This document defines congenital cataract and provides information on its etiology, epidemiology, morphology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. Congenital cataract is a cloudiness of the lens present at birth. It can be bilateral or unilateral, with various morphologies. Diagnosis involves examining the eye and ruling out other conditions. Management typically involves early surgical removal of dense cataracts to prevent amblyopia. Post-operative care and visual rehabilitation is important to optimize outcomes.
Aphakia and its causes. Correction of Aphakia. Advantages and disadvantages of different corrections. Surgeries and related signs and symptoms of aphakia. Complications related to Aphakia.
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
Zonular cataract is one of the predominant congenital cataract. In this presentation we see its definition, pathology, risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis. A cataract is an opacification of the lens. Congenital cataracts are also the most frequent cause of leukocoria (white pupil) in children
Aphakia and its causes. Correction of Aphakia. Advantages and disadvantages of different corrections. Surgeries and related signs and symptoms of aphakia. Complications related to Aphakia.
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
Zonular cataract is one of the predominant congenital cataract. In this presentation we see its definition, pathology, risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis. A cataract is an opacification of the lens. Congenital cataracts are also the most frequent cause of leukocoria (white pupil) in children
MYOPIA , basics , causes , types and treatmentssuserde6356
Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease[5][6][7] where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.[1][2][6] As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.[1] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[1][8] Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.[2][9]
Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong.[1][10] It is a type of refractive error.[1] Diagnosis is by the use of cycloplegics during eye examination.[11]
Tentative evidence indicates that the risk of myopia can be decreased by having young children spend more time outside.[12][13] This decrease in risk may be related to natural light exposure.[14] Myopia can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or by refractive surgery.[1][15] Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.[1] Contact lenses can provide a relatively wider corrected field of vision, but are associated with an increased risk of infection.[1][16] Refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK permanently change the shape of the cornea. Surgeries like Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implant a lens inside the anterior chamber in front of the natural eye lens. ICL doesn't affect the cornea.[
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. Definition:
• A congenital opacity of the
crystalline lens. Cloudiness in the
lens of the eye that is present
at, or develops shortly after
birth. Congenital cataracts are also
the most frequent cause of
leukocoria (white pupil) in
children.
(Friedman, NJ & Kaiser, PK, 2009)
5. Epidemiology:
• The incidence is about 1 in 2000, and
approximately one-third of congenital cataracts
are familial, one-third are associated with a
syndrome, and one-third are isolated.
(Friedman, NJ & Kaiser, PK, 2009)
6. Morphology:
• The morphology of cataract is important for several reasons: it can give a clue to the age of
onset, to the visual prognosis, it may suggest heritability, and it may give a clue to the aetiology.
(Joseph, E., 2006)
Punctate (blue-dot)
cataract
Anterior polar
cataract
-pyramidal
-reduplicated
Posterior polar
cataract
(Embryonal) nuclear
cataract
Coronary cataract Coralliform/Floriform
cataract
Zonular (Lamellar)
cataract
Total cataract
-soft -membranous
(Basak, SK., 2007)
8. Punctate (blue dot) cataract:
• Most common type
• Appears as multiple, tiny blue dots
scattered all over the lens, especially
in the cortex by oblique illumination
with the slit lamp.
• Bluish color is due to the effects of
dispersion of light, in the same way
that the sky appears blue.
• Visual acuity is not affected
(Basak, SK., 2007)
9. Anterior Polar Cataract
• It is sharply demarcated opacity at the
anterior lens capsule, & usually the size of a
pin’s head.
• It may project forwards into the anterior
chamber like a pyramid (pyramidal
cataract); or subsequently, a sub-capsular
cataract may develop, just behind it with a
clear zone in between (reduplicated
cataract)
• Due to delayed formation of the anterior
chamber, during development of the lens.
• These opacities are stationary and rarely
interfere with vision.
(Basak, SK., 2007)
10. Zonular (Lamellar) Cataract
• The commonest developmental
cataract presenting with visual
impairment.
• May be congenital/ occur 1st year of
life.
• Usually bilateral & hereditary
(autosomal dominant), without any
ocular anomaly.
• Ass. with hypovitaminosis vit D or
hypocalcemia & maternal
malnutrition.
(Basak, SK., 2007)
11. Zonular (Lamellar) Cataract
• Consist of concentric, sharply
demarcated zones(lamellae) of
opacities surrounding a core, that is
clear, & enveloped by the clear
cortex externally.
• May be linear opacities, like spokes
of a wheel (Called riders) that
extends outwards towards the
equator pathognomonic.
• Child present with photophobia
(due to light scattering)
• Surgery when VA less than 6/18
(Basak, SK., 2007)
12. Diagnosis:
• History:
• 1. Duration
• 2. Family history of congenital cataracts
• 3. Visual status: Ambulation in familiar & unfamiliar surroundings.
• 4. Behavioural pattern & school performance.
• Birth history:
• 1. History & Degree of consanguinity
• 2. History of maternal infection during 1st trimester
• 3. Gestational age & birth weight
• 4. Birth trauma
• 5. Supplemental O2 therapy in perinatal period.
• 6. Developmental milestone
(Joseph, E., 2006) & (The Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2010)
13. Diagnosis:
• Ocular examination:
• 1. Measurement of visual acuity
• (An up to date refraction should be available as part of the optometrist’s report)
• 2. Pupil examination
• 3. External eye examination including lids and lashes.
• 4. Measurement of intraocular pressure
• 5. Slit lamp examination
• -associated congenital anomalies of iris & lens.
• -type of cataract
• -iridodenesis/ phacodonesis
• 6. Dilated examination of the cataract and fundus
• 7. Biometry if the child is old enough to cooperate. If not this may need to be
done under anaesthesia
(Joseph, E., 2006) & (The Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2010)
15. Management:
• Indications for surgery:
-They are interfering with a person’s quality of life
-There is a reasonable prospect that surgery will lead to a significant improvement in vision.
-All dense cataract( unilateral/bilateral) & partial cataract with vision less than 6/18.
• Timing for surgery
-The critical period for development of fixation reflex is between 6 weeks & 6 months of age.
So, best time for surgery is before this period to prevent stimulus-deprivation amblyopia.
-In dense monocular cataract, the surgery should be done as early as possible, may be on the
next day after birth.
(Basak, SK., 2007)
16. Surgical Techniques:
• Options available for children are:
-Lensectomy
-Lens aspiration with IOL
-Lens aspiration with Primary Posterior Capsulotomy (PPC) and IOL
-Lens aspiration with PPC, Anterior Vitrectomy (AV) and IOL
-Lens aspiration with PPC, AV, IOL and Posterior capsular optic capture
(PCOC)
(Basak, SK., 2007)
17. Visual Rehabilitation:
• IOL Implantation
-Implanted with an IOL during surgery and the criteria of IOL implantation depend on the child’s age and
whether the cataract is unilateral or bilateral. It is perfectly safe and acceptable to perform primary
implantation in a child older than one year. A foldable acrylic hydrophobic IOL is the most biocompatible IOL.
• Contact Lens
-If no IOL is implanted, contact lenses are given as early as possible to prevent stimulus deprivation amblyopia.
Frequent retinoscopy should be performed to decide the power of CL and an overcorrection of +2 to +3D is
mandatory. Silicon lenses or soft hydrogels are well tolerated.
• Spectacles
-In some children with bilateral aphakia spectacles are better tolerated than contact lenses. In addition a
secondary strabismus may be manipulated by prismatic effect of spectacles. . Bifocal glasses should be
prescribed when the child is about to start school.
(Joseph, E., 2006)
18. Post-Operative Complications:
• -Inflammation
• - Deposition of pigment on lens
• - Iris capture/ Lens decentration
• - Retinal Detachment
• - Glaucoma
(The Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2010)
19. Prognosis:
• The visual outcome depends on:
-Unilateral /bilateral involvement
-Density of cataract during presentation
-Degree of visual impairment
(Basak, SK., 2007)
20. REFERENCES:
• Basak, SK., Essentials of Ophthalmology 4th edition, 2007. Current Books Int, India, 235-240.
• Bashour, M., et al., http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210837-clinical, 07 August 2007.
Congenital Cataract. [Assessed on 08-06-2013]
• Friedman, NJ & Kaiser, PK, Essentials of Ophthalmology, 2009. Saunders Elsevier, India, 92-95.
• Joseph, E., Management of Congenital Cataract, Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006; 18(3):
224-230.
• Taylor, D., Congenital cataract: the history, the nature and the practice, Journal of Eye, 1998, 12:
9-36.
• The Royal College of Ophthalmologists, Cataract Surgery Guidelines: Paediatric
Ophthalmology, September 2010: 25-31.
Editor's Notes
Bilateral cataracts: Idiopathic (60%), hereditary (30%; usually autosomal dominant, associated with or without systemic abnormalities), intrauterine infection (TORCHS syndromes (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, syphilis), mumps, vaccinia), associated with ocular disorders ( Leber’s congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), retinitis of prematurity, aniridia, Peter’s anomaly, ectopialentis, posterior lenticonus, uveitis, tumor (retinoblastoma, medullaepithelioma)), metabolic (diabetes, galactosemia, hypocalcemia, Lowe’s syndrome, congenital haemolytic jaundice, hypoglycaemia, mannosidosis, Alport’s syndrome, Fabry’s disease), maternal drug ingestion/ malnutrition, and trauma.Unilateral cataracts: Idiopathic (80%), intrauterine infection (rubella 33% unilateral), ocular abnormalities (10%), and trauma (9%).