The document discusses vermiculture, which is the breeding and raising of earthworms, and vermicomposting, which is the process of using earthworms to break down organic waste into a high-quality fertilizer called vermicast or vermicompost. It describes how earthworms were recognized by Aristotle and Darwin as playing a key role in building and enriching soil. The document outlines the advantages of vermiculture and vermicomposting, such as rapidly breaking down waste into a stable, nutrient-rich fertilizer, and discusses different methods like windrow composting, in-vessel systems, and various designs for vermicomposting beds and bins. It concludes that ver

1. INTRODUCTION
About 2,350 years ago Aristotle has said, “Earthworms are intestines of
the earth.” Only in the twentieth century has the truth in this statement
been verified and found correct. He was ahead of our times by two and
half of millennia. Darwin was another one to state: “No other creature
has contributed to building of earth as earthworm.”
Vermiculture is basically the science of breeding and raising
earthworms. It defines the thrilling potential for waste reduction,
fertilizer production, as well as an assortment of possible uses for the
future.
Vermicomposting is the process of producing organic fertilizer or the
vermicompost from bio-degradable materials with earthworms.
Composting with worms avoids the needless disposal of vegetative food
wastes and enjoys the benefits of high quality compost.
The earthworm is one of nature’s pinnacle “soil scientists.” Earthworms
are liberated and cost effective farm relief. The worms are accountable
for a variety of elements including turning common soil into superior
quality. They break down organic matter and when they eat, they leave
behind castings that are an exceptionally valuable type of fertilizer.
The humified composts and vermicomposts rapidly attain equilibrium
with the soil ecosystem without causing some of the major disruptions
commonly associated with raw organic wastes. These products are
valuable in agriculture as nutrient sources and in soil improvement.

2. Advantages of Vermiculture and Vermicomposting
Earthworms can break down organic matter very rapidly, resulting in
stable, nontoxic vermicomposts with a better structure, microbial
content, and available nutrient content than composts. These have a
potentially high economic value as soil conditioners or media for plant
growth. Although the best final products and the shortest residence
times are obtained by high-technology systems, the low-technology
ones can be easily adapted and managed in small farms or livestock
operations. Vermicompost is a finely divided, peatlike material with a
low C:N ratio, excellent structure, porosity, aeration, drainage, and
moisture-holding capacity, and it supplies a suitable mineral balance,
improves plant nutrient availability, and could act as complex-nutrient-source
granules.
Similarly to composting processes, vermicomposting reduces waste
bulk density, and recent research also showed that it greatly reduces
populations of pathogenic microorganisms). It is generally accepted
that the thermophilic stage during the composting process eliminates
human pathogens, but it has been shown that human pathogens are
also eliminated during vermicomposting, probably by means of an
antagonism mechanism.
As an aerobic process, both composting and vermicomposting lead to
N mineralization, but the presence of earthworms in vermicomposting
increases and accelerates the N mineralization rate. Moreover, the
humification rates that take place during the maturation stage are higher
and faster during vermicomposting, resulting in a greater decrease of
bio-available heavy metals. There is circumstantial evidence that the
final product may contain hormone-like compounds or plant growth

3. regula-tors that could accelerate plant growth and crop yields. The main
purpose when applying composting and vermicomposting technol-ogies
to organic-waste management has been to decrease landfill disposal and
to obtain value-added products that can be suitable for
commercialization. For this reason, many of the other applications of
these processes have been disregarded and poorly studied. Therefore, we
consider these two processes of utmost importance for stabilizing
organic wastes, and at the same time solving or at least minimizing those
environmental problems that could arise from their disposal

4. VERMICAST
The vermicast is a good organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. It is
produced by the decomposition of organic matter or agricultural
wastes. High-quality vermicast can be produced by worms such as the
red wrigglers. It contains humus with high levels of nutrients such as
nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
The vermicast produced in the project was black and crumbly. It is rich
in nutrients. It will be used in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, and
agriculture. The vermicompost itself is beneficial for the land in many
ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus
or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil.
Indeed, the use of red wriggler worms to produce vermicast has good
potential for the production of organic fertilizer.

5. Substrates
The substrates, or media where the red wriggler worms exist, were
ubiquitous in the community. We applied several substrates in the vermi
beds in our several substrate treatments. We used substrates such as
manure of livestock including carabao, chicken and goat; decomposed
and partially decomposed plant wastes such as rice straw and rice hull;
shredded moist newspapers; and vermicast containing red wrigglers.
Manures of the carabao, chicken and goat contribute to the fertility of
the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that
are trapped by bacteria in the soil. Meanwhile, rice straw is the only
organic material available in significant quantities to most rice farmers.
About 40 percent of the nitrogen, 30 to 35 percent of the phosphorus,
80 to 85 percent of the potassium and 40 to 50 percent of the sulfur
taken up by rice remains in vegetative plant parts at crop maturity.

6. COMPOSTING AND VERMICOMPOSTING PROCESSES
Composting and vermicomposting are two of the best-known processes
for the biological stabilization of solid organic wastes. Composting
involves the accelerated degradation of organic matter by
microorganisms under controlled conditions, during the organic material
undergoes a characteristic thermophilic stage 45°C–65°C (113°F–
149°F) that allows sanitization of the waste by the elimination of
pathogenic microorganisms. Two phases can be distinguished in
composting: (a) the thermophilic stage, where decomposition takes place
more intensively and which therefore constitutes the active phase of
composting; (b) a maturing stage, which is marked by decreases in the
temperature to the mesophilic range and where the remaining organic
compounds are degraded at a slower rate.

7. OPEN COMPOSTING SYSTEMS
A Windrow Composting
This consists of placing the mixtures of different raw organic materials
in long, narrow piles or windrows that are turned mechanically on a
regular basis to aerate them.
B Forced Aerated Static Piles
Forced aeration systems are intended to supply air to the composting
mass using pressurized air systems,There are basically three ways to
oxygenate the piles:
1. Bottom Suction
The air is drawn through the pile by the imposition of negative pressure.
2. Bottom Blowing
Aeration is provided by blowing air through the pile.
3. Alternative Ventilation
In these systems bottom blowing aeration is alternated with bottom
suction aeration.

8. IN-VESSEL COMPOSTING
In-vessel composting refers to a group of methods that confine the mass
to be composted inside a building, container, or vessel. In-vessel systems
are designed to promote rapid digestion rates by careful monitoring and
control of the compost-ing process; although these systems can produce
an end product more quickly, they are more complex and relatively
costly to build, operate, and maintain. There are a variety of in-vessel
methods with different combinations of vessels, aeration devices, and
turning mechanisms.
A Continuous Vertical reactors
Usually the materials are loaded up from the top of the reactor and
discharged from the bottom.
B orizontal Reactors
The materials are arranged along the length of the unit, and the height
never exceeds 2–3 m (6–9 ft).

9. OPEN VERMICOMPOSTING SYSTEMS
A Low-Cost Floor Beds
The traditional methods of vermicomposting have been based on beds or
windrows on the ground containing materials up to 45 cm (1.5 ft) deep,
but such methods have numerous drawbacks. They require large areas of
land for large-scale production and are relatively labor-intensive, even
when machinery is used for adding materials to the beds, watering, and
harvesting the products.
B Gantry-Fed Beds
An important principle to improve the efficiency of processing of
organic wastes by earthworms is to add the wastes to the beds in thin
layers of 2.5–5.0 cm (1–2 in) at frequent intervals.
C Raised Gantry-Fed Beds
Earthworms are usually confined to the top 10–15 cm (4–6 in) of the
bed. The efficiency and rate of processing the wastes can be
considerably increased by placing the bed above the ground.
D Dorset Wedge-Style Beds
The design of this type of bed is quite different from the relatively
shallow flat beds described previously. Waste is added to the angled
leading edge in shallow layers.

10. IN-CONTAINERVERMICOMPOSTING
A Bins
Other systems refer to the use of bins or large containers, often stacked
in racks.
B Batch Reactors
Much more promising techniques have used containers provided with
legs.

11. CONCLUSIONS
The Vermiculture and Vermicomposting activity is such a worthwhile
and exciting venture,It is a substantial way of reducing wastes,
producing fertilizers and maintaining the balance of the ecological
environment. Vermicomposting can produce high-quality fertilizers
which are better compared to other commercial fertilizers in the market;
converts farm wastes into organic fertilizer, making it an environment-friendly
technology; Vermiculture increases crop yield and lessens
dependence on chemical fertilizers thus mitigating climate change; can
be made into a livelihood program and become a source of extra income
through selling the vermicast and also the vermi worms;

12. REFERENCE
. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiSki/Earthworms.
. http://agri.and.nic.in/vermi_culture.htm
. APPLIED ZOOLOGY -ZOOLOGICAL SOCIET STUDY MATERIAL
. SCERT SCIENCE BOOK