Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.
AMBLYOPIA
Presenter : Dr Nikhil Agrawal (1st year resident)
Moderator : Dr Ekta Gupta
DHIR HOSPITAL POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
BHIWANI-127021
Email: education@dhirhospital.com
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia (Amblyopia Therapy)/ Amblyopia Treat...Bikash Sapkota
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Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia. Latest as well as old methods of amblyopia management which include active and passive therapies. Amblyopia Therapy/ Amblyopia Treatment
What would be the perfect amblyopia therapy?
Effective
Good compliance
Acceptable to pts. and parent
Quick
Safe
Easy to administer
Cost effective
Well maintained
..............
Summary
Amblyopia occurs due to abnormal visual experience early in life
Proper optical correction alone is necessary for short period of time (6-8 weeks)
before initiation of other therapy
Part time occlusion of better eye is mainstay of treatment since 18th century to till
now
For severe and moderate amblyopia, 6 hrs and 2 hrs of patching is advised
respectively
Atropine is also used in children with poor compliance
Trial of patching can be given in patients as old as 17 yrs
Perceptual learning and pharmacological manipulation have shown areas of
amblyopia treatment beyond the critical period of visual development
Binocular stimulation, software based treatments and other methods do not have
promising result to replace the patching therapy till date
Most of the active therapy methods have good results when used together with
patching therapy
Background: Strabismic amblyopia is characterized by an imbalance of the sensorial and motor system. Differences between both
eyes due to squinting during 1st months of life can originate an entire fovea fixation and ARC, which is a binocular condition generated
by the absence of a correct bi-foveal fixation [2]. Accommodative esotropia usually presents between 2 and 4 years of age with an
increase in accommodative needs and is directly linked to the amount of hypermetropia [9]. Although patching remains the gold
standard therapy of amblyopia, several new treatment options have emerged over the years. These include refractive adaptation,
atropine penalization, and several binocular activities with varying success rates [10].
Case Report: 6-year-old male presented with complaints of inward deviation, and blurring of vision for distance and near. A proper
squint evaluation was performed to determine the presence of the type of squint. Accommodative esotropia with amblyopia in one
eye was reported. Synoptophorehaidinger brushes were recommended for foveal stimulation for the amblyopic eye followed by
patching. The patient reported good compliance and significant vision improvement in the amblyopic eye and no longer blur and
deviation with glasses were observed.
Conclusion: Accommodative esotropia with amblyopia showed substantial improvement with the help of Haidinger brushes in the
amblyopic eye. A combination of patching and Haidinger brushes is an efficacious approach for achieving an improvement in visual
acuity and binocular function in strabismic amblyopia.
Keywords: Accommodative Esotropia; Strabismic Amblyopia; Haidinger Brushes; Synoptophore
Passive Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
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Passive Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
. Passive Therapy
The patient experiences a change in visual stimulation without any conscious effort
- Proper refractive correction
- Occlusion
- Penalization
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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2. Amblyopia
Amblyopia is a condition of diminished visual form
sense which is not as a result of any clinically
demonstrable anomaly of the visual pathway and
which is not relieved by the elimination of any defect
that constitutes a dioptric obstacle to the formation
of the foveal image.
It occurs in up to 2 to 4% of the population
3. Aetiology
Amblyopia is caused by inadequate stimulation of the
visual system during the critical period of visual
development in early childhood
Light deprivation
Form deprivation
Abnormal binocular interaction
The prognosis for achieving good visual acuity decreases when more than
one of these factors is present together in one case.
5. Amblyopia Classification
Stimulus deprivation amblyopia:
Amblyopia, which is the result of lack of adequate
visual stimulus in early life. This may be unilateral or
bilateral and may be:
– complete, where no light enters the eye
– partial, where there is some passage of light into the
eye.
6. Amblyopia Classification
Strabismic amblyopia:
Amblyopia, which is the result of manifest strabismus
and is caused by constant unilateral strabismus in
childhood.
Anisometropic amblyopia:
Amblyopia, which is the result of a significant
difference
in the refractive errors of the two eyes where one eye
has the visual
advantage at all distances.
7. Amblyopia Classification
Meridional amblyopia:
Amblyopia, which is the result of uncorrected astigmatism
where one or both eyes are predominantly astigmatic.
Ametropic amblyopia:
Bilateral amblyopia, which is the result of a high degree
of uncorrected bilateral refractive error.
Occlusion amblyopia:
Amblyopia, which may occur after use of total occlusion
or atropine, particularly before the age of 2 years. Visual
acuity is usually restored with careful treatment and
monitoring
9. Management
Correct the refractive error as visual acuity often
responds when the correct prescription is worn
(refractive adaptation).
A period of 6 to18 weeks is recommended for
refractive adaptation before implementation of
occlusion
10. Methods of treatment to restore visual
acuity in amblyopia
Occlusion
Cycloplegic
Drugs
Optical penalization
CAM visual stimulator
Pleoptic
11. Management
Occlusion is the most commonly used method
of treating amblyopia.
The normal eye is occluded and occlusion may
be in the form of total light or form, or partial.
12. Management
Total light and form: Skin patches etc
Total form: Frosted glasses etc
Partial: Semi transparent material
which reduced VA up to some
extent
13. Duration of occlusion
• The starting level of occlusion is between 2 and 6 hours
daily coupled with near or distance activities.
• Two hours of occlusion daily has been shown to be as
effective
as 6 hours daily for amblyopia of 0.3–0.6 logMAR in
children under the age of7 years (PEDIG 2003, PEDIG 2006).
• For those with amblyopia of 0.7–1.3, 6 hours of occlusion
is as effective as full-time (Holmes et al. 2003, Stewart et al.
2007b).
14. Duration of occlusion
An ideal goal is less than 400 hours of occlusion or 6
months of occlusion treatment.
Late occlusion (after the age of 8 years) has been shown
to be effective in selected cases (Mohan et al. 2004, PEDIG 2005).
15. Consequences of amblyopia
The risk of permanent visual loss in the better eye is
reported as 32.9 per 100,000population (Rahi et al. 2002).
Presence of amblyopia interferes with schooling, work,
lifestyle, sports and career choice (Adams & Karas 1999,
Packwood et al.
16. Aims of occlusion
1. Equalize visual acuity
2. Achieve optimum visual acuity
3. Central fixation
Continue occlusion until:
1. equal visual acuity is achieved;
2. the optimum visual acuity is achieved;
3. there is no further increase in visual acuity with full-time
total occlusion.
17. Recurrence
Long-term follow-up of amblyopic patients shows an
average reduction in visual acuity for up to 75% of
patients of 1.2–2.6 Snellen lines at least 5 years post
cessation of treatment (Gregersen & Rindziunski 1965, Sparrow &
Flynn 1979,PEDIG 2004, Bhola et al. 2006, King et al. 2007, De Weger et al.
2010)ss
Regression of visual acuity is more likely to occur with
abrupt cessation of occlusion rather than tapered (Holmes
et al. 2004).
18. Compliance issues
• Success of occlusion treatment relates in part to the
compliance of the patient and parents/guardian in
undertaking the occlusion regime.
• It is generally agreed that thorough discussion of the
occlusion regime backed up by written information has a
positive impact on occlusion success (Newsham 2002).
• Compliance has been reported in 78% in those with
written information and 57% in those without
information (Loudon et al. 2006).
•
19. Unresponsive amblyopia
• Where visual acuity does not improve with occlusion
treatment, an increase in occlusion or switch to
another treatment option should be considered.
Where continued lack of improvement occurs,
detailed assessment of the visual pathway should be
made to exclude pathology.
20. Cycloplegic drugs
Where occlusion is not tolerated, cycloplegic drugs may
be used to blur the vision in the better eye, thereby giving
the amblyopic eye more stimulus.
Typically, atropine 1% has been used once daily but
atropine instilled only at weekends is equally effective
(PEDIG 2004, Repka et al. 2009).
Atropine has been shown to be equally as effective as
occlusion for visual acuity of 0.3–0.7 logMAR (PEDIG 2002)
with maintenance of visual acuity to long-term follow-up
(PEDIG 2008).
21. Cycloplegic drugs
Advantages
1. The patient cannot cheat as can occur with occlusion where the
child peeps over the patch or where there is poor or non-
compliance.
2. The child and parent often prefer it to occlusion.
3. There is little or no cosmetic problem.
Disadvantages
1. Side effects of atropine.
2. Visual acuity may not be reduced enough where there is dense
amblyopia.
3. Atropine takes a period of 10–14 days to wear off.
4. Frequent visits are required to monitor fixation as an indicator of
visual acuity.
22. Penalisation
Penalisation is the treatment of amblyopia by optical
reduction of form vision of the nonamblyopic eye at one
or all fixation distances.
The effect may be achieved by the alteration of the
spectacle correction or use of a cycloplegic drug
(Gregersen et al. 1965, Repka & Ray 1993).
23. Penalisation
Total penalisation is the use of the amblyopic eye at
all distances by using strong convex lenses before the
better eye .
Near penalisation is the use of the amblyopic eye for
near fixation by using a cycloplegic drug in the better
eye and adding a convex lens up to 3.0 DS before the
amblyopic eye.
Distance penalisation is the use of the amblyopic eye
for distance fixation by using additional convex lenses
before the better eye.
24. Drugs
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which is involved
in several visual functions.
Levodopa given orally produces an increase in contrast
sensitivity in an amblyopic eye but does not induce
changes in the nonamblyopic eye (Gottlob & Stangler-
Zuschrott 1990).
These findings suggest an involvement of dopaminergic
function in amblyopia, and support the association
between amblyopia and neurotransmitters reported in
the literature.
25. Pleoptic treatment
The of this treatment was to eradicate the eccentric
fixation.
Apparatus based on the ophthalmoscope principle
(the Euthyscope, the Projectoscope and the
Pleotophore) was used to expose the peripheral retina
to very bright light while protecting the macular area.
26. CAM visual stimulator
This apparatus was designed by Campbell and his co-
workers to treat amblyopia by intense visual stimulation
for short periods of time (Banks et al. 1978). Gratings of
different spatial frequency are rotated in front of the
amblyopic eye while the other eye is occluded.
This method was based on the knowledge that cortical
cells respond to specific line orientations and to certain
spatial frequencies; therefore rotation of gratings of
different spatial frequencies ensured that a large range of
cortical neurones was stimulated
27. Risks of occlusion
Intractable diplopia
Occlusion amblyopia.
Dissociation of latent/intermittent deviation.
DVD: The eye may elevate further.
Allergic response.
Danger socially due to disorientation.
Latent nystagmus (become manifist)