The document discusses an air conditioning system. It begins by defining air conditioning and its key components and principles. It then describes the components of an air conditioner including the blower, evaporator coil, compressor, condensing coil, fan, air filter, and thermostat. It explains the refrigeration cycle and includes a diagram. It also discusses different air conditioning system types, components of central air conditioning like the air handling unit and cooling tower, and concludes with descriptions of the air distribution system components like fans, filters, ductwork, outlets, and dampers.

1. AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
 SUBMITTED BY:
 DEVESH TRIPATHI
 IFHAM ALI
 POOJA KUSHWAHA
 SAMREEN SIRAJ
 SHUBHI DIXIT
 AVANTIKA WALIA

2. AIR CONDITIONING
• Air conditioning (often referred to as ac
or a/c) is the process of altering the
properties of air (primarily temperature
and humidity) to more comfortable
conditions, typically with the aim of
distributing the conditioned air to an
occupied space to improve thermal
comfort and indoor air quality.
• Air conditioning is defined as a process
which cools, clean, circulates, freshen air
and controls its moisture content
simultaneously.

3. PRINCIPLES OF AIR CONDITIONING
• Heat is a form of energy. Every object on earth
has some heat energy. The less heat an object
has, the colder we say it is.
• Cooling is the process of transferring heat from
one object to another. When an air-
conditioning system cools, it is actually
removing heat and transferring it somewhere
else.
• This can be demonstrated by turning on a Spot
Cooler and placing one hand in front of the cold
air nozzle and the other over the warm air
exhaust. You will feel the action of the transfer
of heat.

5. COMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONER
Seven critical components come together
to make an air conditioner function:
Blower: This component, which also works with your furnace,
circulates cooled air into your home and pulls room-
temperature air back for re-cooling.
Evaporator coil: This indoor component, located near the blower,
is responsible for extracting heat and humidity
from the air.
Compressor:
Once it has absorbed heat, the refrigerant is in a
gaseous state. It passes through the compressor,
where the gas is pressurized and heated even more.
This important step prepares the refrigerant to give up
its heat.
Condensing
coil:
This is the outdoor equivalent to the evaporator coil. As refrigerant travels from the compressor to
the condenser, it expels the heat collected from indoors to the outside. Once the refrigerant is cooled
to a liquid, it circulates back inside to collect more heat in the evaporator coil.

6. Fan: The outdoor condensing unit becomes very hot with all
that overheated refrigerant running through it. A fan and
fins that act as heat syncs draw the heat away so the unit
doesn’t overheat.
Air filter: While an air conditioner can function without the
air filter, dust and dirt in the air would quickly
collect on A/C components and possibly
damage them without the filter in place. Install
an efficient enough filter and you can even
improve indoor air quality while the air
conditioner operates.
Thermostat: This is the control center of the entire air
conditioning process, reading the indoor
temperature and telling the air conditioner
when to turn on and off. You change
temperature settings here based on your
needs. The higher you set the thermostat,
the lower your cooling bills will be.

8. REFRIGERATION CYCLE
• The refrigeration cycle contains four major components: the compressor,
condenser, expansion device, and evaporator.
 The refrigerant begins as a cool vapor and heads
to the first component: the compressor. The
compressor is widely considered the engine of
the refrigeration cycle; it consumes the most
power out of the HVAC system’s components and
forces the refrigerant through the system.
 After compression, the refrigerant moves to the
next component in the refrigeration cycle: the
condenser.
 The condenser’s job is to cool the refrigerant so
that it turns from a gas into a liquid, or
condenses.

9. • The refrigerant is now approaching the expansion
device as a hot, high-pressure liquid. The
expansion device is responsible for quickly driving
the pressure of the refrigerant down so it can boil
(evaporate) more easily in the evaporator
 Now that the refrigerant is a cold mix of liquid and gas
(vapor), it begins to move through the evaporator. The
evaporator is responsible for cooling the air going to the
space by boiling (evaporating) the refrigerant flowing
through it.
 Heat transfers from the air to the refrigerant, which
cools the air directly before it is vented to the space.
Like the condenser coil, the evaporator coil also winds
through the evaporator to maximize heat transfer from
the refrigerant to the air.

10. PSYCHOMETRIC CHART
• Psychrometric chart is one of the chart that
is commonly used in solving HVAC
problems. The properties of air such as wet
bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature,
dew point temperature, relative humidity,
humidity ratio, specific enthalphy and
specific volume are shown on this chart.
• It is used to determine how these properties
vary as the amount of moisture in the air
changes. The chart is based on the standard
atmospheric pressure of 76mm Hg or
1.01325 bar.

11. TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
*Window air conditioning system
*Split air conditioning system
*Centralised air conditioning system
*Package air conditioning system

12. PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
*The window and split air conditioners are usually
used for the small air conditioning capacities up to
5 tons.
*The central air conditioning systems are used for
where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
*The packaged air conditioners are available in
the fixed rated capacities of 3,5,7,10 and 15 tons.
*These units are used commonly in places like
restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small
halls, etc.
*It comprises of a compressor, water cooled
condenser, evaporator and fan and all mounted in
a sheet metal cabinet.
*For large capacities floor mounted self contained
packaged units are made to meet the
requirements.
EVAPORATOR

13. WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
*Window air conditioners are one of the
most commonly used and cheapest type of
air conditioners.
*To install one of these units, you need the
space to make a slot in the wall, and there
should also be some open space behind
the wall.
*Window air conditioner units are reliable
and simple to install solution to keep a
room cool while avoiding the costly
construction of central air system.
*Better yet, when the summer heat dies
down, these units can be easily removed
for storage, and you can use the window
sill for other purpose.

14. WORKING:
SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW

15. SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
*The split air conditioner comprises of
two parts:
the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
*The outdoor unit, fitted outside the
room, houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion
valve.
*The indoor unit comprises the
evaporator or cooling coil and the
cooling fan.
*Further, the present day split units have
aesthetic looks and add the beauty of
the room.
*The split air conditioner can be used to
cool one or two rooms.

16. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
*The central air conditioning plants or
the systems are used when large
buildings, hotels, theatres, airports,
shopping malls etc.
*The window and split air conditioners
are used for single rooms or small office
spaces.
*If the whole building is to be cooled it is
not economically viable to put window or
split air conditioner in each and every
room.
*Central air conditioners circulate cool air
Through a system of supply and return
ducts.

17. EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM
*In this system, the engine will be cooled because of
the evaporation of the water in the cylinders into the
steams.
*When water is added to air, the temperature
decreases. This is the principle used in what is called
evaporative cooling.
*It is used for cooling of many types of industrial
engines.

18. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING
PARTS OF AIR CONDITIONING
AIR HANDELING UNIT (A.H.U)
COOLING PLANT
COOLING TOWER
-- DEVESH TRIPATHI
POOJA KUSHWAHA
B .ARCH 3 RD YEAR

19. PARTS OF AIR CONDITIONING
• The outdoor unit contains the condenser coil, compressor, electrical components and a fan.
• The evaporator coil, which is usually installed on top of the gas furnace inside the home.
• A series of pipes, or refrigeration lines, connecting the inside and outside equipment.
• Refrigerant, the substance in the refrigeration lines that circulates through the indoor and outdoor
unit.
• Ducts that serve as air tunnels to the various spaces inside your home.
• A thermostat or control system to set your desired temperature.

20. AIR HANDLING UNIT
An AHU used to-
 Circulate
Distribute and
Regulate the conditioned air for HVAC buildings

21. AIR HANDLING UNIT
• 1 – Supply duct
• 2 – Fan compartment
• 3 – Vibration isolator ('flex joint’)
• 4 – Heating and/or cooling coil
• 5 – Filter compartment
• 6 – Mixed (recirculated + outside) air duct

22. COMPONENTS OF AHU
 Supply duct
Supply conditioned air for various heat loads
 Fan compartment
Pressurize air to compensate pressure drop in duct
 Vibration isolater
Dampens the vibration in the unit caused by
dynamic equipments

23. **Heating/cooling coil.
Controls the temperature and humidity to the required level.
**Filter compartment ..
Filters the particulate matters to the required standards.
**Mixing air duct .
Mixes return air with required amount of fresh air.

24. NEED
 When there is a new installation or modification to your plant Old
motors are damaged and need rewinding
 Existing motors are underloaded or overloaded
 Protecting other devices

25. Cooling towers
“A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the
atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.”
 Cooling towers are used in process industries to cool off effluent water from
various heat transfer equipment e.g., condensate from a condenser.
 Cooling towers, in general, cool the water to a temperature below the dry-bulb
and above the wet-bulb temperature of air at the present conditions.
 The cooled water is sent back to the process for reuse, thus emphasizing
conservation of water

26. CLASSIFICATION OF COOLING TOWERS
• 1. Method by which air is introduced into the tower.
• Cooling towers are generally classified based on the following factors,
• 2. Flow configuration inside the tower.
• 3. Method of heat transfer / heat removal.

27. BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A COOLING TOWER
• Considering an example of an air-water system, the basic working
principle of a cooling tower can be listed as,
• 1. Hot water and relatively cool ambient air enter the cooling tower.
2. Heat transfer between the air stream and the water stream occurs.
3. Hot water transfers its heat to the ambient air and becomes cool.
4. Cool water is removed from the cooling tower and sent back to the
process plant. 5. The resulting hot air rises and is, generally, removed
from the top of the tower by virtue of its low density.

28. IMPORTANCE OF COOLING TOWER IN CPI
• Importance of cooling tower in CPI
• Cooling towers are used to cool industrial processes and applications to ensure that the correct
temperature of the environment and the process are maintained during manufacturing or large
industrial processes.
• Natural draft cooling towers require no power and are of key importance in power plants.

29. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Air distribution refers to the distribution of air to and from conditioned
spaces within a building. An air distribution system includes all sub-
components, such as fans, filters, dampers, ductwork, etc. Air
distribution systems come in a variety of material types, for example,
fiberglass and galvanized metal.
*FANS
*FILTERS
*FAN COIL UNITS
*DUCTWORK
*OUTLETS
*DAMPERS

30. Fans
A Single-duct system provides ventilation and cooling to the conditioned
space. A dual-duct system uses a single fan to move air through both
cooling and heating coils in the air handler, distributing the air through
separate hot and cold ducts.
A fan is used to move air through ducts and to induce air motion in the
space.

31. Filters
Dirty air filters can reduce the air flow inside
the HVAC system, which can cause air-handling fans to
work harder and wear out quicker. Dirty air filters can't
remove particulates and contaminants effectively,
which allows these materials back into your indoor air.
HEPA, or high-efficiency particle air, filters function to
keep the air in your home as clean as possible.
Washable Filters. An option for those who enjoy
saving money is washable filters.
Conventional Disposable Filters.
Custom Filters from Air Boca.
Filters are made of polyester or cotton paper sheets
and are better at trapping particulates.

32. Fan Coil Units
A fan coil unit (FCU) is a simple device consisting of a heating and/or
cooling heat exchanger or 'coil' and fan. It is part of an HVAC system
found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
A fan coil unit (FCU) contains a fan which draws the air in a space into
the unit then blows it over a cooling or heating coil. FCUs will generally
have a chilled water coil for cooling and either a hot water coil for
heating or an electric heating element.

33. Duct work
The duct system is designed to supply rooms with air that is
“conditioned”—that is, heated or cooled by the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning equipment—and to circulate or
return the same volume of air back to the HVAC equipment.
Your duct system has two main air-transfer systems—supply and
return. The supply side delivers the conditioned air to the home
through individual room registers—what you feel blowing out of
the registers. The return side withdraws inside air and delivers it to
the air handler of your central system. All of the air drawn into the
return duct(s) is conditioned and should be delivered back through
the supply registers.
Material used for ducting
1.GI
2.Aluminium
3.PI
4.Fabric material

34. Outlets
Generally, throw or blow refers to discharge from the sidewall outlet, and the
radius of diffusion relates to the ceiling outlets. An air handler, or air handling unit
(often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of
a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system
Outlet classification-
Outlets mounted in or near the ceiling that discharge air horizontally.
Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge airvertically in a non-spreading
jet.
Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge airvertically in a spreading jet.
Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge air horizontally.
Outlets mounted in or near the ceiling that project primary air vertically.

35. Dampers
A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the
flow of air inside a duct, chimney, VAV box, air handler, or
other air-handling equipment. A damper may be used to
cut off central air conditioning (heating or cooling) to an
unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-room
temperature and climate control.
Advantages:
• Cost.
• Power consumption.
Disadvantages:
• New US residential building codes require permanent
access to dampers through ceiling access panels.
• Low total flow when only some dampers are open can
cause inefficient operation.
• Supply and return ducts need dampers to avoid
pressurization of portions of the building.