ARCHITECTURE ENGEEENRING

1. TYPES OF ROOFS
FLAT ROOF
PITCHED ROOF

2. FLAT ROOF
THE ROOF WHICH IS LAID PARALLEL TO THE FLOOR IS
KNOWN AS FLAT ROOF.

3. A sloping roof is known as a pitched roof.
 angle of inclination is mainly 30,45 & 60.
 Mainly constructed in hilly areas
Like Shimla, Jammu etc.
PITCHED ROOF

4. ROOF COVERINGS
ROOFING IS PROCESS OF LAYING ROOF ON BUILDING USING
DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND PROCESSES.
ROOF COVERING IS A MATERIAL WHICH IS PROVIDED OVER
THE FRAME-WORK OF ROOF STRUCTURE TO ACT AS A
BARRIER FOR RAIN, SUN, WIND, OR OTHER SUCH
ELEMENTS.

5. SELECTION OF
MATERIALS

6. IT PROTECTS OUR ROOF FROM RAIN, SUN, WIND ,
AND OTHER SUCH ELEMENTS.
IT PROVIDES DURABILITY TO THE STRUCTURE.
IT PROVIDES INSULATION FROM HEAT TO THE
STRUCTURE.
IT PROVIDES AESTHETIC LOOKS TO THE STRUCTURE.
ADVANTAGES

7. TYPES OF ROOF
COVERINGS
FLAT ROOF
COVERINGS
PITCHED ROOF
COVERINGS

8. ARTIFICIAL
NATURAL
```
```
STONE SLATES
THATCH
SHINGLES
CLAY TILES
CEMENT TILES
CONCRETE TILES
A/C & GI SHEETS
FIBRE SHEETS
TYPES OF PITCHED
ROOF
ALUMINIUM SHEETS

10. THE TILES MAY BE DEFINED AS THIN SLABS OF BRICK
WHICH ARE BURNT IN KILN.
CLAY TILES

11. TYPES OF CLAY TILES:
THE COMMONLY USED TILES ARE :
ALLAHABAD TILES
MANGALORE TILES
HALF ROUND COUNTRY TILES

12. ALLAHABAD TILES
THESE TILES ARE USED IN PAIRS – FLAT BROAD BOTTOM
UNDER TILE WHICH ALTERNATES WITH CONVEX CURVED OVER
TILE.
THE UNDER TILE IS FLAT,
TAPERED, WITH UPTURNED
EDGES OR FLANGES AT THE
SIDES.
THE OVER TILE IS HALF
ROUND IN SECTION AND
TAPERED IN PLAN.

13. FIXING OF ALLAHABAD TILES

15. ALLAHABAD TILES ARE AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT VARIETIES
.GROOVES ARE PROVIDED ON THE TILES DUE TO WHICH TILES
ARE INTERLOCKED WITH EACH OTHER.
TAILOR TILE
SIZE- 12”X 8”X
0.5” PER 100 SQ.
FT- 240 NOS.
WEIGHT KG/PC –
1.500
WHITE HOUSE HOLLOW
SIZE- 6”X 8”X 0.5”
PER 100 SQ. FT.- 300 NOS.
WEIGHT KG/ PC – 1.300
ITALIAN TAILOR
SIZE- 7”X 5”X 0.5”
PER 100 SQ FT.- 625
NOS
WEIGHT KG/ PC- 0.475

16. THERE ARE TILES WHICH ARE DIRECTLY PASTE ON THE ROOF
WITH THE HELP OF CEMENT.
FLOWER TILE
SIZE- 7”X7”X0.5”
PER 100 SQ. FT -625
NOS
WEIGHT KG/ PC –
0.425
CHECKS BAMBOO
SIZE- 9”X3”X0.5”
PER. 100 SQ. FT 540
NOS.
WEIGHT- KG/PC.-
0.425
PLAIN RIDGE
SIZE- 7.5”X 4”X 0.5”
PER 100 SQ. FT.- 200
NOS
WEIGHT KG/ PC –
0.500

17. MANGALORE OR CORRUGATED TILES
THESE TILES ARE GENERALLY REGULAR IN PLAN, WITH SURFACE
CORRUGATIONS SO ARRANGED THAT THE CORRUGATIONS OF TILES FIT
IN OR INTERLOCK WITH THOSE OF OTHER TILES.
THESE INTERLOCKING TILES
WHICH ARE MACHINE –
MADE, PROVIDE A LIGHTER
ROOF COVERING WITH A
DESCENT APPEARANCE.

18. HALF ROUND COUNTRY TILES
THESE TILES ARE ALSO LAID IN PAIRS
OF UNDER TILES AND OVER TILES.
THE UNDER TILES ARE LAID WITH
CONCAVE SURFACE UPWARDS, WHILE
THE OVER TILES ARE
LAID WITH CONVEX SURFACE
UPWARDS.
THESE TILES ARE SEMI- CIRCULAR IN
SECTION AT EACH END BUT THE
DIAMETER
TAPERS LONGITUDINALLY.

19. FIXING OF HALF
ROUND COUNTRY
TILES

20. ROOF COVERED WITH
COUNTRY TILES

21. ADVANTAGES OF CLAY TILES
AS A ROOF COVERING
THESE ARE NON CONDUCTORS OF HEAT.
THESE TILES PROVIDE QUITE A DURABLE ROOF COVERING.
THEY ARE QUITE STRONG AND PLEASING IN APPEARANCE
THEY HAVE GOOD RESISTANCE AGAINST FIRE AND MOISTURE
PENETRATION.
THESE ARE VERY ECONOMICAL.
tiles

22. SIZE
8” X 5”
3” X 9”
5” X 8”
MATERIAL
TERRACOTTA CLAY
COLOUR
BRICK RED
COST
RS. 6.50-
10.00/PIECE
tiles

23. CEMENT TILES
WHAT ARE CEMENT TILES?
The tiles which are made of cement and coarse sand of the ratio 2:3
are known as cement tiles.
tiles

24. THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN
DIFFERENT SHAPES , COLORS
AND SIZES.
THEY ARE FIXED ON THE
ROOF WITH THE HELP OF
CEMENT
THEY ARE ALSO PLACED ON
PATHWAYS AND FLAT ROOF.
tiles

25. SIZE
1’X1’
8’X12’
COLOUR
DIFFERENT COLORS
COST
RS. 18 PER SQ FT.
THICKNESS
10MM TO 25MM
MATERIAL
CEMENT AND COARSE
SAND
tiles

26. CONCRETE
TILES
WHAT IS CONCRETE TILE?
THE TILES MADE FROM THE AGGREGATE AND CEMENT OF THE
RATIO 3:2 ARE KNOWN AS
CONCRETE TILES.
THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN
DIFFERENT COLORS AND
DIFFERENT SHAPES.
tiles

27. PRODUCE CONCRETE TILES BASED ON HIGH-
PRESSURE EXTRUSION PROCESS OF A WET
CONCRETE MIXTURE ONTO AN ALUMINIUM MOULD,
ALSO REFERRED TO AS PALLET, WHICH IS THEN CUT
TO SIZE
MANUFACTURE
EXTRUSION
tiles

28. AFTER EXTRUSION, TILES, OVER PALLETS, ARE STORED
IN CURING CHAMBERS, WHERE THE CONCRETE REACTS
AND THE TILES ACHIEVE THE MINIMUM STRENGTH
REQUIRED TO SUSTAIN ITSELF WITHOUT MOULD.
CURING TIME CAN BE OF 24 HOURS, IN NATURAL
CONDITIONS, OR 7-8
HOURS WHEN FORCED HEATING SYSTEMS ARE IN USE.
AT THIS POINT THE TILES ARE SEPARATED (OR DE-
PALLETED) FROM THE MOULD, PACKED AND STORED ON
THE YARD, WHERE THE CONCRETE CAN COMPLETE THE
HYDRATION PROCESS AND GET STRONGER, BEFORE
DESPATCH. FEW MOMENTS AFTER BEING SEPARATED
FROM TILES, THE MOULDS ARE USED ONCE AGAIN FOR
ANOTHER PRODUCTION
CURING
tiles

29. THEY ARE FIXED ON THE ROOF WITH
THE HELP OF GROOVES AND CEMENT.
THEY ARE USED GENERALLY ON LOW
HEIGHT ROOF.
tiles

30. SIZE
8” X 5”
3” X 9”
5” X 8”
MATERIAL
CEMENT AND
AGGREGATE
Colour
Different colors
Cost
Rs. 20 -40 per sq
ft.
Thickness
1”-3”
tiles

31. FIBRE SHEETS
WHAT ARE FIBRE SHEETS?
THESE ARE THE SHEETS MADE OF THE MATERIAL FIBRE.
THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO
TYPES – PLAIN AND ZIG ZAG.

32. FIBRE SHEETS
THEY GETS HEATED UP LESS.
THEY ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT.
THEY ARE LESS AFFECTED BY WEATHER.
THEY ARE TRANSPARENT SO THEY ALSO ADMITS LIGHT.
THEY ARE FIXED WITH THE HELP OF BOLTS.
THE HOLES ARE DRILLED NOT PUNCHED.
THE DIAMETER OF THE HOLE SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN
3 MM.
ANGLED ARE USED IN PLACING THE SHEETS.
PROPERTIES
sheets

33. FIBRE SHEETS
SIZES
LENGTH:
3M TO 7M
WIDTH:
100CM TO 120CM
THICKNESS:
2MM
COLOR
WHITE, GREEN , BLUE , ETC.
MATERIAL
FIBRE
sheets

34. FIBRE SHEETS
PLANE FIBRE
SHEET
CORUGATED
FIBRE SHEET
THICKNESS 1MM-6MM 1MM-6MM
WIDTH 3FT-6FT 8FT-14FT
COLOUR MULTI-COLOUR GREEN,BLUE,WHI
TE
RATE RS 13 SQ.FT RS 13.50 SQ FT
sheets

35. WHAT ARE ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS?
THESE ARE THE SHEETS OBTAINED BY THE COMBINATION OF
CEMENT WITH ABOUT 15% OF ASBESTOS FIBRES.
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

36. THESE ARE LIGHT, CHEAP,
IMPERVIOUS, DURABLE AND
FIRE RESISTANT.
IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY
PROTECTIVE PAINT.
IT CANNOT BE EATEN BY
VERMIN'S.
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

37. FIXING OF AC. SHEETS
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

38. POINTS TO BE NOTED WHILE LAYING
A.C SHEETS
THE SMOOTH SIDE
SHOULD BE UPWARDS.
THE HOLES SHOULD
BE DRILLED NOT
PUNCHED.
THE DIA OF THE
HOLE SHOULD NOT BE
MORE THAN 3 MM.
A.C SHEET
J-TYPE HOOK
BOLT
MS ANGLE
PURLIN
GI FLAT
WASHER
BITUMINOUS
FELT WASHER
end lap
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

39. USES
COMMONLY ADOPTED AS A
ROOFING MATERIAL FOR:
FACTORIES
WORKSHOPS
OFFICES
GARAGES
GENERATING STATIONS
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

40. SIZE:
LENGTH-1M,1.5M,2.5M,3M
WIDTH-1.05M
THICKNESS-6MM
COLOUR:
CREAMY WHITE.
MATERIAL:
CEMENT WITH
ASBESTOS
FIBRES.
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

41. MAIN RANGES
LENGTH: 1 METER TO 3 METER CORRUGATED / SEMI
CORRUGATED SHEETS
BREADTH: 1.05 METER STANDARD
THICKNESS: 6 MM
PLAIN SHEETS:
STANDARD SIZES: 8’ X 4’, 6’ X 4’ ETC.
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

42. CLOSE FITTING ADJUSTABLE RIDGES
SYMBOL : AVS2
APPLICATIONS: TO CLOSE THE ROOF AT THE RIDGE
NORTH LIGHT RIDGES
SYMBOL: AVS5
APPLICATIONS: TO COVER THE RIDGE OF NORTH LIGHT OF ROOF
NORTH LIGHT CURVE
SYMBOL: AVS9
APPLICATIONS: TO COVER THE NORTH LIGHT ROOF AT RIDGE
ROOF LIGHTS
SYMBOL: ARL
APPLICATIONS: TO ALLOW LIGHT INSIDE FROM THE ROOF
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

43. ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
AS ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS CONTAIN SMALL
PERCENTAGE OF ASBESTOS 'LOCKED IN' WITH
CEMENT, HENCE IT DOES NOT MAKE GREAT HARM TO
HEALTH BUT IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT WHILE
WORKING AVOIDS EMISSION OF DUST. INHALING
THE ASBESTOS DUST IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS FOR
PROLONGED PERIOD CAN CAUSE INJURIOUS IMPACT
TO HEALTH
sheets

44. AN ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET IS THE HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURE OF MINERAL FIBERS AND PORTLAND CEMENT. THE
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS ARE THE MOST VERSATILE AND
PERFECT BUILDING MATERIAL
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
sheets

45. SHEETS LENGTH WIDTH THICKNESS
PLANE 6FITTO 12 FIT 3.5 fit 6mm
CORUGATED 6 to 14 fit 3.5 fit 6mm
ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS
BRAND:-
1-CHARMINAR
2-UPPAL
3-KONARK
4-BISAKA
PLANE ASEBESTOS SHEET:-
1- 4X6 FT.
2-4MM THCK(COMPANY CHAMINA)
RS. 6 FIT PER 310
WIDTH 275 PER KG PER SHEET.
sheets

46. ALUMINIUM SHEETS ARE KNOWN FOR
ITS ENHANCED EFFICIENCY AND
REMARKABLE FEATURES LIKE
TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE, LESS WEAR
& TEAR AND HIGH DURABILITY. THESE
ARE PROVIDED IN DIFFERENT
SIZES AND ARE COATED TO AVERT
CORROSION RESISTANCE
ALUMINIUM SHEETS
sheets

47. CORRUGATED SHEETS ARE ROLL
FORMED BY ROLL FORMING
MACHINES, THE THICKNESS
AND COLOR CAN BE DIFFERENT,
THESE PANELS ARE FEATURED
WITH EASY INSTALLATION,
HIGH STRENGTH, MORE
ECONOMIC , (LOW LOST ). THEY
ARE WIDELY USE AS THE WALL
OR ROOF OF FACTORY,
WAREHOUSE, GARAGE,
EXHIBITION CENTER, CINEMA
ETC.
RAW MATERIALS
GALVANIZED STEEL,
GALVALUME STEEL, GALVALUME
PRE-PAINTED SHEET AND
ALUMINIUM SHEET
ALUMINIUM ROOFING SHEETS
sheets

48. 1)ALLOY:1,3,5SERIES
2) TEMPER: O,H12,H14,H16,H18,H22,H24,H26,H32
3) WIDTH: 720/750/820/850MM THICKNESS: 0.4-
2.5MM LENGTH: UP TO 6000MM
4) DIMENSIONS CAN BE PRODUCED AS PER CLIENT’S
SPECIFICATION
5) GOOD PLASTICITY AND CONDUCTIVITY
6) GENERALLY USED FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS
ALUMINIUM ROOFING,
ALUMINUM CEILING,
ALUMINUM SHEET,
ALUMINIUM
CORRUGATED SHEET,
ALUMINIUM
CORRUGATED SHEETS
FOR ROOFING, COLORED
ALUMINUM ROOF
sheets

49. CORRUGATED SHEET OF
ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS
ARE GOOD DECORATIVE
MATERIALS FOR BUILDINGS.
THEY HAVE ADVANTAGES OF
LIGHT STRENGTH, CONVENIENT
ASSEMBLING AND
DISASSEMBLING. ALUMINUM
ROOFING OF INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS CAN
BE USED FOR TWENTY YEARS
WITHOUT INSPECTION AND
REPARATIONS. BEAUTIFUL
COLURES FOR DESIRABLE USE
AND VERY GOOD INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE DECORATIVE EFFECTS
CAN BE ACHIEVED BY
ANODIZING AND SPRAY
COATING
sheets

50. PRODUCTS FEATURE
1. SOME PRODUCTS ARE JUST FOR
SINGLE WALL CLADDING; SOME
PRODUCTS FOR ROOF AND WALL
CLADDING.
2. SOME PRODUCTS CAN BE
INSTALLED IN A HORIZONTAL OR
VERICAL WALL CLADDING.
3. AS BUILT UP SYSTEM, SOME
PRODUCTS ALSO ARE SUITABLE FOR
TRUNK CONSTRUCTION, FALSE
CEILINGS, SITE PERIMETER FENCING,
INNER WALLS, FOR DOORS AND
INDUSTRIAL DOORS.…
4. ABSORBTION OF CONDENSATION
IN AN UNINSULATED BUIDING WITH
ISOLATION UNDER THE LOAD-
BEARING STRUCTURE.
sheets

51. WHAT ARE GALVANIZED IRON SHEETS?
THESE ARE THE SHEETS OBTAINED BY COATING THE IRON
WITH ZINC TO PREVENT CORROSION.
G A L V A N I Z E D
I R O N S H E E T
sheets

52. THESE SHEETS ARE DURABLE,
FIRE RESISTANT, LIGHT IN
WEIGHT AND REQUIRE NO
MAINTENANCE.
SHEETS ARE GALVANIZED TO
PROTECT THEM FROM RUSTING
ACTION OF WEATHER.
THE PURPOSE OF CORRUGATION
IS TO GIVE ADDITIONAL
STRENGTH TO THE THIN SHEETS.
G A L V A N I Z E D
I R O N S H E E T
sheets

53. G A L V A N I Z E D
I R O N S H E E T
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE
LAYING G.I SHEETS
THE HOLES MAY BE DRILLED
OR PUNCHED.
GENERALLY NOT LAID AT A
SLOPE FLATTER THAN 1IN4.
GALVANIZED IRON HOOK
BOLTS SCREWS AND NAILS
ARE USED.
sheets

54. G A L V A N I Z E D
I R O N S H E E T
U S E S
THEY ARE EXTENSIVELY USED AS A ROOFING MATERIAL IN:
FACTORIES
WORKSHOPS
GENERATOR SHEDS
OFFICES
GARAGES
sheets

55. FIXING OF GI SHEETS
G A L V A N I Z E D
I R O N S H E E T
sheets

56. SIZE
LENGTH-8’,10’,12’
WIDTH- 2.75’
THICKNESS- 0.5 MM-2MM
G A L V A N I Z E D
I R O N S H E E T
COLOUR
STEEL GREY
MATERIAL
MOLTED BLACK IRON
sheets

57. BASIC DIFFERENCE BETWEENAC
SHEETSAND GI SHEETS
 G.I. SHEETS ARE MORE STRONG THAN THE A.C. SHEETS
WHICH ARE BRITTLE.
 G.I. SHEETS GETS HEATED UP THAN A.C. SHEETS.
 A.C SHEETS WARMS LATER AND COOLS FAST THAN G.I
SHEETS.
sheets

58. S LAT E S
THE STONE USED FOR
STONE ROOF COVERING IS
OBTAINED FROM
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF
SANDSTONE OR LIMESTONE.
WHAT IS A SLATE?
tiles

60. S LAT E S
PROPERTIES
THEY VARY CONSIDERABLY
IN SIZE, SHAPE, AND
WEIGHT.
THEY FORM THE MOST
DURABLE ROOF COVERING
MATERIAL, BUT IN INDIA IT
IS RARELY ADOPTED.
tiles

61. S LAT E S
FIXING OF SLATES
THE SLATES MAY BE FIXED ON
THE BATTENS FIXED ON TIMBER
RAFTERS OR THEY MAY BE LAID
ON WOOD BOARDING FIXED ON
THE ROOF FRAMEWORK
THE SLATES ARE SECURED TO
THE BASE THROUGH NAILS OF
ZINC, COPPER OR GALVANIZED
IRON.
tiles

62. S LAT E S
SIZES
60 cm x 35 cm
TO
25 cm x 12 cm.
THICKNESS
5 mm
TO
10 mm.
tiles

63. T HAT C H
WHAT IS ATHATCH?
THE STRAW OR RUSHES
WHICH ARE OBTAINED
FROM PLANTS AND USED
AS A ROOF COVERING IS
KNOWN AS THATCH.
tiles

64. T HAT C H
 THE FRAMEWORK FOR
SUPPORTING THE
THATCH CONSIST OF
ROUND BAMBOO
RAFTERS SPACED AT 30
CM APART.
 THESE ARE TIED WITH
SPLIT BAMBOOS LAID AT
RIGHT ANGLES TO THE
RAFTER.
FIXING OF THATCH
tiles

65. T HAT C H
 THE THATCH IS LIGHTLY SECURED TO
THE FRAMEWORK WITH THE HELP OF
ROPES OR TWINES DIPPED IN TAR.
 FOR PROPER DRAINAGE OF
RAINWATER, THE THATCH
COVERING SHOULD BE AT
LEAST 15 CM THICK AND
LAID WITH A MINIMUM SLOPE
OF 45 DEGREE.
 THATCH IS COMBUSTIBLE,
ABSORBS MOISTURE AND IS
LIABLE TO ROT OR DECAY.
tiles

66. T HAT C H
USES
THIS FORM OF ROOF COVERING
IS LARGELY USED FOR:
LOW COST HOUSES AND
VILLAGES
CHEAPEST AND SIMPLE IN
CONSTRUCTION HENCE USED IN
RURAL AREAS.
IT PROVIDES COOLNESS TO THE
STRUCTURE.
tiles

67. S H I N G L E S
WHAT IS SHINGLE?
SHINGLES ARE WOODEN
PIECES CUT FROM WELL
SEASONED TIMBER.
THEY ARE LAID IN A
SIMILAR MANNER AS
SLATES OR TILES
tiles

68. S H I N G L E S
FIXING OF SHINGLES
FIRSTLY , THE FRAME IS
MADE OF TIMBER RODS
THEN THE SHINGLES ARE
LAID ON THEM.
tiles

69. S H I N G L E S
USES
THE USE OF SHINGLES IS GENERALLY ADOPTED FOR RURAL
AREAS WHERE WOOD IS EASILY AVAILABLE AT LOW COST.
FLAT ROOFS SHOULD NOT BE COVERED WITH STANDARD
SHINGLES, WHICH IN THIS CASE WILL NOT PREVENT RAIN
DAMAGE TO THE
ROOF STRUCTURE BELOW.
SUCH SHINGLES ONLY
WORK ON PITCHED ROOFS.
tiles

70. S H I N G L E S
SIZES
LENGTH:
30 CM
TO
38 CM
WIDTH:
6 CM
TO
25 CM
tiles