Ritu(933)
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•117 views
Gastrulation in mammals establishes the basic body plan and three primary germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - through a complex series of cell movements and shape changes in the blastula. The ectoderm forms the skin, nervous system, and sense organs. The mesoderm forms the skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, heart, blood, gonads, kidneys, and skin dermis. The endoderm lines the digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas, thymus, and thyroid. Cells move during gastrulation through invagination, involution, delamination, and ingression. Gastrulation in mammals follows a similar pattern to birds, forming
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
GASTRULATION final.pptx
Gastrulation is the first stage of body plan formation where the single-layered blastoderm gives rise to the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. There are a few basic types of cell movements during gastrulation including invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, and epiboly. These coordinated movements result in the presumptive organ-forming areas being positioned correctly in the embryo. Tubulation then occurs, where the primary organ rudiments further differentiate into secondary organ rudiments through processes like neurogenesis, notogenesis, and mesogenesis to form structures such as the neural tube, notochord, and somitic mesoder
Vertebrate Development
The document outlines the six main stages of vertebrate development: fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, neural crest formation, and organogenesis. It describes the key events that occur during each stage, including the entry of sperm and initiation of cell division during fertilization, the formation of the blastula from cleavage, the invagination of cells during gastrulation, the formation of the neural tube during neurulation, and the differentiation of tissues and organs from the germ layers during organogenesis. Examples are provided for how these stages differ across key vertebrate groups like amphibians, birds, and mammals.
Establishment of axis in animals
1) Axes formation follows gastrulation and is controlled by specific genes that determine the structure of the body. Three main axes form - dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior, and left-right.
2) Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the neural plate. Primary neurulation involves fusion of neural folds while secondary neurulation forms a hollow neural cord. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord.
3) Anterior-posterior patterning in zebrafish involves an initiation phase setting up head and trunk territories, and an elaboration phase forming the trunk and tail. A balance of FGF, Wnts, and retinoic acid regulates this process.
microtubules and microfilaments
The document summarizes the structure and function of microtubules in eukaryotic cells. It discusses how microtubules are composed of protein subunits that assemble into hollow tubes. Microtubules emanate from microtubule organizing centers and serve important roles as structural supports, in intracellular transport through motor proteins like kinesin and dynein, and in cell division through formation of the mitotic spindle. Microtubules are also the main components of cilia and flagella and enable their bending movements through the motor protein dynein.
Early Vertebrate development
The four main processes of early development are fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Fertilization involves the combination of an egg and sperm cell to form a zygote. Cleavage is the rapid cell division of the zygote to form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. Gastrulation rearranges the cells of the blastula into three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Finally, during organogenesis these germ layers develop into the internal organs of the organism.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS
Primary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures α-helix and β-sheet are mainly identified.
α-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of α-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
β-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
β-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of α-helix and β-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
Embryonic Gastrulation by Maryam Borhani-Haghighi
Gastrulation is a phase in the embryonic development during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three-layered") structure known as the gastrula.
Recommended
GASTRULATION final.pptx
Gastrulation is the first stage of body plan formation where the single-layered blastoderm gives rise to the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. There are a few basic types of cell movements during gastrulation including invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, and epiboly. These coordinated movements result in the presumptive organ-forming areas being positioned correctly in the embryo. Tubulation then occurs, where the primary organ rudiments further differentiate into secondary organ rudiments through processes like neurogenesis, notogenesis, and mesogenesis to form structures such as the neural tube, notochord, and somitic mesoder
Vertebrate Development
The document outlines the six main stages of vertebrate development: fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, neural crest formation, and organogenesis. It describes the key events that occur during each stage, including the entry of sperm and initiation of cell division during fertilization, the formation of the blastula from cleavage, the invagination of cells during gastrulation, the formation of the neural tube during neurulation, and the differentiation of tissues and organs from the germ layers during organogenesis. Examples are provided for how these stages differ across key vertebrate groups like amphibians, birds, and mammals.
Establishment of axis in animals
1) Axes formation follows gastrulation and is controlled by specific genes that determine the structure of the body. Three main axes form - dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior, and left-right.
2) Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the neural plate. Primary neurulation involves fusion of neural folds while secondary neurulation forms a hollow neural cord. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord.
3) Anterior-posterior patterning in zebrafish involves an initiation phase setting up head and trunk territories, and an elaboration phase forming the trunk and tail. A balance of FGF, Wnts, and retinoic acid regulates this process.
microtubules and microfilaments
The document summarizes the structure and function of microtubules in eukaryotic cells. It discusses how microtubules are composed of protein subunits that assemble into hollow tubes. Microtubules emanate from microtubule organizing centers and serve important roles as structural supports, in intracellular transport through motor proteins like kinesin and dynein, and in cell division through formation of the mitotic spindle. Microtubules are also the main components of cilia and flagella and enable their bending movements through the motor protein dynein.
Early Vertebrate development
The four main processes of early development are fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Fertilization involves the combination of an egg and sperm cell to form a zygote. Cleavage is the rapid cell division of the zygote to form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. Gastrulation rearranges the cells of the blastula into three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Finally, during organogenesis these germ layers develop into the internal organs of the organism.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS
Primary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures α-helix and β-sheet are mainly identified.
α-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of α-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
β-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
β-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of α-helix and β-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
Embryonic Gastrulation by Maryam Borhani-Haghighi
Gastrulation is a phase in the embryonic development during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three-layered") structure known as the gastrula.
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from them
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from it. Embryonic layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm form different structures during embryonic development.
Brain of vertebrates
The document summarizes the development and comparative anatomy of the vertebrate brain. It describes how the embryonic brain divides into three primary vesicles - the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. It then discusses the specific structures that develop from each of these regions across different vertebrate groups, including differences in brain structure between cyclostomes, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key differences include the size of regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and olfactory bulbs across the groups.
Limb development in vertebrates
This document summarizes limb development in vertebrates using the chicken wing and mouse forelimb as models. It describes how the limb develops axes and patterns of differentiated tissues over time. The early limb bud consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells covered by ectoderm. As the bud elongates, the thickened apical ectodermal ridge and differences in expansion across the limb axes influence patterning and contribute to formation of proximal versus distal structures. While chicken wings and mouse forelimbs follow similar developmental processes, there are some differences in morphology and growth.
Nervous System- Comparative account of Brain.pdf
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of brains across vertebrates. It notes that all vertebrate brains share a common underlying form and early development, with three initial swellings that become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Across classes like fish, amphibians, and mammals, the relative sizes of these parts change. In mammals, the forebrain grows much larger and dominates. The functions of different brain regions are also described. The development of brain vesicles and flexures is outlined. Finally, features of the brain in different vertebrates like sharks, frogs, lizards, pigeons, and rabbits are compared.
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...
The document discusses different types of eggs based on various classification schemes. Eggs can be classified based on the amount of yolk present as alecithal (no yolk), microlecithal (small amount of yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), or macrolecithal/megalecithal (large amount of yolk). They can also be classified based on yolk distribution as isolecithal (uniform), telolecithal (concentrated at one pole), or centrolecithal (yolk at the center). Additionally, eggs are classified as mosaic (development predetermined) or regulative (development not predetermined), and as cleidoic (hard shell) or
Cleavage
1. Cleavage is the first phase of embryonic development after fertilization where the fertilized egg undergoes rapid, indirect cell divisions (mitosis) without an increase in overall size to form a multicellular embryo.
2. The pattern of cleavage depends on how much yolk is present in the egg. Eggs with little yolk (isolecithal) undergo total cleavage (holoblastic), while eggs with more yolk have partial cleavage (meroblastic).
3. In amphibians, which have mesoleithal eggs, cleavage is initially equal but becomes unequal with larger vegetal and smaller animal cells. This leads to the formation of a blastula with a fluid-filled cavity (
Coelom formation in protostomes and deuterostomes and types of coelom
The document summarizes key aspects of comparative embryology in mammals such as the formation of the coelom, types of extra-embryonic membranes, and gastrulation. Specifically, it discusses how the coelom forms from the mesodermal layer and the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes. It also outlines the main extra-embryonic membranes - yolk sac, allantois, amnion and chorion - and their functions in protection and nutrient/waste exchange during development.
Protein sorting in mitochondria
Mitochondria contain proteins encoded by both their own genome and the nuclear genome. Newly synthesized nuclear-encoded proteins contain targeting signals that direct them to the mitochondria. There are several pathways that transport mitochondrial proteins across the outer and inner membranes and sort them to their correct submitochondrial compartment - the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, or matrix. Protein translocases like TOM, TIM23, and TIM22 recognize different targeting signals and mediate the transport and sorting of precursor proteins to their proper destinations.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are considered the powerhouses of the cell. They contain their own DNA and machinery for transcription and translation. Evidence suggests that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have similarities to bacteria in terms of size, membrane structure, ribosomes, and DNA shape. They produce energy for the cell through oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in processes like apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to disease by failing to produce sufficient energy for cellular functions.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
Blastulation
Blastulation refers to the process in early embryonic development where the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions through cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then develops a fluid-filled cavity, forming a structure called a blastocyst composed of an inner cell mass and outer layer of trophoblast cells. The blastocyst undergoes further differentiation, with the inner cell mass forming the embryo and extraembryonic tissues such as the amnion, yolk sac, and allantois developing to support the growth and development of the embryo.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Genetic regulation n drosophila development
1. Three groups of genes play important roles in genetic regulation of development in Drosophila: maternal effect genes, segmentation genes, and homeotic selector genes.
2. Maternal effect genes determine polarity in the egg and early embryo. Segmentation genes establish segment boundaries and include gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes.
3. Homeotic selector genes, also called hox genes, regulate development of body structures and are organized into two clusters, Antennapedia and Bithorax, that control segment identity.
Regeneration in vertebrates
This document discusses regeneration in living organisms. It defines regeneration as the ability to replace or renew damaged or lost body parts after embryonic development. Regeneration involves growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation regulated by signaling pathways like WNT and FGF. There are three main types of regeneration: physiological regeneration which replaces regularly lost cells; reparative regeneration which repairs wounds or lost parts; and autotomy where animals self-detach parts when threatened. Regeneration abilities vary across vertebrates, from restricted tissue regeneration in mammals to full limb regeneration in salamanders and fish fin regeneration. The process of limb regeneration occurs in three phases: wound healing, blastema formation from progenitor cells, and redifferentiation of the blastema into
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
Nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope encloses the DNA and defines the nuclear compartment. It is composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear pores have a diameter between 10-100nm and their number, or pore density, correlates with a cell's transcriptional activity. Transport through the pores is regulated by signal proteins that open the pores to precisely the right extent to allow passage of molecules and particles between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments.
Germ cell migration.
1. In vertebrates like amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, germ cells known as primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate from their origin site to the developing gonads, or genital ridges.
2. In amphibians, PGCs form in the animal pole of the blastula and migrate through the gut epithelium to reach the developing gonads.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the yolk sac near the hindgut and migrate through the gut and up the dorsal mesentery into the developing gonads in the genital ridges. Monoclonal antibodies are used to identify migrating PGCs in mice embryos.
Vulva development - C.elegans
here is a brief explanation about the valva development in the C.elegans
hope you will find it good and informative
and simple
Development of frog up to formation of three germ layers, Blastula Stage, Gas...
Development of frog up to formation of three germ layers, Blastula Stage, Gastrula Stage, Archenteron formation
Developmental Biology
The document summarizes key aspects of embryonic development in animals, including:
- The three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) and what tissues each produces. The endoderm forms digestive tract linings, the mesoderm forms muscles and circulatory tissues, and the ectoderm forms the epidermis and nervous system.
- Cleavage patterns in early embryos, including holoblastic vs meroblastic cleavage. Cleavage planes like meridional, vertical, equatorial and latitudinal are also defined.
- Fate maps show the positions of presumptive tissues in early embryos, like those of amphioxus which mark areas that will form
Embryogenesis
1. Embryogenesis begins with fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell, forming a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage, dividing into multiple cells while maintaining the same size.
2. After the 7th cleavage division forming 128 cells, it is called a blastula. Cells then migrate inward during gastrulation, forming the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm germ layers.
3. The endoderm forms the inner lining of the digestive system. The mesoderm forms muscles, bone, blood and other tissues between the endoderm and ectoderm. The ectoderm forms the outer layer including the skin and nervous system.
More Related Content
What's hot
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from them
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from it. Embryonic layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm form different structures during embryonic development.
Brain of vertebrates
The document summarizes the development and comparative anatomy of the vertebrate brain. It describes how the embryonic brain divides into three primary vesicles - the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. It then discusses the specific structures that develop from each of these regions across different vertebrate groups, including differences in brain structure between cyclostomes, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key differences include the size of regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and olfactory bulbs across the groups.
Limb development in vertebrates
This document summarizes limb development in vertebrates using the chicken wing and mouse forelimb as models. It describes how the limb develops axes and patterns of differentiated tissues over time. The early limb bud consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells covered by ectoderm. As the bud elongates, the thickened apical ectodermal ridge and differences in expansion across the limb axes influence patterning and contribute to formation of proximal versus distal structures. While chicken wings and mouse forelimbs follow similar developmental processes, there are some differences in morphology and growth.
Nervous System- Comparative account of Brain.pdf
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of brains across vertebrates. It notes that all vertebrate brains share a common underlying form and early development, with three initial swellings that become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Across classes like fish, amphibians, and mammals, the relative sizes of these parts change. In mammals, the forebrain grows much larger and dominates. The functions of different brain regions are also described. The development of brain vesicles and flexures is outlined. Finally, features of the brain in different vertebrates like sharks, frogs, lizards, pigeons, and rabbits are compared.
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...
The document discusses different types of eggs based on various classification schemes. Eggs can be classified based on the amount of yolk present as alecithal (no yolk), microlecithal (small amount of yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), or macrolecithal/megalecithal (large amount of yolk). They can also be classified based on yolk distribution as isolecithal (uniform), telolecithal (concentrated at one pole), or centrolecithal (yolk at the center). Additionally, eggs are classified as mosaic (development predetermined) or regulative (development not predetermined), and as cleidoic (hard shell) or
Cleavage
1. Cleavage is the first phase of embryonic development after fertilization where the fertilized egg undergoes rapid, indirect cell divisions (mitosis) without an increase in overall size to form a multicellular embryo.
2. The pattern of cleavage depends on how much yolk is present in the egg. Eggs with little yolk (isolecithal) undergo total cleavage (holoblastic), while eggs with more yolk have partial cleavage (meroblastic).
3. In amphibians, which have mesoleithal eggs, cleavage is initially equal but becomes unequal with larger vegetal and smaller animal cells. This leads to the formation of a blastula with a fluid-filled cavity (
Coelom formation in protostomes and deuterostomes and types of coelom
The document summarizes key aspects of comparative embryology in mammals such as the formation of the coelom, types of extra-embryonic membranes, and gastrulation. Specifically, it discusses how the coelom forms from the mesodermal layer and the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes. It also outlines the main extra-embryonic membranes - yolk sac, allantois, amnion and chorion - and their functions in protection and nutrient/waste exchange during development.
Protein sorting in mitochondria
Mitochondria contain proteins encoded by both their own genome and the nuclear genome. Newly synthesized nuclear-encoded proteins contain targeting signals that direct them to the mitochondria. There are several pathways that transport mitochondrial proteins across the outer and inner membranes and sort them to their correct submitochondrial compartment - the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, or matrix. Protein translocases like TOM, TIM23, and TIM22 recognize different targeting signals and mediate the transport and sorting of precursor proteins to their proper destinations.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are considered the powerhouses of the cell. They contain their own DNA and machinery for transcription and translation. Evidence suggests that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have similarities to bacteria in terms of size, membrane structure, ribosomes, and DNA shape. They produce energy for the cell through oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in processes like apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to disease by failing to produce sufficient energy for cellular functions.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
Blastulation
Blastulation refers to the process in early embryonic development where the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions through cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula then develops a fluid-filled cavity, forming a structure called a blastocyst composed of an inner cell mass and outer layer of trophoblast cells. The blastocyst undergoes further differentiation, with the inner cell mass forming the embryo and extraembryonic tissues such as the amnion, yolk sac, and allantois developing to support the growth and development of the embryo.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Genetic regulation n drosophila development
1. Three groups of genes play important roles in genetic regulation of development in Drosophila: maternal effect genes, segmentation genes, and homeotic selector genes.
2. Maternal effect genes determine polarity in the egg and early embryo. Segmentation genes establish segment boundaries and include gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes.
3. Homeotic selector genes, also called hox genes, regulate development of body structures and are organized into two clusters, Antennapedia and Bithorax, that control segment identity.
Regeneration in vertebrates
This document discusses regeneration in living organisms. It defines regeneration as the ability to replace or renew damaged or lost body parts after embryonic development. Regeneration involves growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation regulated by signaling pathways like WNT and FGF. There are three main types of regeneration: physiological regeneration which replaces regularly lost cells; reparative regeneration which repairs wounds or lost parts; and autotomy where animals self-detach parts when threatened. Regeneration abilities vary across vertebrates, from restricted tissue regeneration in mammals to full limb regeneration in salamanders and fish fin regeneration. The process of limb regeneration occurs in three phases: wound healing, blastema formation from progenitor cells, and redifferentiation of the blastema into
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
Nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope encloses the DNA and defines the nuclear compartment. It is composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores that regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear pores have a diameter between 10-100nm and their number, or pore density, correlates with a cell's transcriptional activity. Transport through the pores is regulated by signal proteins that open the pores to precisely the right extent to allow passage of molecules and particles between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments.
Germ cell migration.
1. In vertebrates like amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, germ cells known as primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate from their origin site to the developing gonads, or genital ridges.
2. In amphibians, PGCs form in the animal pole of the blastula and migrate through the gut epithelium to reach the developing gonads.
3. In mammals, PGCs form in the yolk sac near the hindgut and migrate through the gut and up the dorsal mesentery into the developing gonads in the genital ridges. Monoclonal antibodies are used to identify migrating PGCs in mice embryos.
Vulva development - C.elegans
here is a brief explanation about the valva development in the C.elegans
hope you will find it good and informative
and simple
Development of frog up to formation of three germ layers, Blastula Stage, Gas...
Development of frog up to formation of three germ layers, Blastula Stage, Gastrula Stage, Archenteron formation
What's hot (20)
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from them
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from them
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...
Coelom formation in protostomes and deuterostomes and types of coelom
Coelom formation in protostomes and deuterostomes and types of coelom
Development of frog up to formation of three germ layers, Blastula Stage, Gas...
Development of frog up to formation of three germ layers, Blastula Stage, Gas...
Similar to Ritu(933)
Developmental Biology
The document summarizes key aspects of embryonic development in animals, including:
- The three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) and what tissues each produces. The endoderm forms digestive tract linings, the mesoderm forms muscles and circulatory tissues, and the ectoderm forms the epidermis and nervous system.
- Cleavage patterns in early embryos, including holoblastic vs meroblastic cleavage. Cleavage planes like meridional, vertical, equatorial and latitudinal are also defined.
- Fate maps show the positions of presumptive tissues in early embryos, like those of amphioxus which mark areas that will form
Embryogenesis
1. Embryogenesis begins with fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell, forming a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage, dividing into multiple cells while maintaining the same size.
2. After the 7th cleavage division forming 128 cells, it is called a blastula. Cells then migrate inward during gastrulation, forming the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm germ layers.
3. The endoderm forms the inner lining of the digestive system. The mesoderm forms muscles, bone, blood and other tissues between the endoderm and ectoderm. The ectoderm forms the outer layer including the skin and nervous system.
Life History And Embryogenesis
The document summarizes key stages in animal embryogenesis including fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulation. During fertilization, a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote. Cleavage involves cell divisions that form a ball of cells or blastula. Gastrulation establishes the three germ layers through cell movements. It occurs differently depending on egg characteristics like yolk content. Neurulation transforms the gastrula into a neurula by forming the neural tube from ectoderm.
Amnion & early development
- Mammalian eggs are among the smallest in the animal kingdom. After sperm entry, the male and female pronuclei fuse without forming a zygote nucleus. Cleavages are slow, about 12-24 hours apart.
- Following the third cleavage, the blastomeres compact into a ball and further divide. The morula forms, with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast cells. Cavitation occurs as trophoblast cells secrete fluid.
- The blastocyst implants in the uterus. The inner cell mass forms the embryo and associated structures, while trophoblast cells form the chorion and fetal part of the placenta. Gastrulation begins through a primitive streak, forming
Common types of cells
This document describes different types of cells found in the human body. It discusses epithelial tissue, which covers surfaces and lines body cavities. The main types of epithelial tissue are squamous, columnar, cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional epithelium. It also describes connective tissue such as fibroblasts, adipose tissue, and muscle fibers. Finally, it lists different immune/inflammatory cells like polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages.
Study of animal tissue
This document discusses the structure and types of animal tissues. It begins by defining cells and their organelles. There are two main types of cells - somatic cells which make up the general body tissues, and germ cells which are involved in reproduction. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. The document then goes into detail about each type of tissue, describing their structure and functions. It provides examples of different simple and compound epithelial and connective tissues, as well as skeletal tissues like cartilage and bone.
biologyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
This document discusses animal physiology, including gamete formation, fertilization, zygote formation, and yolk classification. It then summarizes the stages of early embryonic development - cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulation. Finally, it covers animal nutrition including food uptake, types of feeders, digestive compartments, accessory organs, and calories as a measure of energy in food. Key points include the fusion of gametes leading to a zygote, the formation of germ layers and blastocyst during embryonic development, and specialized organs that process and absorb nutrients in animals with a complete digestive system.
3.tissues of body
This document provides an overview of different types of tissues in the human body. It discusses epithelial tissues, which include simple and stratified epithelia. Examples are given such as simple squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelia. Glandular epithelia are also described. The document then summarizes connective tissues, including connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood. It identifies fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts as cells that secrete the extracellular matrix. Finally, it classifies connective tissues and describes examples such as areolar, dense regular, and elastic connective tissues.
Organogenesis by AAR
Organogenesis in Amphibians
Organogenesis in Mammals
Organogenesis in General
Organogenesis in Birds
Organogenesis in Frog
Organogenesis in Fishes
cellmduring gastulation ppt..........nabakishor...
This document discusses cell movement during amphibian gastrulation. It begins by introducing gastrulation and how it establishes the three germ layers and body plan. There are a few basic types of cell movement during gastrulation: invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, and epiboly. The document then focuses on amphibian gastrulation, noting that bottle cells first sink in and the blastopore forms opposite the sperm entry point. Involution begins dorsally and the mesoderm enters through the expanding blastopore lip through the end of gastrulation.
Section 1.pptx
This document summarizes key characteristics of animals. It discusses that animals are heterotrophs that move to find food which is digested inside the body. Animals are also multicellular and diploid, and almost all reproduce sexually. During embryonic development, the zygote forms a blastula and then three germ layers that give rise to tissues and organ systems. Animals display a variety of body plans ranging from radial to bilateral symmetry.
ANIMAL-TISSUES.pdf
The document discusses different types of animal tissues. It begins by describing the basic structure and function of cells. It then discusses four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Under connective tissues, it describes different types in more detail, including areolar and adipose connective tissues. Areolar tissue functions to connect structures throughout the body, while adipose tissue acts as a food reserve and insulator.
TISSUE AND GLANDS BASIC
Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues are the four primary tissue types that make up the human body. Epithelial tissues form the epidermis and line body cavities and organs. They are classified based on the number of cell layers and shapes. Connective tissues are made of cells separated by non-living substances. They include blood, bone, fat, cartilage and fibrous tissues that support and bind other tissues. Muscular tissues contain cells that are able to contract and relax to create movement. Nervous tissues conduct electrical signals in the form of nerve impulses throughout the body.
Cilia Are Tiny Hairs Of The Respiratory Tract By Capturing...
Glomerular filtration is the major function of the glomerulus, where it filters the blood using the glomerular capillary wall to produce an ultrafiltrate. This process differs from transcapillary exchange in other organs by almost completely excluding plasma proteins the size of albumin or larger from the filtrate. Additionally, glomeruli exhibit an extraordinarily high permeability-surface area product, allowing large volumes of filtrate to be produced while retaining proteins in the blood.
Animal tissues
The document summarizes the four basic types of tissues in animals - connective, muscle, nervous and epithelial tissues. It then provides more detailed descriptions of each tissue type, including their composition, functions and examples. For plant tissues, it describes the three main types - epidermis, ground and vascular tissues. It also discusses the two broad categories of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues, providing examples of different meristematic and permanent tissue types.
Journey of an embryo...development biology
1. Neurulation and organogenesis are key developmental processes in early embryos. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate and tube which give rise to the central nervous system. Organogenesis is when specific organs are formed through cell differentiation and tissue interactions.
2. The three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - produce different organ systems. The endoderm forms lung, thyroid and pancreas tissues. The mesoderm aids in heart, muscle, kidney and blood development. The ectoderm produces skin and neural tissues.
3. Embryonic development proceeds through stages of cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis as the single-celled z
Stem cells
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are derived from embryos and are pluripotent, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cell research holds promise for developing new treatments for diseases by enabling cell regeneration and replacement. However, there are still challenges to overcome regarding isolating and delivering stem cells safely and effectively for clinical applications.
Stem cells , culture and technologies
Stem cells have the ability to renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in adult tissues. Stem cell research aims to understand development and cell differentiation processes and develop therapies for diseases. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells are cultured in controlled conditions to maintain their undifferentiated state and are characterized based on gene expression and differentiation potential.
Fertilization and Development
Internal fertilization involves the male releasing sperm into the female reproductive tract, increasing chances of fertilization. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula and gastrula. The gastrula forms the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm - which give rise to the organs of animals. In humans, the blastocyst implants in the uterus and develops a placenta and umbilical cord to exchange gases and nutrients with the mother.
Tissues
slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
Similar to Ritu(933) (20)
biologyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
biologyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
cellmduring gastulation ppt..........nabakishor...
cellmduring gastulation ppt..........nabakishor...
Cilia Are Tiny Hairs Of The Respiratory Tract By Capturing...
Cilia Are Tiny Hairs Of The Respiratory Tract By Capturing...
More from ritu sheoran
Heavy metal removal in wastewater
This document discusses conventional and biological methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It outlines various sources of heavy metal pollution and factors that affect heavy metal removal. Primary methods for removing heavy metals from water include physical and chemical processes, while biological methods include adsorption, the use of activated carbon, agricultural residues, and nanotechnology. Adsorption is recognized as a promising option due to its low cost and ease of use. Both conventional and biological methods should be improved to develop safe and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques.
Environment protection act and rules
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Environment Protection Act of 1986 in India. It was enacted to protect and improve the environment in the wake of the Bhopal gas tragedy. The Act gives powers to the central government to coordinate environmental protection efforts. It establishes rules and penalties related to pollution. The Act has 4 chapters covering general powers, pollution prevention and control, roles of government analysts, and miscellaneous items. Landmark court cases that have referenced the Act are also summarized.
Biosafety
This document discusses biosafety levels for working with microorganisms. It describes the four biosafety levels from BSL-1 to BSL-4, providing more stringent safety protocols for higher levels that involve more dangerous pathogens. BSL-1 involves well-characterized microbes and requires standard practices like handwashing. BSL-2 adds personal protective equipment, waste decontamination, and controlled access. BSL-3 further restricts access and requires respiratory protection due to airborne risks. BSL-4 is for dangerous exotic pathogens and requires the most stringent containment and protective equipment, including full body isolation suits.
Toll like receptor and MHC
Toll-like receptors are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system by recognizing structurally conserved molecules from microbes. There are multiple Toll-like receptors that recognize different microbial components. Upon activation, Toll-like receptors recruit adaptor proteins to initiate signaling pathways that result in immune responses. The major histocompatibility complex is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system. Major histocompatibility complex molecules are involved in antigen presentation and discriminating between self and non-self.
classes of immunoglobulin
There are five classes of immunoglobulins or antibodies found in serum: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different structure and function. IgA is found in mucous membranes and body fluids. It prevents attachment of viruses and bacteria. IgD is found on B cells and may help initiate immune responses. IgE binds to mast cells and basophils and triggers allergic reactions. IgG is the most abundant antibody and can cross the placenta to provide immunity to infants. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and can activate the complement system.
Waste water treatment
Different methods used in waste water treatment (conventional and biological method) summarizes various waste water treatment processes. Conventional methods include preliminary treatment like screens and grit removal, primary treatment using sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment using activated sludge or trickling filters. Biological treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste aerobically or anaerobically. Anaerobic processes like anaerobic digestion and UASB reactors produce biogas and reduce sludge. The document provides details on the microbial life and processes involved in waste water treatment.
Compost
The document discusses different types and methods of composting. It describes compost as organic matter that is decomposed through the process of composting. Composting can occur aerobically or anaerobically and different microorganisms are involved at different stages of decomposition. Various methods for making compost are described, including the pit method, heap method, Indore method, and NADEP method. Factors that affect aerobic composting like oxygen, temperature, moisture, pH, and nutrients are also outlined. The key difference between aerobic and anaerobic composting is that aerobic supports faster decomposition while anaerobic can lead to emission of unpleasant gases and pathogens may remain.
More from ritu sheoran (7)
Recently uploaded
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Recently uploaded (20)
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Ritu(933)
- 1. Gastrulation in mammals Ritu sheoran Roll –no 933 BSC zoology hons .
- 2. Gastrulation in mammals:- Gastrulation is a process involving a complex sereies of cell shape changes and cell movements that occurs in blastula. It establishes the basic body plan and creates the three primary germ layers. Ectoderm-exterior Mesoderm-middle Endoderm-inner
- 3. Ectoderm-epidermis of skin,nervous system,sense organs. Mesoderm-skeleton,muscles,blood vessels,heart,blood,gonads,kidneys,dermis of skin. Endoderm-lining of digestive and respiratory tracts,liver,pancreas,thymus,thyroid. Cells move during gastrulation using a variety of cell shape changes. Cells that are tightly attached to each other via junctions will move as cell sheets. Invagination- cell sheet dents inward. Involution-cell sheet rolls inward. Delamination-cell sheet splits in two. Ingression-cells break away from cell sheet and migrate as individual cells.
- 4. Gastrulation patterns in mammals:- The gastrular movements that is the formation of primitive streak and groove are similar to that of birds. Embryo develops from inner cell mass. The cell movements through give rise three germ layers. The inner cell mass,or embryoblast differentiates into lower hypoplastic and upper epiblast forming a bilaminar disc. The cell of hypoblast then spread around the blastocyst cavity as extraemryonic endoderm forming a yolk sac,which is only a fluid filled cavity without yolk. The underlying hypoblast cells are cuboidal but become columnar one side to form the prechordal plate.
- 6. Extraemryonic membrane:- Nourish and protect the developing embryo. These membrane are formed from embrynoic cell. Formation of fetal membranes , a characteristic feature of amniotes ,begin the onset of gastrulation as there is immediate requirement of food by the growing embryo .
- 7. Amnion=encloses amniotic fluid. Chorion-contributes to the placenta in mammals. Yolk –sac =found in mammals but it is not nutritive. Allantois- in mammals ,it contributes blood vessels to the developing umbilical cord. When the cell mass is isolated and grown under certain conditions,the cells remain undifferentiated and divide in culture .They are called embryonic stem cells ,which are exploited for therapeutic use.
- 8. Thank you