Grouting is the injection of a liquid into cracks and voids in rock masses to improve their properties. The most common improvement methods are grouting and rock bolting. Grouting materials include cement grouts, chemical grouts, and bituminous grouts. Cement grouts use a mixture of portland cement, water, and additives to fill voids, while chemical grouts are solutions that react to form gels and bituminous grouts use asphalt emulsions. Grouting operations involve grouting fractured rock masses and fault zones using methods like permeation, compaction, pressure, and chemical grouting.

1. Advanced Engineering Geology with Rock Mechanics
401004 Elective-I
Sanjivani Rural Education Society's
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
423603.
-Department of Civil Engineering-
Mr. Kaustubh Dilip Petare
(Assistant Professor)
Improvement in Properties of Rock Mass

2. Improvement in Properties of Rock Mass
Introduction
• Grouting is define as the injection of a liquid of variable
viscosity under pressure into particular part of the crust through
specially constructed holes in order to seal the voids or cracks
• The most satisfactory method of determining whether a
formation should be grouted is to obtain core samples from
representative locations within the formation area
• Cores may be obtained with diamond drill (for smaller sizes)
and shot drills (for larger sizes). The shot-drilled holes may be
30 in (75 cm) in diameter, so that a man may be lowered into
them for visual inspection of the formation.
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3. Grouting
• An accurate record should be kept for each exploratory hole,
showing the location, size and depth of the hole, with the core
recovered, should show the physical nature of the formation.
• If a core is recovered in long, continuous pieces, with little loss
in length compared with the depth of the hole, this indicates a
solid formation that requires little or no grouting.
• If the core recovered is badly broken, and its length is small in
proportion to the depth of the hole, this indicates bad formation
condition that requires a large quantity of grout.
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4. The most effective and popular method of
improvement in rock masses are
2. Rock Bolting
1. Grouting
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5. Grouting Materials
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7. Grouting Materials
Grouting may be kept in three types
• Cement grouting- Suspension
• Chemical grouting-Solution
• Bituminous grouting-Emulsion
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8. Cement grouting- Suspension
Portland- cement grout is a mixture of portland cement, water, and, frequently,
chemical and mineral additives. The properties of materials generally used in portland-
cement grout are described below
• Portland Cements. Five types of portland cement, produced to conform– to the
specifications of ASTM Designation C 150 are used in cement grouts.
• Type I is a general-purpose cement suitable for most cement grout jobs. It is used
where the special properties of the other four types are not needed to meet job
requirements.
• Type II cement has improved resistance to sulfate attack, and its heat of hydration
is less and develops at a slower rate than that of type I. It is often used
interchangeably with type I cement in grouting and is suggested for use where
precautions against moderate concentration of sulfate in groundwaters are
important.
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9. Chemical grouting-Solution
Chemical Grout is a process used on sands with low fine content.
This procedure creates a sandstone like mass that gives strength,
allows for excavation, and lessen the groundwater migration on
soils.
It is a process in which the chemical mixtures are injected to:
● increased the soil bearing capacity,
● soil stabilization and modification,
● shut down the groundwater from flowing on foundation support,
● it improves the cohesion of the soil.
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10. Bituminous Grouts-Emulsion
• Bituminous grouting is also known as asphalt grouting.
• This grouting technique involves the injection of an asphalt
material (similar to roofing tar).
• The method is almost exclusively used for stopping large inflows
(generally greater than 1,000 gpm), although may be used in
applications where its elasticity in the cured state is desirable.
• Bituminous grouting is generally used where void size or water
flow is too great to allow other grouting methods to work due to
grout washout.
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11. • The advantage of bituminous grout is that as the hot bitumen is
pumped into the ground, eventually, a leading edge of cured,
elastic bitumen forms. Additionally grout fills the cured leading
edge and expands the grout mass, similar to inflating a balloon.
• The leading edge forms a protective layer, keeping additional
grout from being washed out. Eventually, the mass will grow large
enough to either fill the void space available at the injection point,
creating a seal within the void
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12. Grouting Operations
Grouting Operation in rocks consist of two parts
Grouting the rock mass which may be weathered rock or
disintegrated due to blasting operations in tunnel.
Grouting of fault zones and joints existing in the rock mass at
depth where foundation of dam are put or abutment of arch dam
will be made
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13. Method of Grouting
• Grouting is a valuable tool in the field of construction and the
type of grouting chosen should be determined by an evaluation
of the aspects of a problem including engineering needs,
subsurface conditions, materials available, and economic
considerations. Some of the types of grouting done may
include:
1) Permeation grouting
2) Tam grouting
3) Pressure grouting.
4) Compaction grouting.
5) Chemical grouting.
6) Jet grouting.
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14. Permeation grouting
• Permeation grouting is a low-pressure grouting method to fill
voids and cracks in soils and rock. In permeation grouting, the
grout flows and permeates through coarse granular soils,
sandy soils. Due to the solidification of mass, the strength and
stiffness of strata improve, and permeability reduces after
permeation grouting.
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15. Tam grouting
• TAM (Tube a Manchette) method of grouting involves an
injection of grout under pressure through a perforated pipe along
with a special sleeve grout into grout holes, soils, or disintegrated
rocks. The pipes are inserted into the holes at closely spaced
intervals with short sections of rubber sleeve (Manchette) on the
outer part of the pipe that acts as a one-way valve.
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16. Pressure Grouting
• Pressure grouting involves injecting a grout material into
generally isolated pore or void space of which neither the
configuration nor volume are known, and is often referred to
simply as grouting. The grout may be a cementitious, resinous, or
solution chemical mixture.
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17. Compaction Grouting
• Compaction grouting is a cost effective technique for the re-
compaction and stabilization of sub-soils to greater depths than
economically feasible with traditional methods. Depths of (25-
75) feet (7-23) meters are not uncommon. Often, soil problems
can be traced to poorly compacted fill, loose soils, infiltration of
water, and failure to over excavate and re-compact a building
site properly.
• Compaction Grouting has been found to reduce the possible
damage of liquefaction of soils during seismic events. This
technique uses a clear low slump grout that can be pumped
slowly under high pressure into the soils with predictable results
that will densify and re-compact the soils.
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Compaction Grouting
This grouting is suitable for almost all types of soil conditions.
This method is applicable in the clay and silts for strengthening and
increasing the bearing capacity. It leads to lateral densification of
strata, lift the settled structures, remediation for karst, sinkholes

19. Chemical Grouting
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• One of the pioneering techniques in the use of grouting
technologies is chemical grouting, which uses formulations that
react after a set time to form a gel to fill voids in the soil with
chemical solutions Chemicals are mixed with water and reagents,
such as sodium silicates. Sodium Silicate is most commonly used
for strength. Because the ingredients are fluids they do not have
particles (such as cement) to restrict flow through fine voids.
• Chemical grouting is commonly used in granular soils with
significant fine sand content to stiffen the ground and prevent
excessive movement, to lower the permeability of the soil to
prevent excessive water inflows, and to underpin adjacent
buildings and other facilities in advance of the tunnel excavation.

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Chemical Grouting

21. Jet Grouting
• Jet grouting is an in-situ construction technique used to improve
the mechanical characteristics of a soil, using a grouting monitor
attached to the end of a drill stem.
• The jet grout monitor is advanced to the maximum treatment
depth, at which time high velocity grout jets (and sometimes
water and air) are initiated from ports in the side of the monitor.
• The jets erode and mix the in situ soil as the drill stem and jet
grout monitor are rotated and raised.
• The technique is used in situations where increased stability and
bearing capacity or decreased permeability is required. Because
of its design flexibility, jet grouting is an important alternative to
more traditional grouting methods.
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24. Thank You!
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