This document describes the development and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patches containing the polyphenol catechin. Various formulations were prepared using different polymers like HPMC, CMC, and chitosan, as well as an extract from Vinga radiata. The best performing formulation in terms of mucoadhesive properties and in vitro drug release was one containing a 1:1.5 ratio of chitosan and Vinga radiata extract. This formulation showed less erosion, faster hydration, an optimal pH, and released 66.2% of the drug within 6 hours in diffusion studies. Stability testing found it retained over 97% of the drug content after one month of storage.
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-IV Practical, Biopharmaceutics-II, MANIKImran Nur Manik
4. Biopharmaceutics-II: (Marks-35)
Evaluation of drugs and drug products (pharmacokinetics) measurement of viscosity of emulsion; quality control of sterile medicaments such as ophthalmic solution.
ABSTRACT Gliclazide microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation method using bioadhesive polymers such as sodium alginate, carbopol 934, carbopol 971, HPMC K4M in different ratios. Totally twelve different formulations of gliclazide were prepared by using the above polymers. The microspheres were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, swelling index, mucoadhesive property by In vitro wash-off test and in-vitro drug release. The results of this investigation indicate that ionic cross linking technique Ionotropic gelation method can be successfully employed to fabricate Model drug microspheres. Micrometric studies revealed that the mean particle size of the prepared microspheres was in the size range of 512-903 μm and are suitable for bioadhesive microspheres for oral administration. The in-vitro mucoadhesive study demonstrated that microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 934 as copolymer adhered to the mucus to a greater extent than the microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 971 and HPMC K4Mas copolymers. Analysis of drug release mechanism showed that the drug release from the formulations followed non-Fickian diffusion and the best fit model was found to be Korsmeyer-Peppas. Based on the results of evaluation tests formulation coded T4 was concluded as best formulation. Keywords: Bioadhesive Microspheres, Gliclazide, Ionotropic gelation method.
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Bio-Pharmaceutics-I,MANIKImran Nur Manik
a) Tablet Weight Variation Test.
b) Tablet hardness Test.
c) Tablet friability Test.
d) Tablet disintegration Test.
e) Tablet dissolution Test.
f) Leakage test of Packaging of tablets / capsules.
g) Capsule weight variation test
h) Determination of Binding Sites and Association constant.
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-IV Practical, Biopharmaceutics-II, MANIKImran Nur Manik
4. Biopharmaceutics-II: (Marks-35)
Evaluation of drugs and drug products (pharmacokinetics) measurement of viscosity of emulsion; quality control of sterile medicaments such as ophthalmic solution.
ABSTRACT Gliclazide microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation method using bioadhesive polymers such as sodium alginate, carbopol 934, carbopol 971, HPMC K4M in different ratios. Totally twelve different formulations of gliclazide were prepared by using the above polymers. The microspheres were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, swelling index, mucoadhesive property by In vitro wash-off test and in-vitro drug release. The results of this investigation indicate that ionic cross linking technique Ionotropic gelation method can be successfully employed to fabricate Model drug microspheres. Micrometric studies revealed that the mean particle size of the prepared microspheres was in the size range of 512-903 μm and are suitable for bioadhesive microspheres for oral administration. The in-vitro mucoadhesive study demonstrated that microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 934 as copolymer adhered to the mucus to a greater extent than the microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 971 and HPMC K4Mas copolymers. Analysis of drug release mechanism showed that the drug release from the formulations followed non-Fickian diffusion and the best fit model was found to be Korsmeyer-Peppas. Based on the results of evaluation tests formulation coded T4 was concluded as best formulation. Keywords: Bioadhesive Microspheres, Gliclazide, Ionotropic gelation method.
B. Pharm. (Honours) Part-III Practical, Bio-Pharmaceutics-I,MANIKImran Nur Manik
a) Tablet Weight Variation Test.
b) Tablet hardness Test.
c) Tablet friability Test.
d) Tablet disintegration Test.
e) Tablet dissolution Test.
f) Leakage test of Packaging of tablets / capsules.
g) Capsule weight variation test
h) Determination of Binding Sites and Association constant.
Presentatio on IPQC for Capsules by Akshay Trivedi
Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements".[1]
This approach places an emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001)[2][3]:
Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes,[4][5] performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records
Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications
Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.
Inspection is a major component of quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example.[3]
The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspec
Modern humans are distinguished from other species by their extensive use of tools to control and adapt to their surroundings. Early stone tools such as anvils had no holes and were not designed as interchangeable parts. Mass production established processes for the creation of parts and system with identical dimensions and design, but these processes are not uniform and hence some customers were unsatisfied with the result. Quality control separates the act of testing products to uncover defects from the decision to allow or deny product release, which may be determined by fiscal constraints.[6] For contract work, particularly work awarded by government agencies, quality control issues are among the top reasons for not renewing a contract.[7]
The simplest form of quality control was a sketch of the desired item. If the sketch did not match the item, it was rejected, in a simple Go/no go procedure. However, manufacturers soon found it was difficult and costly to make parts be exactly like their depiction; hence around 1840 tolerance limits were introduced, wherein a design would function if its parts were measured to be within the limits. Quality was thus precisely defined using devices such as plug gauges and ring gauges. However, this did not address the problem of defective items; recycling or disposing of the waste adds to the cost of production, as does trying to reduce the defect rate. Various methods have been proposed to prioritize quality control issues and determine whether to leave them unaddressed or use quality assurance techniques to improve and stabilize production.[6]
Notable approaches
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Paracetamol Using Oa...inventionjournals
Paracetamol is a slightly water soluble drug belongs to BCS Class IV, used in various pain managements & in management of fever. The drug solubility was increased by solid dispersion method, in which two techniques namely physical mixing and co-grinding were tried at the ratios of 1:0.25, 1:0.5 & 1:0.75 for paracetamol to oats powder. Various parameters like pre & post compressional parameters were tested and final formula was selected based on disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile. Where, all the formulations were dispersed bellow 92 seconds and F6 formulation was showing 100% release at 20th minute and faster compared to the marketed formulation. F6 was prepared by co-grinding technique, at 1:0.75 paracetamol to oats powder ratio. F6 is showing zero-order drug release and mechanism of release is Super case – II transport (n = 0.9738). All the formulations were prepared using direct compression method, a conventional method of preparation
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of ...Arvind Singh Heer
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
In Process Quality Control Tests (IPQC) for Solid Dosage FromSagar Savale
IPQC is concerned with providing accurate, specific, & definite descriptions of the procedures to be employed, from, the receipt of raw materials to the release of the finished dosage forms.
Presentatio on IPQC for Capsules by Akshay Trivedi
Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements".[1]
This approach places an emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001)[2][3]:
Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes,[4][5] performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records
Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications
Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.
Inspection is a major component of quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example.[3]
The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspec
Modern humans are distinguished from other species by their extensive use of tools to control and adapt to their surroundings. Early stone tools such as anvils had no holes and were not designed as interchangeable parts. Mass production established processes for the creation of parts and system with identical dimensions and design, but these processes are not uniform and hence some customers were unsatisfied with the result. Quality control separates the act of testing products to uncover defects from the decision to allow or deny product release, which may be determined by fiscal constraints.[6] For contract work, particularly work awarded by government agencies, quality control issues are among the top reasons for not renewing a contract.[7]
The simplest form of quality control was a sketch of the desired item. If the sketch did not match the item, it was rejected, in a simple Go/no go procedure. However, manufacturers soon found it was difficult and costly to make parts be exactly like their depiction; hence around 1840 tolerance limits were introduced, wherein a design would function if its parts were measured to be within the limits. Quality was thus precisely defined using devices such as plug gauges and ring gauges. However, this did not address the problem of defective items; recycling or disposing of the waste adds to the cost of production, as does trying to reduce the defect rate. Various methods have been proposed to prioritize quality control issues and determine whether to leave them unaddressed or use quality assurance techniques to improve and stabilize production.[6]
Notable approaches
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Paracetamol Using Oa...inventionjournals
Paracetamol is a slightly water soluble drug belongs to BCS Class IV, used in various pain managements & in management of fever. The drug solubility was increased by solid dispersion method, in which two techniques namely physical mixing and co-grinding were tried at the ratios of 1:0.25, 1:0.5 & 1:0.75 for paracetamol to oats powder. Various parameters like pre & post compressional parameters were tested and final formula was selected based on disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile. Where, all the formulations were dispersed bellow 92 seconds and F6 formulation was showing 100% release at 20th minute and faster compared to the marketed formulation. F6 was prepared by co-grinding technique, at 1:0.75 paracetamol to oats powder ratio. F6 is showing zero-order drug release and mechanism of release is Super case – II transport (n = 0.9738). All the formulations were prepared using direct compression method, a conventional method of preparation
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of ...Arvind Singh Heer
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
In Process Quality Control Tests (IPQC) for Solid Dosage FromSagar Savale
IPQC is concerned with providing accurate, specific, & definite descriptions of the procedures to be employed, from, the receipt of raw materials to the release of the finished dosage forms.
Design, Development, Evaluation and Optimization of Microballoons of TelmisartanSnehal Patel
Abstract: In present study an attempt was made to prepare microballoons of
Telmisartan by emulsion solvent diffusion technique for sustained delivery by
using polymers like Ethyl cellulose to extend the drug release for about 12 hours in
the upper GIT, which may result in enhanced absorption and there by improved
bioavailability. Formulation optimization of Telmisartan loaded microballoons was
carried out by using different concentration of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ethyl
cellulose. Total 9 batches were formulated. All 9 batches were evaluated for
entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy. Among all batches DP4 shows
maximum entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy and was considered as
optimized formulation. DP4 batch was further used for process optimization. The
process optimization was carried out at three different stirring speeds i.e. 1300,
1500 and 1700 rpm for three different stirring time period i.e. 1hr, 2hr and 3 hr and
another 9 batches were formulated. Out of all the batches DP13 showed the
spherical shape of microballoons without formation of flakes. Optimized batch
DP13 was evaluated for Zeta Potential, Particle Size Distribution which show -
41.8mV and 1.344 μm particle size, SEM, XRD Analysis. Batch DP13 was
charged for stability and were placed in glass vials container and stored at ICH
storage condition (2°C - 4°C Refrigeration condition , 30 ± 2°C / 60% ± 5% RH ,
40 ± 2°C / 75% ± 5% RH ) for a period of 30 days. The samples were analyzed for
physical appearance, buoyancy and for the drug release after 30 days. After 1
months samples were withdrawn and microballoons showed no change in physical
appearances, buoyancy and drug release, which indicate that the microballoons
were stable.
Keywords: Telmisartan, Microballoons, Emulsion solvent diffusion technique,
Buoyancy, Entrapment Efficiency.
MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENTS,EVALUATION &STABILITY ASPECTS OF MICROCAPSULESagar Savale
Microencapsulation is describe as a process of enclosing micron sized particles of solid or droplets of liquids or gases in an inert shell, which in turn isolates & protects from environment. The product is obtained by this process is called micro-particles, micro capsules, micro spheres.
In vivo evaluation of mucoadhesive properties of nanoliposomal formulations u...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
Drug delivery via mucosal routes has been confirmed to be effective in inducing strong immune responses. Liposomes could enhance immune responses and mucoadhesive potentials, make them useful mucosal drug delivery systems. Coating of liposomes by mucoadhesive polymers succeeded in enhancing immune responses. Our studies aim at preparation and characterization of trimethylchitosan-coated nanoliposomes for nasal delivery of a model antigen, tetanus toxoid (TT).
Materials and Methods:
Anionic liposomes were prepared by dehydration-rehydration method with an average size of 100 nm and were coated with 0.01% (w/v) solution of trimethyulchitosan (TMC) with 50±10% of quaternization. Surface properties and zeta potential were evaluated by DLS. Antigen stability and integrity were studied by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Nasal clearance rate and mucoadhesive properties of liposomes were studied by gamma scintigraphy method using 99mTc-labelled liposomes.
Results:
The zeta potential of non-coated and TMC-coated liposomes was -40 and +38.8, respectively. Encapsulation rate of tetanus toxoid was 77 ± 5.5%. SDS-PAGE revealed that the antigens remained intact during formulation procedure. Gamma scintigraphy confirmed that both types of liposomes could remain in nasal cavity up to ten folds over the normal residence time for conventional nasal formulations.
Conclusion:
TMC-coated nanoliposomes have several positive potentials including good mucoadhesive properties, preserved integrity of loaded antigen and presence of TMC as a mucoadhesive polymer with innate immunoadjuvant potential which make them suitable for efficient adjuvant/delivery system.
Inhibition Activities of Peel Exract of Garcinia mangostana Linn in bacteri P...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Cotton textiles are dyed mostly with reactive dyes because they produce a wide range of bright colors with excellent colour fastness to washing. However, the reactive dyeing requires considerable quantities of inorganic salt and alkali for efficient utilization and application of dyes. These inorganic salts when drained to effluent generate huge amounts of total dissolved solids leading to serious environmental pollution. Considerable remedies are being measured within the textile processing industry to reduce the effluent pollution and to fulfill the environmental regulations. This work is a part of such efforts and presents results where cotton fabrics pretreated with chitosan nanoparticles and reactive dyeing carried out without salt. In this work, chitosan nanoparticle was used for developing salt free eco-friendly reactive dyeing. The effect of chitosan nanoparticles in color strength (K/S value), color difference, color fastness to crocking and washing of the cotton fabric was investigated. The cotton fabric treated with 0.5 (w/v) chitosan nanoparticles had higher K/S values.
Formulation and evaluation of sumatriptan oral thin filmsSriramNagarajan19
The main objective of the study was to formulate and evaluate oral thin film containing Sumatriptan succinate. The 4 and 5 % w/v HPMC, PVA, CMC films were prepared by solvent casting method. Compatibility of Sumatriptan with polymers was confirmed by FT-IR studies. Films were evaluated for weight variation and thickness showed satisfactory results. Tensile strength and folding endurance of the films were increased with increase in the concentration of polymer due to increase in the elasticity nature of the polymer. Mouth dissolving time and disintegration time of the films were increased with increase in the concentration of the polymer, as more fluid is required to wet the film in the mouth. The presence of disintegrant showed a considerable effect on the disintegration time of the films. Content uniformity study showed that the drug is uniformly distributed in the film. No differences were observed in invitro dissolution of drug from the film I - VI as the film instantly gets wet by dissolution medium. Present study reveals that all the formulated films showed satisfactory film parameters. It can be concluded that, Oral thin film-containing Sumatriptan can be prepared by solvent casting method. 4% w/v of HPMC (FV) film exhibited required tensile strength, folding endurance and disintegration time. The drug release was about 98.5 % in 300 seconds.
In this study, we have developed the
transdermal patch with chitosan-gelatin composite (C-GC) film
embedded with silver nanoparticles to enhance the flexibility and to increase the strength of cross links, respectively
Antibacterial Finishing Of Cotton FabricsKEVSER CARPET
You can find functionalization of antibacterial agents when applied to cotton fabrics,chloroacetate groups, bioactive carboxylic acid, antibacterial activities in these documents.
I found this documents last year while I was searching some datas about antibacterial finishes on warp kniteed blankets , and now I share with you.
Here is now.
Take it and enjoy.
Good lucks.!
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, avera...SriramNagarajan17
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, average cost of therapy and percentage of patients received injections (parenterals) in pediatrics dept; study carried out at multi-specialty teaching hospital”
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Development and in vitro evaluation of polyphenols (catechin) loaded mucoadhesive buccal patches
1. Sankar. S et al / Journal of Pharmacreations Vol-2(2) 2015 [39-45]
39
Pharmacreations | Vol. 2 | Issue 2 | April-June-2015
Journal Home page: www.pharmacreations.com
Research article Open Access
Development and in vitro evaluation of polyphenols (catechin) loaded
mucoadhesive buccal patches
Sankar. S1*
, Chitra. K2
, Saravanan. V.S3
.
1,3
Department of Pharmaceutics, Erode college of pharmacy, Erode. Tamil nadu. India.
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil nadu, India.
* Corresponding author: Sankar. S
E-mail id: s_sankar77@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The buccal mucoadhesive patches of catechin were fabricated with objective of avoiding first pass metabolism and
prolonging duration of action. The mucoadhesive polymers used in formulations were Hydroxyl propyl methyl
cellulose (HPMC E15), carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), chitosan and Vinga radiata extract. These formulations
were characterized for physiochemical parameters, in vitro retention time, in vitro bioadhesive strength, percent
hydration, and drug release. The modified in vitro assembly was used to measure the bioadhesive strength of patches
with fresh goat buccal mucosa as a model tissue. The best mucoadhesive performance and in vitro drug release
profile were exhibited by the patches contains chitoson and VR (vinga radiata extract) in the ratio of 1:1.5. This
formulation was more comfortable to the user due to less erosion, faster hydration rate, and optimum pH of
surrounding medium.
Keywords: Buccal mucoadhesive patches, Vinga Radiata extract, Bioadhesive Strength, In vitro retention time,
catechin.
INTRODUCTION
The catechin has a half-life of 1 hrs and shows a
bioavailability of less than 5 percentages. The
catechin has low bioavailability and high first pass
metabolism, the buccal release formulation has its
own significance for improving the systemic
concentration.1
The polymers used in this
investigation are chitosan, HPMC and CMC.
Chitosan is a natural bio compatible and bio
degradable polymer, extensively used in the
development of mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery.
Chitosan as a biodegradable polymer has proved its
ability as the safest and efficient material for the
development of novel drug delivery system for
various drug molecules. Due to its inherent properties
this is one of the preferred polymers for the
formulation developers. Chitosan has an excellent
film forming ability and better mucoadhesive
property. the mucoadhesive property of chitosan
either due to its ability to form secondary chemical
bonds such as hydrogen bonds or ionic interactions
between the positively charged amino groups of
chitosan and the negatively charged mucin. Apart
from this chitosan has a cell binding and membrane
permeation activity. So in this investigation, an
attempt has been made to develop mucoadhesive
buccal patches of Catechin by using chitosan, thus
expecting a modified release characteristics of the
drug.2,3
Journal of Pharmacreations
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Catechin, HPMC, CMC was obtained as a gift
sample from KTPL, Chennai , chitosan was obtained
from Balaji chemicals, Gujarat. All other reagents
and chemicals were of analytical or pharmaceutical
grade.
Extraction of Saponin from Vinga Radiata
Dried Vinga radiata seed were homogenized with
distilled water, refluxed for 4 hours. Then
concentrated in rotary evaporated. Extracted with 1-
butanol, which was previously saturated with water.
This 1- butanol fraction dried in rotary evaporated
and residue dissolved in methanol. Saponins were
precipitated by three time volume of ethyl acetate,
and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 5000 rpm.
Supernatant discarded and residue dried in vacuum
dryer, stored in well closed container. Saponins were
detected by TLC method. Using Kieselgel 60 F-254
plate, with chloroform-methanol-water (65:35:10
v/v). The components were visualized by heating at
105o
C.
Preparation of Buccal Patches of catechin
with Viga Radiata Saponine
Buccal mucoadhesive films were prepared using
polymer or polymer blends along with the drug and a
suitable solvent. The buccal mucoadhesive films of
polyphenols were prepared using sodium carboxyl
methyl cellulose and Hydroxyl propyl methyl
cellulose E15 cps polymers by casting method.
HPMC polymer (1000 mg), Vinga radiata saponin,
Poly ethylene glycol (PEG 600) and sodium CMC
was weighed accurately and placed in 5 ml of
ethanol. The contents in the beaker were stirred on
magnetic stirrer for 15 minutes for swelling of
polymer. Further 3 ml of ethanol was added to the
above polymer solution and stirred the dispersion.
Then 1ml of MDC was added to the polymer
solution. The drug (polyphenol) solution was added
to the polymer dispersion. The whole mixture was
mixed thoroughly with the help of a magnetic stirrer,
Finally 1 ml of distilled water added and stirred well.
The glass mould of size 5 × 3 cm2
was placed over a
flat surface. The drug-polymer mixture was poured
into the glass mould. The mould was kept in hot air
oven for 1 hour at 50o
C for drying and sudden
evaporation. After this period, an inverted funnel was
placed over the mould overnight to remove the
remaining solvent. The film was removed from the
mould, packed in wax paper, and stored in a
desiccator.
Preparation of standard curve of polyphenols
Aliquots of 0.1% gallic acid stock solution containing
20-200μl of gallic acid were dispensed into triplicate
sets of 25 ml volumetric flasks. 500 μl of Folin
Ciocalteau (diluted 1:1 with water) reagent followed
by 100μl of 30% Na2CO3 were added to the flasks
and mixed. The volume is made upto 25 ml mark by
distilled water and allowed to react at room
temperature for 30 min. The blue color developed is
read against reagent blank at 730 nm in a Shimadzu
UV-VIS (UV-2450) spectrophotometer. The gallic
acid concentration was plotted against absorbance.
Folding Endurance4,5
Folding endurance of the patches was determined by
repeatedly folding a small strip of the patch
(approximately 2x2 cm) at the same place till it
broke. The number of times patch could be folded at
the same place, without breaking gives the value of
folding endurance.
Patch thickness6
The thickness of the buccal patch was measured by
using screw gauge with a least count of 0.01 mm at
different spots of the patches. The thickness was
measured at five different spots of the patch and
average was taken.
Weight variation
Ten patches of 1cm2
were weighed individually and
average of those patches measured.
Surface pH 7,8,9
Buccal patches were left to swell for 1 hour on the
surface of 2% agar plate, it was allowed to stand until
it is solidified to form a gel at room temperature. The
surface pH was measured by means of pH paper
placed on the surface of the swollen patch.
Percentage swelling
After determination of the original patch weight and
diameter, the samples were allowed to swell on the
surface of Petridis kept in an incubator maintained at
3. Sankar. S et al / Journal of Pharmacreations Vol-2(2) 2015 [39-45]
41
37±0.20
C. Increase in the weight of the patch (n=3)
was determined at pre-set time intervals (1-5h). The
percentage swelling of the patches was calculated
using the formula % S = (Xt – X0/X0) x 100, where
Xt is the weight of swollen patch after time t, X0 is
the initial patch weight at zero time. (7)
% Moisture content4,5
The buccal patches were weighed accurately and kept
in desiccators containing anhydrous calcium chloride.
After three days, the patches were taken out and
weighed. The moisture content (%) was determined
by the formula:
% Moisture content = Initial weight – Final weight × 100
Initial weight
Bioadhesive Strength12, 13
The tensile strength required to detach the polymeric
patch from the mucosal surface was applied as
measure of the bioadhesive performance.
Instrument
The apparatus was locally assembled and was a
modification of the apparatus applied by Parodi et al.
The device was mainly composed of a two-arm
balance. The left arm of the balance was replaced by
small stainless steel lamina vertically suspended
through a wire. At the same side, a movable platform
was maintained in the bottom in order to fix the
model mucosal membrane.
Method
The fabricated balance described above was used for
the bioadhesion studies. The bovine cheek pouch,
excised and washed was fixed to the movable
platform. The mucoadhesive patch was fixed of 3
cm², was fixed to the stainless steel lamina using
‘feviquick’ as adhesive. The exposed patch surface
was moistened with 1 ml of isotonic phosphate buffer
for 30 seconds for initial hydration and swelling. The
platform was then raised upward until the hydrated
patch was brought into the contact with the mucosal
surface. A preload of 20 g was placed over the
stainless steel lamina for 3 minutes as initial pressure.
And then weights were slowly increased on the right
pan, till the patch detaches from the mucosal
membrane. The weight required to detach the patch
from the mucosa give the bioadhesive strength of the
mucoadhesive patch. The procedure is repeated for 3
times for each patch and mean value of the 3-trials
was taken for each set of formulation. After each
measurement the tissue was gently and thoroughly
washed with isotonic phosphate buffer and left for 5
minutes before taking reading.(8)
%Drug content14,15,16
Prepared buccal patch was dissolved in 100ml of
Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 6.8 using a
magnetic stirrer for 12 hours and then sonicated for
30 minutes. The solution was centrifuged and then
filtered. The drug content determination was done by
using UV spectroscopy at 223 nm.
In vitro diffusion study17.18
In vitro diffusion study was performed by using
modified franz diffusion cell across cellophane
membrane. Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH
6.8 was used as medium for diffusion study. Patches
of dimension 2x2cm2
were placed on the membrane,
which was placed between donor and receptor
compartment of franz diffusion cell. Cellophane
membrane was brought in contact with PBS of pH
6.8 filled in receptor compartment. Temperature was
maintained at 370
C with stirring at 50 rpm using
magnetic bead stirrer. 1ml of sample was withdrawn
from receptor compartment at pre-determined
interval and was replaced with fresh PBS of pH 6.8.
With suitable dilution, samples were measured for
absorbance at 730 nm using UV visible
spectrophotometer. Using 20-200μl of gallic acid as
standard was dispensed into triplicate sets of 25ml
volumetric flasks. 500μl of Folin Ciocalteau (diluted
1:1 with water) reagent followed by 100μl of 30%
Na2CO3 were added to the flasks and mixed. The
volume is made upto 25 ml mark by distilled water
and allowed to react at room temperature for 30 min.
The blue color developed is read against reagent
blank at 730 nm in a Shimadzu UV-VIS (UV-2450)
spectrophotometer. The gallic acid concentration was
plotted against absorbance.
Stability study19,20
Stability studies were performed in accordance with
ICH guidelines for accelerated stability testing.
Patches (2x2 cm2
) were wrapped individually in
4. Sankar. S et al / Journal of Pharmacreations Vol-2(2) 2015 [39-45]
42
aluminum foil and maintained at refrigerated
temperature (4±20
C), room temperature (30±20
C),
and oven temperature (45o
C and 75 % RH) for a
period of 1 month. Changes in the appearance and
drug content of the stored patches were investigated
after storage period.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of evaluations were summarized in table
(Table No.2). The developed catechin patches were
smooth and flexible. All the characteristics such as
folding endurance, thickness average weight, %
swelling index, moisture content, tensile strength and
% drug content were increased with increase in
concentration. The reason behind this is, at higher
concentration the more polymer chain with flexible
nature may be available, which resulted in higher
folding endurance value22
. It was already proved by
the researchers that, the thickness, average weight, %
swelling index, moisture content and tensile strength
will increases with increase in concentration of
polymer23,24
. The surface pH value indicating that the
patches may not produce any irritation to oral
mucosa and safer for application25
. The % drug
content was higher with VR-2, this may be due to
higher entrapment efficacy of chitosan polymer at
higher concentration24
.
The diffusion data obtained for the buccal patches
containing catechin with different concentrations of
chitosan and VR extract were closely assessed. The
% drug diffused was plotted against time (Table No.3
and Fig No.1). The % drug diffused from formulation
VR-1 and VR-2 were found to be 61.40% and
66.226% respectively after 6 hours diffusion (Table
No.3). From the data it can be assumed that the
%drug diffused from formulation VR2 containing
VR extract and chitosan had approximately 1.5%
greater release than formulation plain patches (not
shown in table). When VR extract combines with the
optimum level of polymer, there may be a possibility
of good initial burst release as well as better diffusion
profile for a drug such as catechin. This may be a
possibility for improved release profile of
formulation VR2. Apart from this, chitosan possess
inherent permeation enhancing property, which might
have resulted in a synergistic effect with VR extract
incorporated in formulation for improved release
properties of chitosan based buccal patch26
. After
good initial burst release from F2, good controlled
release profile was maintained for the entire duration
of investigation. This may be due to the natural
polymeric structure of chitosan which might have
been reflected in VR2 with 1% chitosan.
Accelerated stability studies were performed in
accordance with ICH guidelines with necessary
modifications. The studies were carried out to verify
the changes in physical characteristics such as color,
thickness, folding endurance and pH along with
changes in % drug content at three different
conditions of higher temperature (45±20
C), room
temperature (30±20
C), and refrigeration temperature
(4±20
C). After the completion of one month,
formulation VR1 with 1% chitosan had 98.90±0.05%
of drug content reported at room temperature, with a
minor decrease during the storage at refrigeration
temperature of 4 ± 20
C. But when the drug content
was estimated for VR2 at oven temperature, the drug
content was 97.30±0.05%. Similar drop in %drug
content were observed in case of formulation VR2
when kept at higher temperature. Loss in % drug
content was found to be minimum in case of
formulation of VR2.
Table 1: COMPOSITION OF FORMULATIONS
HPMC (mg) SCMC (mg) Chitosan (mg) PEG 600 (mg) VR (mg)
MABP-VR-1 700 200 10 50 5
MABP-VR-2 700 200 10 75 10
MABP-VR-3 700 200 10 100 15
MABP-VR-4 700 200 10 125 20
MABP-VR-5 700 200 10 150 25
MABP-VR-6 700 200 10 175 30
5. Sankar. S et al / Journal of Pharmacreations Vol-2(2) 2015 [39-45]
43
Table 2: CHARACTERIZATION OF DEVELOPED FORMULATIONS
FORMULATION CODE VR-1 VR-2 VR-3 VR-4 VR-5 VR-6
Appearance smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth smooth
Texture FlexibleFlexibleFlexible FlexibleLess FlexibleLess Flexible
Folding endurance 290±2 280±2 2880±2 260±2 240±2 200±2
Thickness(mm) 5±0.1 5.6±0.1 6.1±0.1 6±0.1 6.3±0.1 6.6±0.2
Surface pH 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.7
Swelling index(after 5 hours) 30 33 32 31 30 30
% Moisture content 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.8
Bioadhesive strength (Kg/m/sec)121 196 177 140 177 149
% Drug content 96.05 97.9 95 98.3 96.5 98.79
Table:- 3 IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE OF BUCCAL PATCHES WITH VR EXTRACT
S.NO Cumulative Drug released %
60 min 120 min 180 min 240 min
1 MABP-VR-1 31.83 44.54 53.08 61.40
2 MABP-VR-2 37.33 48.00 57.33 66.22
3 MABP-VR-3 37.67 47.23 57.47 60.42
4 MABP-VR-4 32.33 41.67 53.00 58.00
5 MABP-VR-5 31.33 42.40 52.00 60.33
6 MABP-VR-6 31.00 44.00 53.00 61.33
CONCLUSION
This investigation established the effectiveness of
chitosan as a polymer to develop buccal patches
containing catechin. The results shown that buccal
patches developed using chitosan were showing
excellent characteristics which was ideally required
for buccal patches,. More or less the patches were
Fig.1: INVITRO DRUG RELEASE OF BUCCAL
PATCHES WITH VR ETRACT
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
60 120 180 240
TIME IN MIN.
CUMULATIVEDRUGRELEASE
MABP-VR-1
MABP-VR-2
MABP-VR-3
MABP-VR-4
MABP-VR-5
MABP-VR-6
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44
stable at varying conditions. In vitro diffusion profile
of catechin from chitosan was showing good initial
burst release along with excellent controlled release
profile for 6 hours duration. Based on investigation
results, it may be suggested that 1.5 % is the
optimum concentration to develop a good buccal
patch containing catechin. Design and development
of such buccal patches may be highly beneficial
which can deliver drug up to a period of 12hrs
duration. Hence application of buccal may ensure
sufficient level of Catechin in the body to produce the
possible antioxidant effect.
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