This study was conducted to detect the presence of some active compounds in the extract of Alhagi maurorum plant, which was extracted by soxhlet using methanol as a solvent. The chemical survey showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, alkaloids and phenolic in the studied plant.The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract had been studied in vitro by two methods , albumin denaturation inhibition test and hemolysis stimulated by heating test and results showed the effectiveness of the Alhagi maurorum plant extract with compared to standard medicine (Aspirin) and negative control groups.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
This study was conducted to detect the presence of some active compounds in the extract of Alhagi maurorum plant, which was extracted by soxhlet using methanol as a solvent. The chemical survey showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, alkaloids and phenolic in the studied plant.The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract had been studied in vitro by two methods , albumin denaturation inhibition test and hemolysis stimulated by heating test and results showed the effectiveness of the Alhagi maurorum plant extract with compared to standard medicine (Aspirin) and negative control groups.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical Investigations and ResearchSriramNagarajan19
Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Portulaca quadrifida Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.,) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Similar to Protective effect of alcoholic fruit extract of mallotus philippensis muell.Arg in aniline induced spleen toxicity in rats (20)
Stability indicating method and validation for the simultaneous estimation of...SriramNagarajan18
Stability indicating method and validation for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and empagliflozin by using RP-HPLC in a bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms
Stability indicating method development and validation for the estimation of ...SriramNagarajan18
Stability indicating method development and validation for the estimation of Doxorubicin by using RP-HPLC method in a bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Protective effect of alcoholic fruit extract of mallotus philippensis muell.Arg in aniline induced spleen toxicity in rats
1. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
73
International Journal of Farmacia
Journal Home page: www.ijfjournal.com
Protective effect of alcoholic fruit extract of mallotus philippensis muell.Arg
in aniline induced spleen toxicity in rats.
G.Sumithira⃰, V.Kavya, Emil Mariya Shaji, V. Safrooq, V. Sakthivel, P. Sangeetha Mol,
T. Shyamjith.
The Erode College of Pharmacy, Erode, Tamilnadu.
Corresponding Author: G. Sumithira
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Mallotus philippensis on aniline induced spleen toxicity
in rats. Wister albino rats of either sex were used and divided into 5 different groups. Spleen toxicity was induced by
aniline hydrochloride (100 ppm) in drinking water for a period of 30 days. Control group received 1% carboxy
methyl cellulose orally as vehicle. Treatment groups (III, IV &V) received ascorbic acid (40mg/kg b.w p.o), EEMP
(200mg/kg b.w p.o) and EEMP (400 mg/kg b.w p.o) respectively followed by aniline hydrochloride for 30 days. At
the end of treatment period haematological parameters and tissue parameters were evaluated. Aniline hydrochloride
treated rats showed significant alteration in Body weight and spleen weight, Haematological parameters (Hb,
RBC&WBC) and tissue parameters (LPO, GSH &NO) compared to control group. Treatment of EEMP (200mg/kg)
and EEMP (400mg/kg) respectively showed a significant recovery in aniline hydrochloride induced spleen toxicity.
Keywords: Aniline hydrochloride, Spleen toxicity, Ascorbic acid, Mallotus philippensis.
INTRODUCTION
The spleen is the largest lymphoid tissue, it acts
primarily as a blood filter. The spleen plays important
roles in regard to red blood cells (also referred to as
erythrocytes) and the immune system [1]. It removes
old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood,
which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock,
and also recycles iron. The spleen synthesizes
antibodies in its white pulp; the red pulp of the spleen
forms a reservoir that contains over half of the body's
monocyts2
. These monocytes, upon moving to injured
tissue (such as the heart after myocardial infarction),
turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while
promoting tissue healing. [2, 3, 4]
Aniline, a toxic aromatic amine, is widely used in
industry for the manufacturing of dyes, resins,
varnishes, perfumes, pesticides, explosives,
isocyanates, hydroquinone, and rubber chemicals [5].
Chronic exposure to aniline leads to the development
of splenomegaly, increased erythropoietic activity,
hyper pigmentation, hyperplasia, and fibrosis [6, 7, 8].
Earlier studies have shown that aniline hydrochloride
(AH) exposure leads to the formation of oxidative and
nitrosative stress which are due to iron overload and
induction of lipid peroxidation. AH enhance the
production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species
(ROS/RNS) which attacks proteins and nucleic acid
leading to the structural and functional changes in the
spleen [9].
Antioxidant compounds in food play an important
role as a health protecting factor. Most of the
antioxidant compounds in a typical diet are derived
from plant sources and belong to various classes of
compounds with a wide variety of physical and
chemical properties.
In addition, they have a potential for substantial
saving in the cost of healthcare delivery [10].
Mallotus philippinensis Muell. It is one of the
common plants used in Indian system of medicine.
2. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
74
According to Ayurveda, leaves are bitter, cooling, and
appetizer. All parts of plant like glands and hairs from
the capsules or fruits are used as heating, purgative,
anthe0lmintic, vulnerary, detergent, maturant,
carminative, anti-diabetic, and alexiteric and are
useful in treatment of bronchitis, abdominal diseases,
and spleen enlargement, and if taken with milk or
curd (yoghurt), it can be quite useful for expelling
tapeworms [11]. Kamala or Kampillakah is also used
as an oral contraceptive. It also shows anti-oxidant12
,
insectidal /pestecidal, anti-microfilaria, anti-lithic,
heptoprotctive activities. [13]
The powder and a few other parts of Kamala are
also used in external applications to promote the
healing of ulcers and wounds14
. They are used to treat
parasitic affections of the skin like scabies, ringworm,
and herpes.
Literature showed that there are no works carried
out to explore the protective effects of Mallotus
phillipensis in AH induced spleen toxicity, so the
present study was initiated to assess the effect of
Mallotus philipensis on aniline exposure-induced
spleen toxicity in rats by evaluating different
biochemical parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All the experimental procedures and protocols
used in the study were reviewed by the Institutional
Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC Register number:
XLVIII/04/CLBMCP/2016) and were in accordance
with the Committee for the purpose of Control and
Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA)
Guidelines, Government of India.
Animals
Healthy albino rat (100‐200 g) of either sex of
wistar strain were obtained from a disease free animal
house of king’s institute, Guindy, Tamilnadu (India).
Animals were kept in standard polypropylene cages
and maintained under controlled standard conditions
of temperature (25± 5ºC), relative humidity (55± 5%),
with 12/12 h light/dark cycle. They were fed with
commercially available rat feed and had free access to
water maintenance and use of animals as per the
experiment was approved by the institutional Animal
Ethics Committee.
Drugs and Chemicals
Aniline hydrochloride (AH); 2, 2’-dipyridy l, 5,5’-
dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid); and N-(1-Napthyl)
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride were purchased
from S.D fine chemicals, India. Ascorbic acid were
purchased from sigma and all the other chemicals
used in the study were of analytical grade and
procured from standard supplier.
Plant material
The Fruits of Mallotus Philippensis Muell Arg.
were collected in the month of December from,
Cherpulassery, Palakkad (Dist), Kerala South India.
The plant material was taxonomically identified and
authenticated by Dr. A. Balasubramanian, Director,
ABS Botanical conservation, Research & Training
center, Kaaripatti, Salem.
Extraction method
The Fruits of Mallotus Philippensis Muell Arg
were dried under shade and then powdered with a
mechanical grinder. The powder was passed through
sieve No 40 and stored in an airtight container for
further use. Thus the obtained coarse Fruit powder
was extracted with ethanol by continuous hot
percolation using soxhlet apparatus. After completion
of extraction, extract was filtered and the solvent was
removed by under reduced pressure. The dried extract
was stored in desiccators
Preliminary phytochemical study
The ethanolic extract of dried fruits of crude
Mallotus Philippensis was analyzed for the presence
of various phytoconstituents [15].
Acute toxicity study
Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of the
fruits of Mallotus philipensis Mull. Arg was
determined in wister albino rats (150-200gm)
according to OECD guidelines no:423 [16]. Based on
performed toxicity tests the LD50. Dose were selected
as 200 and 400mg/kg.p.o.
Experimental procedure
The Animals were divided into five groups and each
group contains six animals (n=6).
Group Ι - served as normal control and received
1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) orally for 30
days.
Group ΙΙ – Animals, received Aniline
hydrochloride (100 ppm) in drinking water for 30
days.
Group III - Animals, received Aniline
hydrochloride (100 ppm) in drinking water and
3. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
75
standard drug Ascorbic acid co treatment at the
dose of 40mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days.
Group ΙV - Animals, received Aniline
hydrochloride (100 ppm) in drinking water and
plant extract co treatment at the dose of
200mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days.
Group V - Animals, received Aniline
hydrochloride (100 ppm) in drinking water and
plant extract co treatment at the dose of
400mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days.
ASSESSMENT OF SPLEEN TOXICITY
Estimation of general parameters and
biochemical evaluation
General parameters like body weight and spleen
weight were noted. At the end of treatment period,
blood was withdrawn from retro orbital plexus using
glass capillary and serum was separated. Blood
sample was used for the estimation of hemoglobin
(Sahli's hemometer method), and red blood cell
(RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) using
hemocytometer; [17] and serum sample was used for
the estimation of iron content18
and total protein
(Lowry et al., 1951[19].
Estimation of Heamoglobin
The heamoglobinometer tube was filled with N/
10 HCl up to the marking 10, to this 20μl of blood
was added with the help of pipette. Wipe off the first
drop of blood and suck the blood from the second
drop in Hb pipette 0.2μl up to the mark 20 cu mm. Fill
the Hb pipette by capillary action. Wipe the tip of the
pipette with the help of cotton to remove sticked
blood around the tip. Extra blood is removed by filter
paper/ tissue paper. The contents in the tube were
mixed by stirring, and allowed to stand for 10
minutes. A clear brown colour solution was formed
due to the formation of acid hematin. Then distilled
water was added drop by drop to dilute. The colour of
diluted fluid was compared with the standard; dilution
was continued until the colour of the fluid exactly
matches the standard. The lower meniscus of the fluid
was noted and reading was noted directly from the
graduated tube and reading is expressed as g/
percentage of haemoglobin.
Estimation of RBC
The RBC pipette was filled with blood up to the
mark 0.5, immediately RBC diluting fluid. (Hayem’s
fluid) was filled up to the mark 101. Pipette was
rolled between the palms to ensure thorough mixing
of blood with diluting fluid and kept aside for a while.
The counting chamber was placed and the RBC
squares were focused under low power first, when
markings were identified then turn to high power. The
first 3-4 drops of blood mixture was discarded and it
was mixed once again, the counting chamber was
charged with the mixed blood. After charging mount
the slide, allow the fluid to settle then using a 45X
lens the RBC. The values of RBC were expressed as
106
/cells.
Estimation of WBC
The WBC pipette was filled with blood up to the
mark 0.5, immediately RBC diluting fluid (Hayem’s
fluid) was filled up to the mark 11.Pipette was rolled
between the palms to ensure thorough mixing of
blood with diluting fluid and kept aside for a while.
The counting chamber was placed and the WBC
squares were focused under low power first, when
markings were identified then turn to high power .The
first 3-4 drops of blood mixture was discarded and it
was mixed once again, the counting chamber was
charged with the mixed blood. After charging mount
the slide, allow the fluid to settle then using a 10X
lens the WBC were counted uniformly in corner
squares. The values of WBC were expressed as
103
/cells.
Estimation of total protein
For total protein estimation the serum was
prepared in 5% trichloroacetic acid. The precipitated
protein was dissolved in sodium hydroxide and used
as aliquots for the estimation of total proteins. Soluble
and insoluble fractions of the protein were estimated
by preparing homogenate in double distilled water.
The water soluble supernatant was used for estimation
of soluble protein while the residue dissolved in
sodium hydroxide was used for the estimation of
insoluble protein. The protein content of the samples
was determined by the method of Lowry et al using
bovine serum albumin as the standard.
Estimation of Iron content
The iron content in the serum was estimated by
Ramsay method. Equal volume of serum, 0.1M
sodium sulphide, and 2,2΄-dipyridyl reagent were
mixed in glass stopper centrifuge tubes. The tubes
were heated in boiling water both for 5 min, The
content was cooled and 12ml of chloroform was
added in each tube. The tube was mixed vigorously
4. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
76
for 30 seconds and centrifuged for 5 min at 1,000
rpm. The colour intensity was measured at 520nm.
Standard iron solution: 498 mg of ferrous sulphate
was dissolved in distilled water and 0.1 ml of
conc.H2SO4 was added and the final volume was
made up to 1 L (5-20ml of the standard iron) [18].
Assessment of Markers of Oxidative Stress
The animals were euthanasiously sacrificed and
isolated spleen was quickly transferred to ice-cold tris
hydrochloric buffered saline (pH 7.4). It was blotted
free of blood and tissue fluids, weighed on electronic
balance WENSAR (Model PGB200). The spleen was
cross-chopped with surgical scalpel into fine slices,
suspended in chilled 0.25 M sucrose solution, and
quickly blotted on a filter paper. The tissue was then
minced and homogenised in chilled tris hydrochloride
buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) to a concentration of
10% w/v. The homogenate was centrifuged at
10,000 rpm at 0°C for 15 minutes using Remi C-24
high speed cooling centrifuge. The clear supernatant
was used for the determination of lipid peroxidation,
reduced glutathione, and nitric oxide.
Estimation of Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was assayed by the
method of Ohkawa et al [20] to 0.2 ml of tissue
homogenate, 0.2 ml of 8.1% SDS, 1.5 ml of 20%
acetic acid (pH 3.5) and 1.5 ml of 0.8% TBA were
added. The mixture was made up to 4 ml with water
and then heated in a water bath at 95.8ºC for 60 min
using glass ball as a condenser. After cooling, 1 ml of
water and 5 ml of n-butanol: pyridine (15:1 v/v)
mixture were added and shaken vigorously. After
centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 min, the organic
layer was taken and its absorbance was measured at
532 nm. The level of lipid peroxides was expressed as
nmoles of MDA formed/mg of protein.
Estimation of Reduced glutathione (GSH)
Estimation of GSH21
the procedure to estimate the
reduced glutathione (GSH) level followed to the
method as described by Ellman (1959)15. The
homogenate (in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) was
added with equal volume of 20 % trichloroacetic acid
(TBA) containing 1 mM EDTA to precipitate the
tissue proteins. The mixture was allowed to stand for
5min prior to centrifugation for 10 min at 200 rpm.
The supernatant (200μl) was then transferred to a new
set of test tubes and added 1.8ml of the Ellman's
reagent (5,5'‐dithio bis2‐nitrobenzoi acid) (0.1mM)
was prepared in 0.3 M phosphate buffer with 1% of
sodium citrate solution). Then all the test tubes make
up to the volum of 2ml. After completion of the total
reaction, solutions were measured at 412 nm against
blank. Absorbance values were compared with a
standard curve generated from standard curve from
known GSH. The glutathione level in spleen was
calculated as micromol/g spleen.
Estimation of nitric oxide (NO) contents
Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was
measured by using Griess reagent (Green et al., 1982)
[22] [0.1% N-(1 -Naphthyl) ethylenediamine
dihydrochloride, 1% Sulfanilamide, 2.5% Phosphoric
acid] i.e. 0.01 gm NEDA, 0.1 gm sulphanilamide, and
250 μl of phosphoric acid was mixed and volume was
made to 10.0 ml. Equal volume of Griess reagent and
tissue homogenate were treated with regents 1mM
NADPH, Nitrate reductase 1 U/ml and 1 M Zinc
acetate and incubated at 37°
C for 10 min followed by
absorbance reading at 542 nm wavelengths
spectrophotometrically
Histopathology of Spleen
After decapitation, spleen was rapidly dissected
out and washed immediately with normal saline and
fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Small section of
tissue was cut stained with haematoxylin and eosin
(H&E) for general morphological evaluation.
Statistical analysis
The data of all the results were represent as means
±S.E.M on statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA
followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test was
used for statistical analysis p<0.05 was considered
significant.
RESULTS
Preliminary phytoconstituents
Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the
presence of carbohydrate, protein, steroids. Phenols,
tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenoids.
Acute toxicity study
Extract treated mice showed no lethality or any
discernible behavioral changes up to 2000 mg/kg by
oral route. No mortality was observed at this dose
during 24 h observation period.
Results of the effect of EEMP Body weight
and Spleen weight
5. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
77
At the end of treatment period body weight, spleen
weight from all the groups were monitored. It was
found that EEMP showed a significant recovery in
altreration of spleen weight; bodyweight compared to
aniline hydrochloride treated rats. Combination of
aniline hydrochloride +ascorbic acid (40mg/kg)
showed better result as compared to aniline
hydrochloride alone (Table 1).
Table 1: Effect of EEMP on Body weight and spleen weight:
Parameter Control AH
AH+Ascorbic acid
(40mg/kg)
AH+EEMP
(200mg/kg)
AH+EEMP
(400mg/kg)
Body weight(g)
Spleen weight(g)
250.16±4.400
3.76±0.078
180.83±2.483⃰
7.758±0.086*
245.5±6.090**
3.645±0.029**
194.33±2.581**
4.193±0.069**
240.16±5.419**
3.65±0.039**
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Level of significance is considered as p < 0.05.* compared to control group and ** compared to AH-treated group.
Effect of EEMP on RBC, WBC, and
Haemoglobin Level
RBCs count and haemoglobin level were
significantly (P< 0.05) decreased and WBC count was
significantly (P< 0.05) increased in AH-treated rats as
compared to control rats. The chronic (30 days)
treatment with ascorbic acid (40 mg/kg day, p.o.) ,
EEMP (200 mg/kg day,p.o) and(400 mg/kg day,p.o)
were showed a significant (P< 0.05) increase in RBC
count and haemoglobin level and significant (P<
0.05) decrease in WBC count compared to aniline-
treated rats. (Figures1 and 2).
Figure 1: Effect of EEMP on RBCs and WBCs in AH-treated rats.
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Level of significance is considered as p< 0.05.*compared to control group and ** compared to AH-treated group.
1
2
0
5
10
15
control
AH
AH+Ascorbic acid(40mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(200mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(400mg/kg)
RBCs(106
/cell) WBCs(106
/cell)
*
*
**
** **
**
**
**
6. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
78
Figure 2: Effect of EEMP on Haemoglobin in AH-treated rats.
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Level of significance is considered as p < 0.05.* compared to control group .and* compared to AH-treated group.
Effect of EEMP on Serum total protein and
Iron contents
Total protein contents and serum iron content
were monitored and shown in Figure 3 and 4 A
significant (P< 0.05) decreased in the level of serum
protein and a significant (P< 0.05) increased in total
iron content was observed in aniline-treated group as
compared to control group. Treatment with EEMP
(200 and 400 mg/kg) for 30 days showed significant
(P< 0.05) increased in total protein contents and
significant (P< 0.05) decreased in total iron content as
compared to aniline-treated rats.
Figure 3: Effect of EEMP on Total protein in AH-treated rats.
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Level of significance is considered as p < 0.05.* compared to control group. and ** compared to AH-treated group.
0
5
10
15
20
control
AH
AH+Ascorbic acid(40mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(200mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(400mg/kg)
**
**
* *
*
Hb(%gm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
control
AH
AH+Ascorbic acid(40mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(200mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(400mg/kg)
*
**
**
* *
T.Protein(gm/dL)
7. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
79
Figure 4: Effect of EEMP on Serum iron in AH-treated rats.
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Level of significance is considered as p< 0.05.* compared to control group and**compared to AH-treated group.
Effect of EEMP on Tissue Lipid Peroxidation,
Reduced Glutathione Content, and Serum NO
Levels
The level of endogenous antioxidants such as
LPO, GSH, and NO was measured in spleen tissue
homogenate. LPO and NO levels were found to be
significantly (P< 0.05) increased and GSH level was
significantly decreased in spleen of AH-treated rats as
compared to control group. Chronic treatment with
Ascorbic acid (40 mg/kg), EEMP (200mg/kg) and
EEMP (400mg/kg) were showed significant (P< 0.05)
decrease in LPO and NO levels and significant (P<
0.05) increased in GSH level as compared to aniline-
treated group. EEMP (400 mg/kg) was found to be
more effective in maintaining the antioxidant status in
aniline-treated rats [Figure: 5]
Figure 5: Effect of EEMP on LPO, GSH. and NO in AH-treated rats.
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Level of significance is considered as p< 0.05.*compared to control group. And **compared to AH-treated group.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
control
AH
AH+Ascorbic acid(40mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(200mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(400mg/kg)
*
**
**
* *
T.Iron(mcg/dL)
Data 1
LPO
G
SH
N
O
0
5
10
15
20
control
AH
AH+Ascorbic acid(40mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(200mg/kg)
AH+EEMP(400mg/kg)
*
**
** **
**
**
**
* *
* *
* *
*
*
8. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
80
Effect of EEMP on Histopathology of Spleen
The section of control rat (Figure6 (a) showed the
normal architecture, vascular organization, and
cellular composition of white pulp and red pulp of
spleen. AH-treated group (100 ppm in drinking water)
showed congested red pulp, severe depletion of white
pulp lymphocytes, extensive hemorrhages in the red
pulp, and hyaline degeneration of the wall of splenic
arterioles with edema and increased red blood cells
(Figure6(b). The section of AH+Ascorbic acid treated
rats spleen showed marked restoration of spleen
architecture (Figures 6(c)). AH+EEMP(200mg/kg)
showed mild restoration of spleen architecture
(Figures 6(d)) while AH+EEMP(400mg/kg) showed
comparatively more protection by effective
restoration of spleen architecture as compared to AH-
treated group (Figure 6(e
Control (a) AH (b)
AH+Ascorbic acid (40mg/kg) (c) AH+EEMP (200mg/kg) (d)
AH+EEMP (400mg/kg) (e)
Figure 6: Histopathology of spleen stained with hematoxylin-eosin staining
9. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
81
DISCUSSION
All parts of plant like gland and hairs from the
capsule (or) fruits are used as Heating, Purgative,
Anthelmintics, Vulnerary, Detergent, Maturant,
Carminative, Anit diabetic, and Alexiteric and are
useful in treatment of Bronchitis, Abdominal, and
Spleen Enlargement. The ethanolic extract of
Mallotus Philippensis Muell Arg. was evaluated for
its splenotoxic activity. The ethanolic extract of
Mallotus Philippensis muell Arg. Shown the presence
of the phyto chemical constituents such as phenols,
diterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, cardinolides,
coumarin, and isocoumarins. Aniline exposure leads
to the development of splenic toxicity in rats.
Previous studies show that exposure to aniline
produces increases in total iron content and oxidative
stress in rats, and it leads to enlargement of spleen
(splenomegaly) due to excess deposition of damaged
RBC [23, 24, 25]. The present study shows the
splenoprotective effect of EEMP. Splenic toxicity in
rats was induced by chronic supplementation of AH
(100 ppm) via drinking water. Significant increase in
the weight of spleen (splenomegaly) Toxicity of
spleen was confirmed by evaluating the haemoglobin
level, RBC and WBC count on 30th day. The
haemoglobin level and RBC count were significantly
decreased where as WBC was increased indicating the
development of spleen toxicity in AH-treated rats
indicated the deposition of damaged RBCs in the
spleen [23, 24]. EEMP is reported to play a major role
in the treatment of various conditions due to its strong
antioxidant property. In the present study, EEMP
treatments reverse the changes in Body weight and
spleen weight in AH-treated animals. This alteration
of general parameters (Body weight & spleen weight)
suggested the positive effect of EEMP in AH toxicity.
In the present study AH exposure in rats showed
significant rise in the level of haemoglobin, RBC, and
WBC when compared to normal control rats. These
changes might be due to the excessive generation of
oxidative and nitrosative stress [26, 27]. Treatment
with EEMP showed significant alteration of
hemoglobin level and RBC and WBC content, which
might be due to the strong antioxidant/free radical
scavenging activity of EEMP [28]. Aniline
administered rats showed a significant increase in iron
load and decrease in protein contents. Iron plays a
significant role as a mediator of aniline-induced
splenotoxicity [3, 9]. AH- treatment causes
remarkable accumulation of iron which may catalyze
excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, which
react with and damage proteins, nucleic acids, and
lipids; leading to cellular dysfunction [29]. The AH
exposure leads to iron overload and induction of lipid
peroxidation (oxidative stress) in the spleen. Lipid
peroxidation and protein oxidation are at least two
important early biochemical events in AH-induced
splenic toxicity. In the present study AH induced
group showed a significant increase in lipid
peroxidation and NO content and a significant
decrease in GSH level in spleen. These alterations in
oxidative stress markers produced structural
modification of native proteins and their function
which might lead to splenic toxicity [6]. Treatment
with EEMP and Ascorbic acid preserves the
intracellular LPO, NO, and GSH level. GSH may
react with nitric oxide to form S-nitro glutathione that
is far more potent than nitric oxide itself [30].
The morphological changes are always supported
with histopathological alteration. The
histopathological changes in the AH-treated rat spleen
include vascular congestion and increased red blood
cells [31]. These changes are closely associated with
increased iron deposition in the red pulp of the spleen.
The vascular congestion and marked iron deposition
in the spleen with the increasing AH exposure are
consistent with scavenging of damaged red blood
cells in the red pulp. This, in conjunction with the
accumulation of aniline metabolites within the spleen,
could lead to the transformation of mesenchymal cells
of the spleen 27
. The present study is associated with
increased iron deposition and development of fibrotic
lesions in the AH-treated rats32
, due to iron-mediated
production of ROS which might act as a stimulus for
increased collagen production in splenic tissue,
leading to fibrosis. An increase in collagen gene
transcription and collagen production occurred when
cultured human fibroblasts were subjected to iron-
induced lipid peroxidation or exposed to
malondialdehyde [33]. The histoarchitecture of the
spleen supports the biochemical findings in the
present study. Free radicals damage RBCs which
might be the reason for observed changes in spleen
histology. Treatment with EEMP showed the
attenuation of splenic toxicity induced by aniline
which might be due to its inhibitory potential of
reactive oxygen species as well as potent free radical
scavenging activity.
10. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
82
CONCLUSIONS
Ethanolic fruit extract of Mallotus phillipensis
exhibited significant protective effect in AH induced
spleen toxicity in rats. The extract showed
improvement in various biochemical and antioxidant
parameters an as well as restoration of spleen
architecture and so might be of value in spleen
toxicity. However, further phytochemical
investigations are required to isolate and identify the
ameliorative effect of active principle in the plant as
well as elucidating their mechanism of action.
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
REFERENCE
[1]. Spleen, Internet Encyclopedia of Science.
[2]. Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Etzrodt M, Wildgruber M, Cortez-Retamozo V, Panizzi P, et al. Identification of
splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites. Science. 325(5940), 2009, 612–616.
[3]. Jia T, Pamer EG. Immunology. Dispensable but not irrelevant. Science. 325(5940), 2009, 549–550.
[4]. Finally, the Spleen Gets Some Respect by Natalie angier, The New York Times, (Accessed on 2009).
[5]. Facts and figures. Chemical & Engineering News. 1997, 740–46.
[6]. Firoze Khan M, Wu X, Wang J. Up-regulation of transforming factor- β1 in the spleen of aniline-treated rats.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 187, 2003, 22–28.
[7]. Khan MF, Kannan S, Wang J. Activation of transcription factor AP-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases in
aniline-induced splenic toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 210, 2006, 86–93.
[8]. Pauluhn J. Subacute inhalation toxicity of aniline in rats: Analysis of time-dependence and concentration-
dependence of hematotoxic and splenic effects. Toxicol Sci. 81, 2004, 198–215.
[9]. Khan MF, Wu X, Ansari G. A. S.. Boor P J. Malondialdehyde-protein adducts in the spleens of aniline-treated
rats: immunochemical detection and localization. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 66(1),
2003, 93–102.
[10]. Chanda S, Dave R. In vitro models for antioxidant activity evaluation and some medicinal plants possessing
antioxidant properties: an overview. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 31(3), 2009, 981–996.
[11]. Ramakrishna. Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Mallotus philippensis [LAM.] Muell. Arg.
leaves in rats. Report number: 2010.
[12]. Mohammad arfan, Hazrat amin, Magdalena karamae, Agnies zka, Kosinska, Fereidoon shahidi et al,.
Antioxidant activity of extracts of Mallotus philippensis fruit and bark. J. Food Sci. 14(3), 2007, 280-297.
[13]. The wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian Raw materials & industrial products. First supplement series.(raw
materials). NISCAIR.2003; 4.
[14]. Shelly Rana, Ved prakash, Anand sagar. Antibacterial activity of Mallotus philippensis fruit extract. Journal of
medicinal plant studies. 4(3), 2016, 104-106.
[15]. Khandelwal KR. Practical pharmacognosy, techniques and experiments. India, Pune: Nirali Prakashan; 8,
2007.
[16]. http://ntp.nichs.nih.gov/iccvam/suppdocs/fed docs/oecd/oecd_g1423(Accessed 2001)
[17]. Godkar PB, Godkar DP. Determination of Hemoglobin. Text Book of Medical Laboratory Technology. India:
Balani Publishing House; 2, 2008.
[18]. Ramsay WN. The determination of total iron-binding capacity of serum. Clin Chim Acta. 2(3), 1957, 221–226.
[19]. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol
Chem. 193(1), 1951, 265–275
[20]. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction.
Annals of Biochemistry. 95(2), 1979, 351–358.
[21]. Ellman GL. Tissue sulphydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 82(1), 1959, 70‐77.
[22]. Green L.C., Wagner D.A., Glogowski J., Skipper P.L., Wishnok J.S., Tannenbaum S.R. Analysis of nitrate,
nitrite and (15
N) nitrate in biological fluids. Anal.Biochem. 126(1), 1982, 131–138.
[23]. Khan MF, Boor PJ, Gu Y, Alcock NW, Ansari G.A.S. Oxidative stress in the splenotoxicity of aniline.
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 35(1), 1997, 22–30.
11. Sumithira G et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, 2017; Vol-(3) 2 (73-83)
83
[24]. Khan M. F, Wu X, Boor PJ, Ansari G A S. Oxidative modification of lipids and proteins in aniline-induced
splenic toxicity. Toxicological Sciences. 48(1), 1999, 134–140.
[25]. E. J. Gralla, J. S. Bus, F. Reno, et al. Studies of aniline HCL in rats Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 48,
1979, A97.
[26]. Khan R,. Upaganlawar A. B, Upasani C. Protective effects of Dioscorea alata L. in aniline exposure-induced
spleen toxicity in rats: a biochemical study. Toxicology International. 21(3), 2014, 294–299.
[27]. Bus JS , Popp JA. Perspectives on the mechanism of action of the splenic toxicity of aniline and structurally-
related compounds. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 25(8), 1987, 619–626.
[28]. Lubag A, Laurena C, Mendoza E. Antioxidant of purple and white greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.) varieties
from the Philippines. Philippine J Sci. 137(1), 2008, 61–67.
[29]. Khan MF, Green SM, Ansari GA, Boor PJ. Phenylhydroxylamine: Role in aniline-associated splenic oxidative
stress and induction of subendocardial necrosis. Toxicol Sci. 42, 1998, 64–71
[30]. Yogeeta S K, Gnanapragasam A, Senthilkumar S, Subhashini R, Devaki T. Synergistic salubrious effect of
Ferulic acid and ascorbic acid on membrane-bound phosphatases and lysosomal hydrolases during
experimental myocardial infarction in rats. Life Sciences. 80(3), 2006, 258–263.
[31]. Omer M, Aman BU, Upasani CD. DL-α-lipoic acid attenuates acute aniline induced splenic toxicity in rats: a
biological and histoarchitecture study. Asian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 3(8), 2005, 4–7.
[32]. Khan Firoze M, Kaphalia BS, Boor PJ , Ansari G A S. Subchronic toxicity of aniline hydrochloride in rats.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 24(3), 1993, 368–374.
[33]. Chojkier M, Houglum K, Solis-Herruzo J, Brenner D A. Stimulation of collagen gene expression by ascorbic
acid in cultured human fibroblasts. A role for lipid peroxidation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264(28),
1989, 16957–16962.