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Network Protocol
Networking began in the 1960s when the US Department of Defense developed early computer networks to withstand a nuclear attack. The document then discusses the basics of networking including definitions of networking and common network types. It also explains the OSI model and its seven layers. Finally, it provides examples of DCS networks from Siemens and ABB that incorporate both Ethernet networks and high-speed serial networks to connect control system devices.
Network Protocols
TCP/IP is the universal protocol for internet communications. It is made up of two complementary protocols: TCP and IP. TCP breaks files into packets and ensures reliable delivery by reassembling packets and detecting errors. IP delivers each packet to its destination by dynamically choosing the best route. Ethernet is the most common networking technology, which uses the CSMA/CD protocol. CSMA/CD allows nodes to compete for access to transmit over the shared cable by first listening to check for silence before transmitting and detecting collisions.
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A protocol is a set of rules for exchanging data between devices and defines how messages should be formatted, transmitted and acknowledged. Some common protocols include HTTP for accessing web pages, SMTP for sending email, FTP for file transfers, TCP for reliable packet delivery across networks, and IP for logical addressing to route information between networks.
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This document discusses various local area network (LAN) technologies. It begins by defining LANs and explaining that they can connect devices within a single building or across multiple buildings. Common LAN technologies discussed include Ethernet, Token Ring, fiber, and wireless networks. Ethernet is currently the most widely used standard. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are also covered as higher-speed successors to standard Ethernet. The document also examines protocols, the OSI model, Ethernet coding standards, and different types of media like twisted pair and fiber optic cables.
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The IEEE 802 standards describe networking protocols for the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. The IEEE 802 committee develops these standards, with subcommittees focusing on specific technologies. The 802.5 standard defines Token Ring networks that use a logical ring topology and token passing to control access and prevent collisions. The 802.3 standard defines Ethernet networks that typically use a bus or star topology and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) for network access.
IEEE Standards
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Network Protocol
Networking began in the 1960s when the US Department of Defense developed early computer networks to withstand a nuclear attack. The document then discusses the basics of networking including definitions of networking and common network types. It also explains the OSI model and its seven layers. Finally, it provides examples of DCS networks from Siemens and ABB that incorporate both Ethernet networks and high-speed serial networks to connect control system devices.
Network Protocols
TCP/IP is the universal protocol for internet communications. It is made up of two complementary protocols: TCP and IP. TCP breaks files into packets and ensures reliable delivery by reassembling packets and detecting errors. IP delivers each packet to its destination by dynamically choosing the best route. Ethernet is the most common networking technology, which uses the CSMA/CD protocol. CSMA/CD allows nodes to compete for access to transmit over the shared cable by first listening to check for silence before transmitting and detecting collisions.
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This document discusses various local area network (LAN) technologies. It begins by defining LANs and explaining that they can connect devices within a single building or across multiple buildings. Common LAN technologies discussed include Ethernet, Token Ring, fiber, and wireless networks. Ethernet is currently the most widely used standard. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are also covered as higher-speed successors to standard Ethernet. The document also examines protocols, the OSI model, Ethernet coding standards, and different types of media like twisted pair and fiber optic cables.
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Data link layer
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Ethernet
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
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The document discusses the OSI data link layer and its role in data transfer between machines. It describes the key functions of the data link layer, including the medium access control (MAC) sublayer and logical link control (LLC) sublayer. The MAC sublayer governs access to shared transmission mediums and provides addressing and error detection, while the LLC sublayer interfaces with higher layers and provides connection-oriented and connectionless services. Common MAC protocols discussed include Ethernet, Token Ring, and wireless LAN standards.
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Its about the need for standard in networking, and caters to IEEE 802 standard in detail. FI you want to listen to this lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVD5sOpA0lc
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The document discusses various IEEE 802 standards for networking technologies including Ethernet, wireless LAN (802.11), and their variants and evolutions over time. It provides details on Ethernet standards and implementations such as 802.3, 10BASE5, 10BASE2, 10BASE-T, 10BASE-F, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet. It also summarizes key aspects of wireless networking standards such as 802.11 components, frame format, and physical layer specifications including FHSS, DSSS, OFDM, and associated data rates and frequencies.
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The document provides information about the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and various IEEE 802 standards. It discusses that IEEE was founded in 1884 and currently has over 400,000 members. It then describes several key IEEE 802 standards including 802.1 for bridging, 802.2 for logical link control, 802.3 for Ethernet, 802.5 for token ring, 802.11 for wireless LANs, and 802.15 for wireless personal area networks. For each standard, it provides details on the technology, purpose, advantages and disadvantages.
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The document discusses several key concepts relating to internet protocols:
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2. TCP/IP is the basic communication protocol of the internet that allows for end-to-end transmission of data packets in an unreliable manner, with packets possibly getting lost, corrupted, or delivered out of order.
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Enhancing and Operating Video Collaboration with your Network
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NUMERICAL & STATISTICAL METHODS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERING
NUMERICAL & STATISTICAL METHODS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERING
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Syllabus
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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Computer network
- 2. Syllabus of Networking in Gate • Concept of layering. LAN technologies (Ethernet). • Flow and error control techniques, switching. • IPv4/IPv6, routers and routing algorithms (distance vector, link state). TCP/UDP and sockets, congestion control. • Application layer protocols (DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, HTTP). • Basics of Wi-Fi. Network security: authentication, basics of public key and private key cryptography, digital signatures and certificates, firewalls.
- 3. What is Networking • A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share information and resources.
- 4. Types of Network • LAN(Local Area Network)-Point to Point Connection • MAN(Metropolitan Area Network) -a city, with dedicated or high performance hardware. ) • WAN(Wide Area Network)-A WAN is geographically dispersed collection of LANs.
- 5. Figure LAN MAN WAN
- 7. Concepts of Hubs, Switches, Bridge…
- 8. OSI Reference Model • OSI stands for (Open System Interconnection) deals with connecting upon system that are open for communication for other system. • According to ISO Standards, Networks have been divided into 7 layers. • Each layer has its standards for function complexity.
- 9. Architecture of OSI model
- 10. Function OF Each Layer Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Hardware Specification Framing Routing Multiplexing/ Duplexing Encoding and signalling. Acknowledgment Congestion Control Fragmentation and Reassembly Data Transmission and Reception Sequence Numbering Internetworking Error Control, Flow control. Topology and Network Design Error detection , Retransmission , Flow Control. Connection establishment/ Release
- 11. Function OF Each Layer Conti… Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer Check Authentication Manage Abstract Data Structures Gains Access to network. Establish and mention Session Compression Make check Points Encryption
- 13. Types of Error
- 16. Example of CRC
- 17. Error Correction 1. Backward Error Correction When the receiver detects an error in the data received, it requests back the sender to retransmit the data unit 2. Forward Error Correction When the receiver detects some error in the data received, it executes error-correcting code, which helps it to auto-recover and to correct some kinds of errors.
- 18. Question asked in Gate 2014 • A bit-stuffing based framing protocol uses an 8-bit delimiter pattern of 01111110. If the output bit-string after stuffing is 01111100101, then the input bit-string is • (A) 0111110100 • (B) 0111110101 • (C) 0111111101 • (D) 0111111111 • Correct Answer: B • A broadcast channel has 10 nodes and total capacity of 10 Mbps. It uses polling for medium access. Once a node finishes transmission, there is a polling delay of 80 μs to poll the next node. Whenever a node is polled, it is allowed to transmit a maximum of 1000 bytes. The maximum throughput of the broadcast channel is • A) 1 Mbps • B) 100/11 Mbps • C) 10 Mbps • D) 100 Mbps • Correct Answer: B •
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