions, such as, topographical, geotechnical and water conditions at a landslide site, while the latter aims at detaining a part of the landslide motion or the entire landslide motion using structural control works.
- 3. Surface Drainage: • The first preventive remedial measure is to control the surface drainage of the landslide area. • All perennial or temporary jhoras (small streams) or water courses should be prevented from entering the slide area. For the immediate provisional diversion of water, any pipes available may be used. • For discharging rain water from the slide, open ditches of adequate dimensions, and modifying gradient are done. • At the sometime, the ground surface should be leveled and depressions and all cracks • need to be so filled as to ensure a continuous runoff of surface. • They are paved either by natural stone of suitable properties, or by concrete tiles set into a sand • bed and the joints are seated by cement mixture. In case of sandy soils, ditch • bottom and walls are consolidated by asphalt, bitumen or oil sprinkle.
- 4. Deep trench drains: Filter fabric is an effective means of drainage for landslide control. Clogproof filter fabric covered drains consist of a permeable gravel core, surrounded by a filter fabric to prevent clogging.The gravel size is either 16-32 mm or 35-70 mm to ensure a sufficiently high void ratio.The average amount of material needed per metre of drain length is about one cubic metre of gravel and five square metres of filter fabric.
- 5. Retaining wails and similar structures: i. The foundation of the retaining walls should lie on the ii. hard strata or rock and should be free from scour, frost, and surface water. iii. The base of the foundation must be wide enough to distribute the pressure over the foundation. iv. The stone to be need should be more than 0.14 cubic metres in size, v. and the width of each stone should be more than 1.5 time its height.
- 6. Masonry walls: • Retaining walls above four metres in height are built either in lime or cement mortar masonry or in dry stone masonry with 0.6 m wide mortar masonry bands three to found metres apart, laid both in horizontal and vertical directions. • The top thickness is usually 0.6 m, the front batter one to four, and the back face vertical. • Masonry courses are made • normal to face batter and the back of the wall can be finished rough.
- 7. Concrete retaining walls: • The stability of the whole body of the walls and the stem is considered in the design.The body of the walls is taken to include the mass of soil directly above the heel of the wail and earth pressure. • Weep holes are generally kept in the wall. Several landslides have been protected by Concrete retaining walls inside and outside the town.
- 8. Anchored walls: • A deep pre-stressed anchor is also applied for stabilizing soil slopes. • Walls with pre-stressed anchors have a major advantage because they actively oppose the movement of the soil mass, rather than behaving passively as in thecase of unstressed anchors and gravity structures. • Pre-stressed anchors are employed either in combination with retaining structures, or alone, to reduce the driving forces of a landslide and to increase the normal effective stresses on its slip surface.
- 9. THANKS…