This document summarizes a study characterizing the physicochemical properties of Jatropha curcas seed and seed oil collected from Bardoli, India. The seed was found to contain 46.31% oil and 22.50% protein. Analysis of the seed oil showed an iodine value of 106.00 mg/g, acid value of 36.46, and saponification value of 194.70 mg/g. Gas chromatography analysis identified the main fatty acids in the oil as palmitic acid (16.69%), stearic acid (7.67%), oleic acid (40.39%) and linoleic acid (33.09%).
This document summarizes an experiment to extract and characterize crude oil from the seeds of Spermacoce hispida. The extraction was done using petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus. Characterization of the extracted oil included determining specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, and iodine value. The results of these tests were within ASTM standard specifications. Characterization suggested the oil contains high levels of saturated fatty acids. The oil showed considerable changes in iodine value and peroxide value when stored for one month under light, darkness, and refrigeration conditions, indicating oxidative rancidity.
Physicochemical And Organoleptic Properties Of Some Selected Foods Fried With...iosrjce
This study was undertaken to determine the physicochemical properties and sensory attribute of oil
extracted from melon seeds, (Egusi) citrullus lanatus,when used in frying foods. Standard analytical procedures
were used to evaluate the oil extracted from the seeds for moisture content, specific gravity, saponification
value, refractive index, peroxide value, acid number, iodine value and sensory assessment of the fresh oil was
done using three different foods. The physicochemical properties repeated after storage for two weeks. The
colour, moisture content, specific gravity, acid values, iodine value, peroxide value and saponification value
were yellow, 2.0%, 1.059kg/dm3
, 0.97mgKOH/g, 108g/100g, 7.0mmol O2/kg and 178.11mgKOH/g for fresh
melon seed oil and yellow, 1.2%, 1.0598 kg/dm3
, 0.67mgKOH/g, 110 g/100g, 7.90mmol O2/kg and
178.10mgKOH/g for stored melon seed oil respectively. The organoleptic scoring of foods fried with melon seed
oil compared to foods fried with groundnut oil shows thatplantain fried with melon seed oil had better taste,
aroma and overall acceptance scoring than plantain fried with groundnut oil while yam and egg fried with
groundnut oil had better taste, colour, aroma and overall acceptance scoring compared to those fried with
melon seed oil. This study shows that melon seed oil can be used as cooking oil.
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of ...Arvind Singh Heer
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
This document provides information on several carbohydrate-containing drugs, including their biological sources, chemical constituents, chemical tests, and uses. Isapgol is obtained from Plantago ovata seeds and contains mucilage. Linseed comes from Linum usitatissimum seeds and contains mucilage and fixed oils. Agar is extracted from red algae and contains agarose and agaropectin polysaccharides. Honey is a sugar secretion from bees and contains sugars, acids, enzymes, and vitamins. Acacia gum exudes from Acacia senegal and contains arabin glycoproteins. Tragacanth exudes from Astragalus plants and contains tragacanthin and bassorin polysaccharides. Each
This document provides information on 35 different crude drugs, including their names, biological sources, families, major constituents and uses. It discusses crude drugs from various categories including carbohydrates, tannins, lipids, proteins and volatile oils. For each entry it provides the drug name, synonym(s), source, botanical family, key chemical constituents and common uses. The crude drugs cover a wide range of medicinal plants and substances used in pharmacology and herbal medicine.
The document describes research on isolating and characterizing an alkaline xylanase enzyme from an alkaliphilic actinomycete. A strain labeled AS-19 was found to produce high levels of xylanase through solid-state fermentation using wheat bran. The xylanase was optimally active at high temperatures (70-80°C) and alkaline pH (8.5-10), making it suitable for industrial applications like kraft pulp bleaching. Maximum enzyme production occurred within 72 hours at 30°C using wheat bran as the substrate.
Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze, commonly known as tara (Quechua), is a small leguminous tree or thorny shrub native to Peru. C. spinosa is cultivated as a source of tannins based on a galloylated quinic acid structure. This chemical structure has been confirmed also by LC-MS.
This document summarizes an experiment to extract and characterize crude oil from the seeds of Spermacoce hispida. The extraction was done using petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus. Characterization of the extracted oil included determining specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, and iodine value. The results of these tests were within ASTM standard specifications. Characterization suggested the oil contains high levels of saturated fatty acids. The oil showed considerable changes in iodine value and peroxide value when stored for one month under light, darkness, and refrigeration conditions, indicating oxidative rancidity.
Physicochemical And Organoleptic Properties Of Some Selected Foods Fried With...iosrjce
This study was undertaken to determine the physicochemical properties and sensory attribute of oil
extracted from melon seeds, (Egusi) citrullus lanatus,when used in frying foods. Standard analytical procedures
were used to evaluate the oil extracted from the seeds for moisture content, specific gravity, saponification
value, refractive index, peroxide value, acid number, iodine value and sensory assessment of the fresh oil was
done using three different foods. The physicochemical properties repeated after storage for two weeks. The
colour, moisture content, specific gravity, acid values, iodine value, peroxide value and saponification value
were yellow, 2.0%, 1.059kg/dm3
, 0.97mgKOH/g, 108g/100g, 7.0mmol O2/kg and 178.11mgKOH/g for fresh
melon seed oil and yellow, 1.2%, 1.0598 kg/dm3
, 0.67mgKOH/g, 110 g/100g, 7.90mmol O2/kg and
178.10mgKOH/g for stored melon seed oil respectively. The organoleptic scoring of foods fried with melon seed
oil compared to foods fried with groundnut oil shows thatplantain fried with melon seed oil had better taste,
aroma and overall acceptance scoring than plantain fried with groundnut oil while yam and egg fried with
groundnut oil had better taste, colour, aroma and overall acceptance scoring compared to those fried with
melon seed oil. This study shows that melon seed oil can be used as cooking oil.
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of ...Arvind Singh Heer
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
This document provides information on several carbohydrate-containing drugs, including their biological sources, chemical constituents, chemical tests, and uses. Isapgol is obtained from Plantago ovata seeds and contains mucilage. Linseed comes from Linum usitatissimum seeds and contains mucilage and fixed oils. Agar is extracted from red algae and contains agarose and agaropectin polysaccharides. Honey is a sugar secretion from bees and contains sugars, acids, enzymes, and vitamins. Acacia gum exudes from Acacia senegal and contains arabin glycoproteins. Tragacanth exudes from Astragalus plants and contains tragacanthin and bassorin polysaccharides. Each
This document provides information on 35 different crude drugs, including their names, biological sources, families, major constituents and uses. It discusses crude drugs from various categories including carbohydrates, tannins, lipids, proteins and volatile oils. For each entry it provides the drug name, synonym(s), source, botanical family, key chemical constituents and common uses. The crude drugs cover a wide range of medicinal plants and substances used in pharmacology and herbal medicine.
The document describes research on isolating and characterizing an alkaline xylanase enzyme from an alkaliphilic actinomycete. A strain labeled AS-19 was found to produce high levels of xylanase through solid-state fermentation using wheat bran. The xylanase was optimally active at high temperatures (70-80°C) and alkaline pH (8.5-10), making it suitable for industrial applications like kraft pulp bleaching. Maximum enzyme production occurred within 72 hours at 30°C using wheat bran as the substrate.
Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze, commonly known as tara (Quechua), is a small leguminous tree or thorny shrub native to Peru. C. spinosa is cultivated as a source of tannins based on a galloylated quinic acid structure. This chemical structure has been confirmed also by LC-MS.
This document summarizes a study on the fermentative production of squalene using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii under anaerobic conditions. Squalene yields of 41.16 μg/g and 237.25 μg/g were obtained from S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii, respectively. Isolation and purification of squalene from lipid extracts of the yeast cells was achieved through chromatographic techniques. Spectroscopic characterization confirmed the purified product was squalene.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
This document provides information on various types of resins. It begins by defining resins and their general properties such as being heavier than water, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. It then classifies resins based on their chemical constituents such as acid resins, ester resins, resin alcohols, resin phenols and resenes. Examples are given for each classification. The document also discusses various crude drugs that contain resins and resin combinations, including their botanical source, chemical constituents and uses.
The document discusses various Ayurvedic dosage forms including solid, semisolid, and liquid forms. It describes the classification and preparation methods of common dosage forms such as churna, gutika, asava, arishta, avaleha, and lehya. The document also covers parameters for standardizing different Ayurvedic formulations to ensure quality, purity, and therapeutic efficacy.
Comparison of the isolation of oil from Nigella damascena seed by pressing, c...Egidijus Dauksas
This document compares different extraction methods for recovering oil from Nigella damascena seeds, including pressing, conventional solvent extraction, and carbon dioxide extraction. Carbon dioxide extraction yielded only 10.57% oil, but adding 1% ethanol increased the yield by 50%. The major fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Volatile constituents like elemenes made up 21.38-29.16% of the extracts. Free fatty acids, mainly linoleic and oleic acids, constituted 35.04-51.18% of the extracts.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes how total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, and sulphated ash value are used to detect impurities. Swelling factor and extractive values like water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble values provide information about a drug's constituents. Bioassay methods use living organisms to test for various drug activities.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of the main constituents of Lovage (Levisticum o...Egidijus Dauksas
This document summarizes research on the extraction of constituents from lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) using supercritical CO2. Specifically, it investigated the solubility of two main lovage constituents, α-terpinyl acetate and 3-n-propylidene phthalide, in supercritical CO2 using model systems. The solubility of both compounds was found to depend on CO2 pressure and temperature, with higher pressures and temperatures generally increasing solubility. α-Terpinyl acetate was found to have greater solubility than 3-n-propylidene phthalide. The research aims to optimize supercritical CO2 extraction parameters to recover specific constituents from lovage.
This document provides information on 48 herbal drugs including their botanical name, parts used, chemical constituents and uses. Some key herbal drugs discussed include Aloe vera and rhubarb which have laxative properties, ginger and black pepper which are used as carminatives and flavouring agents, and cannabis, belladonna and aconite which have effects on the central nervous system. The document also covers herbal drugs used for conditions like hypertension, malaria, tumours, and leprosy.
Asava and Aristha are herbal medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery for a specified period of time. This allows alcohol to be generated through fermentation, which also acts as a preservative. The two differ in their method of preparation, with Aristha involving making a kasaya or decoction of herbs before adding the sugar solution, while Asava involves directly adding powdered herbs to the sugar solution. Both follow similar fermentation and filtration processes and should have characteristics of being clear, non-frothy liquids with an aromatic alcoholic odor when completed. Examples of some common Asava and Aristha preparations are provided.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Production of Pachouli Oil by Fermentation Methode Using Phanerochaete Chryso...IJERD Editor
This document discusses research into producing patchouli oil through fermentation using Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungus. The research aims to determine the effect of adding kieserite, a magnesium sulfate fertilizer, and fermentation time on the yield, quality, and patchouli alcohol content of the extracted patchouli oil. Variables tested included fermentation time between 7-15 days and kieserite addition of 0.5-1.5 g/L of media. The results showed that decreasing kieserite added and increasing fermentation time up to 15 days improved yield and quality. The best results were obtained at 15 days fermentation with 0.5 g/L kieserite
The document discusses standardization of herbal drugs. It defines standardization as adjusting herbal drug preparations to a defined content of constituents with known therapeutic activity. Quality control is based on identity, purity, and content or assay. Various analytical methods like TLC, HPLC, and GC can be used to establish the constant composition of herbal preparations. The document also provides specifics on standardization of several individual herbal drugs.
This document discusses various types of drugs that can be classified based on their origin and nature, including resins, gums, dried latices, dried juices, dried extracts, and saccharine substances. It provides examples of each type and describes the composition, preparation, and properties of several resins - including turpentine, colophony, guaiacum resin, and mastic resin. It also discusses the oleo-resin male fern and its active constituents and identification test.
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
1. Asava and Arishta are traditional Ayurvedic liquid fermented medicines made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery in an earthen pot for 1-3 months to undergo fermentation.
2. The key difference is that Arishta is prepared from a decoction of dried herbs while Asava uses fresh dried herbs.
3. The fermentation process is initiated by the addition of flowers from the Woodfordia fruticosa plant and produces medicines that are moderately alcoholic and sweet with slight acidity and aroma.
Thin Layer Chromatography, Extraction and Phytochemical Investigations of Cel...IJSTA
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical constituents of Celastrus paniculatus through extraction and thin layer chromatography. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the petroleum ether seed extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, steroids and alkaloids.
2. Thin layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract separated components with Rf values of 0.74, 0.36, and 0.23, indicating the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrates and alkaloids.
3. The study concludes that C. paniculatus seeds contain
Extraction is defined as a process that involves separating active plant or animal components from inactive ones using selective solvents. There are several extraction processes, including infusion, maceration, digestion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, solvent-solvent precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine is extracted from coffee seeds through infusion by steeping the seeds in water. The caffeine can then be isolated from the tea solution through a multi-step process involving extraction with methylene chloride followed by evaporation of the solvent.
Properties of Cold Process Soaps Prepared from Different v2zq
This document describes a study that investigated how different fats and oils produce soaps with different characteristics when used in cold-process saponification. Shea nut oil, groundnut oil, and tallow were used to make soaps. The soaps were analyzed for color, texture, lathering capacity, cleansing power, and pH. It was found that the shea butter soap had the best lathering, while the groundnut oil soap had the most effective cleaning power. The cold-process saponification method and hands-on learning approach taken in this study provides a way to actively engage students in chemistry.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
This document summarizes a study on the fermentative production of squalene using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii under anaerobic conditions. Squalene yields of 41.16 μg/g and 237.25 μg/g were obtained from S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii, respectively. Isolation and purification of squalene from lipid extracts of the yeast cells was achieved through chromatographic techniques. Spectroscopic characterization confirmed the purified product was squalene.
The study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hyptis suaveolens seed oil from Uttarakhand, India. GC-MS analysis found the oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid. Disc diffusion and dilution broth assays found the oil had antimicrobial activity against bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida tropicalis, with minimum inhibition concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml. The oil showed potential as a natural antibiotic but further studies are needed to understand its mode of action.
This document provides information on various types of resins. It begins by defining resins and their general properties such as being heavier than water, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. It then classifies resins based on their chemical constituents such as acid resins, ester resins, resin alcohols, resin phenols and resenes. Examples are given for each classification. The document also discusses various crude drugs that contain resins and resin combinations, including their botanical source, chemical constituents and uses.
The document discusses various Ayurvedic dosage forms including solid, semisolid, and liquid forms. It describes the classification and preparation methods of common dosage forms such as churna, gutika, asava, arishta, avaleha, and lehya. The document also covers parameters for standardizing different Ayurvedic formulations to ensure quality, purity, and therapeutic efficacy.
Comparison of the isolation of oil from Nigella damascena seed by pressing, c...Egidijus Dauksas
This document compares different extraction methods for recovering oil from Nigella damascena seeds, including pressing, conventional solvent extraction, and carbon dioxide extraction. Carbon dioxide extraction yielded only 10.57% oil, but adding 1% ethanol increased the yield by 50%. The major fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Volatile constituents like elemenes made up 21.38-29.16% of the extracts. Free fatty acids, mainly linoleic and oleic acids, constituted 35.04-51.18% of the extracts.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes how total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, and sulphated ash value are used to detect impurities. Swelling factor and extractive values like water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble values provide information about a drug's constituents. Bioassay methods use living organisms to test for various drug activities.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of the main constituents of Lovage (Levisticum o...Egidijus Dauksas
This document summarizes research on the extraction of constituents from lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) using supercritical CO2. Specifically, it investigated the solubility of two main lovage constituents, α-terpinyl acetate and 3-n-propylidene phthalide, in supercritical CO2 using model systems. The solubility of both compounds was found to depend on CO2 pressure and temperature, with higher pressures and temperatures generally increasing solubility. α-Terpinyl acetate was found to have greater solubility than 3-n-propylidene phthalide. The research aims to optimize supercritical CO2 extraction parameters to recover specific constituents from lovage.
This document provides information on 48 herbal drugs including their botanical name, parts used, chemical constituents and uses. Some key herbal drugs discussed include Aloe vera and rhubarb which have laxative properties, ginger and black pepper which are used as carminatives and flavouring agents, and cannabis, belladonna and aconite which have effects on the central nervous system. The document also covers herbal drugs used for conditions like hypertension, malaria, tumours, and leprosy.
Asava and Aristha are herbal medicinal preparations made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery for a specified period of time. This allows alcohol to be generated through fermentation, which also acts as a preservative. The two differ in their method of preparation, with Aristha involving making a kasaya or decoction of herbs before adding the sugar solution, while Asava involves directly adding powdered herbs to the sugar solution. Both follow similar fermentation and filtration processes and should have characteristics of being clear, non-frothy liquids with an aromatic alcoholic odor when completed. Examples of some common Asava and Aristha preparations are provided.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Production of Pachouli Oil by Fermentation Methode Using Phanerochaete Chryso...IJERD Editor
This document discusses research into producing patchouli oil through fermentation using Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungus. The research aims to determine the effect of adding kieserite, a magnesium sulfate fertilizer, and fermentation time on the yield, quality, and patchouli alcohol content of the extracted patchouli oil. Variables tested included fermentation time between 7-15 days and kieserite addition of 0.5-1.5 g/L of media. The results showed that decreasing kieserite added and increasing fermentation time up to 15 days improved yield and quality. The best results were obtained at 15 days fermentation with 0.5 g/L kieserite
The document discusses standardization of herbal drugs. It defines standardization as adjusting herbal drug preparations to a defined content of constituents with known therapeutic activity. Quality control is based on identity, purity, and content or assay. Various analytical methods like TLC, HPLC, and GC can be used to establish the constant composition of herbal preparations. The document also provides specifics on standardization of several individual herbal drugs.
This document discusses various types of drugs that can be classified based on their origin and nature, including resins, gums, dried latices, dried juices, dried extracts, and saccharine substances. It provides examples of each type and describes the composition, preparation, and properties of several resins - including turpentine, colophony, guaiacum resin, and mastic resin. It also discusses the oleo-resin male fern and its active constituents and identification test.
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
1. Asava and Arishta are traditional Ayurvedic liquid fermented medicines made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery in an earthen pot for 1-3 months to undergo fermentation.
2. The key difference is that Arishta is prepared from a decoction of dried herbs while Asava uses fresh dried herbs.
3. The fermentation process is initiated by the addition of flowers from the Woodfordia fruticosa plant and produces medicines that are moderately alcoholic and sweet with slight acidity and aroma.
Thin Layer Chromatography, Extraction and Phytochemical Investigations of Cel...IJSTA
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical constituents of Celastrus paniculatus through extraction and thin layer chromatography. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the petroleum ether seed extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, steroids and alkaloids.
2. Thin layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract separated components with Rf values of 0.74, 0.36, and 0.23, indicating the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrates and alkaloids.
3. The study concludes that C. paniculatus seeds contain
Extraction is defined as a process that involves separating active plant or animal components from inactive ones using selective solvents. There are several extraction processes, including infusion, maceration, digestion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, solvent-solvent precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Caffeine is extracted from coffee seeds through infusion by steeping the seeds in water. The caffeine can then be isolated from the tea solution through a multi-step process involving extraction with methylene chloride followed by evaporation of the solvent.
Properties of Cold Process Soaps Prepared from Different v2zq
This document describes a study that investigated how different fats and oils produce soaps with different characteristics when used in cold-process saponification. Shea nut oil, groundnut oil, and tallow were used to make soaps. The soaps were analyzed for color, texture, lathering capacity, cleansing power, and pH. It was found that the shea butter soap had the best lathering, while the groundnut oil soap had the most effective cleaning power. The cold-process saponification method and hands-on learning approach taken in this study provides a way to actively engage students in chemistry.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Spore Forming Bacterium from Oil Contaminated Soil as a Source of a Lipase En...IOSRJPBS
Twenty two bacterial isolates were obtained from oil contaminated soil, collected from some oil stations in Jeddah. All the obtained bacterial isolates were screened on Tween-Yeast extract medium for lipase production. Three bacterial isolates HM10, HM15 and HM20 showed the highest growth and lipase production agar medium, thus they were grown in liquid olive oil medium at 120 rpm. Maximum lipase production was obtained by the isolate HM10. The isolate HM10 was characterized and identified through physiological, biochemical tests and culture characteristics in addition to 16S rDNA as Bacillus coagulans. The effects of different factors on the enzyme production were studied. It was found that bacterial growth in medium 4 at initial pH 7.0, containing olive oil and incubation at 37ºC for 2 days at 120 rpm were the most favorable conditions for maximum lipase production by the tested isolate. The bacterial isolate was grown using the best culture conditions and lipase was precipitated using 80% of ammonium sulphate, purified using colum chromatography and characterized. The molecular weight was 62 kDa and the maximum enzyme activity was at 50ºC and pH 7.0. Presence of K + and Ca++ ions enhance enzyme activity.
Enrichment of Omega 3 Fatty Acids using Urea Complexation Method to Enhance t...ijtsrd
Lipid fraction extracted from tissues of oily fish and fishery by products are one of the best source of omega 3 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFAs , mainly eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA . Method of oil extraction from the Dasyatis sephen liver is simple and cheap. Therefore, the present study was conducted to extract and enrich the Omega 3 fatty acids from Dasyatis sephen liver which is discarded during dry fish production. Bligh and Dyer's method was used to extract oil. Fatty acids profiles were determined by Gas Liquid Chromatography method GLC . Average liver lipid recovery was 69.54 w w . Crude liver oil fatty acid profile of DHA and EPA was 0.5 and 0.6 , respectively. Urea complexation was done to enrich the extracted Omega 3 fatty acids. Physio chemical properties such as moisture content, color, specific gravity, peroxide value, and fatty acid compositions were obtained under the tolerable standard. The level of DHA 22 6n 3 and EPA 20 5n 3 in the enriched Dasyatis sephen oil were 9.7 and 8.7 , respectively. It could be concluded that the converting of Ray fish by product into enriched oil is an opportunity of adding value to the fish by product and could be suitable for applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Duglas Sathees | Vidanarachchi J. K | Himali S. M. C "Enrichment of Omega-3 Fatty Acids using Urea Complexation Method to Enhance the Nutritive Value of Stingray Fish (Dasyatis Sephen F.) Liver Oil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25181.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/animal-science/25181/enrichment-of-omega-3-fatty-acids-using-urea-complexation-method-to-enhance-the-nutritive-value-of-stingray-fish-dasyatis-sephen-f-liver-oil/duglas-sathees
The seed from the fruit of the Beilschmiedia mannii (Lauraceae) tree provides edible oil. In order to contribute to the valorization of this seed, which is a traditional Vegetable in Côte d’Ivoire; study of its food potential has been carried out, Particular the determination of some physico-chemical characteristics of its oil. The results obtained are as follows: the yield (8.75%); the refractive index (1.41); the acid index (2.62); the Iodine index (83.8); Saponification index (263.14); the peroxide index (8.97).
This document provides information on biodiesel production through transesterification and esterification of various feedstocks like vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oil. It discusses the different types of feedstocks, the chemical processes of transesterification and esterification, heterogeneous catalyst preparation, and biodiesel characterization methods. Experiments were conducted to produce biodiesel from castor and karanja oils using acid-catalyzed esterification and base-catalyzed transesterification, and the biodiesel was then characterized through methods like acid value testing, bomb calorimetry, and viscosity measurement.
Safrole is a phenylpropene compound extracted from sassafras plants. It is a colorless or slightly yellow liquid with a sassafras odor. Safrole is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. While it has been used in perfumes, foods, and medicines historically, safrole is now tightly regulated and restricted due to its carcinogenic properties and use as an illicit precursor in synthesizing ecstasy and other drugs.
The document examines the effect of bleaching on quality attributes of crude palm oil. Crude palm oil samples were divided into three groups: sample A was unbleached, sample B was heat bleached, and sample C was bleached using activated coconut pod ash. Bleaching reduced moisture content, crude protein, free fatty acid, iodine value, density, refractive index and viscosity across samples. Bleaching increased oil extract, saponification value and lightened color. Bleaching with activated coconut pod ash had the greatest impact on quality attributes, suggesting it is an effective bleaching method for crude palm oil.
Supercritical extraction of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds with pure CO...Egidijus Dauksas
The document discusses supercritical fluid extraction of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds using pure CO2 and mixtures of CO2 with caprylic acid methyl ester. It finds that increasing the CO2 pressure from 100 to 350 bar increased the borage seed extract yield from 0.14% to 24.29% by weight. Adding caprylic acid methyl ester as an entrainer further increased the extract yields, with the highest solubility of the entrainer in CO2 determined to be approximately 1 g of ester in 1 g of CO2 at pressures of 100 and 300 bar. The addition of the entrainer increased extract yields up to 47.8 times at 100 bar and 2
Biotechnological applications in agriculture a new source of edibleSiamak Alizade
This document summarizes research on using the Terminalia belerica plant for various biotechnological applications. Key points:
- The plant's seeds can be used to produce a new edible oil, comprising 37% of the dry kernel weight. Analysis found the oil contains fatty acids similar to olive oil.
- Byproducts of oil extraction include an oilcake containing high levels of nitrogen (8.34%) and proteins (60% digestible) suitable for use as biofertilizer.
- Other byproducts include tannins extracted from the fruit pulp, suitable for use in leather/medicine, and antioxidants like gallic acid in the seed coat with potential to preserve vegetable oils.
Fatliquor preparation from Karanja seed oil (Pongamia pinnata L.) and its app...IOSR Journals
This document describes the preparation of a fatliquor from Karanja seed oil and its application in leather processing. Karanja seed oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then sulphated through a reaction with sulphuric acid to introduce sulphonic acid groups. FT-IR analysis confirmed the attachment of sulphonic acid groups. The prepared fatliquor was used in processing goat skins, which were found to meet leather specification standards, suggesting the Karanja seed oil-derived fatliquor can substitute imported varieties. Physical and chemical analysis showed the sulphated Karanja oil has properties suitable for use as a fatliquor in leather processing.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified biosurfactant producing bacteria from Iranian oil wells. One strain, identified as Bacillus sp. NO.4, showed high salt tolerance and biosurfactant production ability over a wide pH range. Its maximum biomass production was achieved after 60 hours. GC and HPLC analysis showed the strain had the ability to degrade hydrocarbons in crude oil and completely degrade chrysene and fluorine. The isolated strains demonstrated potential for removing oil pollutants and enhanced oil recovery applications.
Fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of castor ( r...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research article that studied the fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of castor seeds obtained from Malete, Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. The key findings were that the castor seeds contained 47.8% total lipids. The iodine value was 1.061 g/g, saponification value was 327.4 g/g, moisture content was 0.3%, acid value was 14.42 mg/g, density was 880 g/cm3, and free fatty acid content was 7.21%. The unique fatty acid in castor oil is ricinoleic acid which makes up around 90% of the total fatty acids.
The document discusses fats, oils, detergents and their analysis. It begins by defining fats and oils as glycerol esters of fatty acids. It describes the different types of fats and oils that occur in nature, including vegetable oils like olive oil and palm oil, and animal oils like whale oil and lard oil. It then discusses the manufacture of soybean oil using solvent extraction. The document concludes by explaining the analysis of fats and oils using tests like acid value, saponification value and iodine value. It also describes the different types of detergents like sodium alkyl sulfates and their cleansing action.
1) Baobab seed oil was extracted and biodegraded using the fungus Aspergillus niger over 49 days. The pH decreased and viscosity increased gradually as biodegradation progressed.
2) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed shifts in the absorption bands of functional groups like carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, indicating biodegradation.
3) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the esterification of unsaturated carboxylic acid to 9-octadecanoic acid and formation of 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl ester, showing biodegradation occurred within 35 days.
Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and karanja oil have been identified for the comparative study of production of renewable energy sources i.e. biodiesel as well as physico-chemical properties of biodiesel for its potentiality. Enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is used as biocatalyst (8%) for the conversion in both the cases with 5:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil for 8 hours with mixing intensity of 600 rpm at 550C. JCO shows higher conversion efficiency at these parameters than karanja oil. Biodiesels obtained from JCO and karanja oil are analysed based on physico-chemical properties like specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point and acid number. With regard to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number, the JCO biodiesel shows higher values than karanja biodiesel whereas flash point and cloud point of karanja biodiesel are higher than JCO biodiesel. With respect to the compositional analysis, JCO biodiesel contains 95.67% methyl ester but karanja biodiesel contains 92.57% methyl ester. Apart from this, triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) content of JCO and karanja oil biodiesel are 1.68%, 1.08%, 2.68% and 1.89%, 2.75% and 3.69% respectively.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the chemical constituents, physicochemical properties, and proximate composition of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) seed oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 24 constituents making up 96.81% of the oil, including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenol as major components. Physicochemical analysis found the oil had a specific gravity of 0.9050, refractive index of 1.456, and acid, iodine, saponification, and peroxide values within reported standards. Proximate analysis determined the seed contained 10.50% moisture, 39.57% protein, and 32.50%
This document describes a study on the production and characterization of biodiesel from cottonseed oil. The researchers investigated various parameters that affect biodiesel yield, including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained using a 1:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% NaOH catalyst, and 150 minutes reaction time. The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity, were tested and found to meet ASTM standards for biodiesel.
This study isolated 10 bacterial isolates from oil-contaminated soil in Hilla City, Iraq that were able to degrade crude oil. 9 isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 as Bacillus spp. All isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, lipolytic activity, and oil displacement assays. Most isolates showed biosurfactant activity. PCR was used to detect genes for phenol monooxygenase and xylene monooxygenase. 2 P. aeruginosa isolates tested positive for the phenol monooxygenase gene. This study concluded the isolates have potential to degrade crude oil and produce biosurfactants.
Biofuel from Algae for future use (Lipid extraction)Pravin clap
Lipid Extraction from algae Bio fuel production for future use
Submitted by,
Ahamed Nashath A, Pravin C, Vishak P
Research Guide. Dr. Helen sheeba, Department of Microbiology, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil
May 2023 Project thesis submitted to Scott Christian College (Autonomous) In partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Microbiology
Increasing global demand for fuels and the consequent increases in environmental pollution and human health risks have collectively driven research toward finding sustainable and economically viable alternatives. The third-generation biofuels have been considered as promising strategies for meeting this goal.
Algae are chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic organisms found everywhere on the earth, such as in the sea, rivers, lakes, soil, in animal, and plants. Algae represent a potential biomass to be explored as a source to develop biofuel because algal biomass is abundant, fast-growing, and unexploited resource often left to decompose on the shores posing waste problems. High percentage of lipids and carbohydrates make algae an excellent candidate for the synthesis of biofuel.
Algae are an economical choice for biodiesel production, because of its availability and low cost. Our results prove that biodiesel can be produced from macroalgae. In this way algae can be used as renewable energy. Many researchers reported that microalgae might better for higher biodiesel production.
Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels primarily produced from biomass, and can be used to replace or can be used in addition to diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for transport, stationary, portable and other applications. Crops used to make biofuels are generally either high in sugar (such as sugarcane, sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum), starch (such as maize and tapioca) or oils (such as soybean, rapeseed, coconut, sunflower).
Biodiesel is a clean-burning diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or grease. Its chemical structure is that of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE). Biodiesel as a fuel gives much lower toxic air emissions than fossil diesel. In addition, it gives cleaner burning and has less sulfur content, and thus reducing emissions. Because of its origin from renewable resources, it is more likely that it competes with petroleum products in the future.
The benefits of using biodiesel are as follows,
Algae is a economical choice for Biodiesel
It reduce vehicle emission which makes it eco-friendly.
It is made from renewable sources and can be prepared locally.
It has excellent lubricity.
Increased safety in storage and transport because the fuel is nontoxic and bio degradable (Storage, high flash pt)
Production of bio diesel in India will reduce dependence on foreign suppliers, thus helpful in price stability.
Reduction of greenhouse gases at least by 3.3 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of biodiesel.
Thank you for viewing and reading 😊
Similar to Jurnal 1 physicochemical characterization of seed and seed oil of jatropha curcas l. (20)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Jurnal 1 physicochemical characterization of seed and seed oil of jatropha curcas l.
1. Sains Malaysiana 39(6)(2010): 951–955
Physicochemical Characterization of Seed and Seed Oil of Jatropha curcas L.
Collected from Bardoli (South Gujarat)
(Ciri-ciri Fizikokimia Biji dan Minyak Biji Jatropha curcas L.
diambil dari Bardoli (Selatan Gujarat))
B.S. NAYAK* & K.N. PATEL
ABSTRACT
The seed of Jatropha curcas was collected from the outskirts region of the Bardoli (Gujarat) and it was utilized for
determination of seed characterization. The Jatropha curcas oil was extracted using light petroleum ether (60-80°C)
by Soxhlet apparatus. The physicochemical properties of Jatropha curcas oil were evaluated. The result showed that
the seeds consist of 46.31% (dry w/w) oil, moisture and volatilities (5.8% v/w) and protein content (22.50%). The
physicochemical properties shows acid value (36.46), iodine value (106.00 mg/g) and saponification value (194.70
mg/g). The unsaponifiable matter was 1.02%. Negative Halphen test indicated the absence of cyclopropanoid acids in
seed oil. GC analysis of J. curcas oil showed presence of palmitic acid (16.69%), stearic acid (7.67%), oleic acid (40.
39%) and linoleic acid (33.09%).
Keywords: Jatropha curcas; oil characterisation; physiochemical properties; seed characterisation
ABSTRAK
Biji Jatropha curcas telah dikumpulkan dari kawasan luar Bardoli (Gujarat) dan telah dicirikan. Minyak Jatropha
curcas telah diekstrak menggunakan eter petroleum ringan (60-80o
C) dan alat Soxhlet. Sifat fizikokimia minyak Jatropha
curcas telah dinilai. Keputusan menunjukkan biji tersebut mengandungi 46.31% (w/w kering) minyak, kelembapan dan
kemeruapan (5.8% v/w) dan protein (22.50%). Sifat fizikokimia menunjukkan nilai asid (36.46), nilai iodin (106.00 mg/g)
dan nilai saponifikasi (194.70 mg/g). Jirim yang tak tersaponifikasi ialah 1.02%. Ujian Halphen negatif menunjukkan
ketidakhadiran asid siklopropanoid di dalam minyqk biji ini. Analisis GC minyak J. curcas menunjukkan kewujudan asid
palmitik (16.99%), asid steanik (7.67%), asid oleik (40.39%) dan asid linolik (33.09%).
Kata kunci: Ciri-ciri biji; ciri-ciri minyak; Jatropha curcas; sifat fizikokimia
INTRODUCTION
Jatropha curcas is a shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae
family. It is cultivated in central and South America,
South East Asia, India and Africa (Gübitz et al. 1999). J.
curcas can grow well under such adverse climate because
of its low moisture demands, fertility requirements and
tolerance to high temperatures (Kaushik et al. 2007). All
parts of J. curcas plant have their own uses. Like many
other Jatropha species, J. curcas is a succulent tree
that sheds its leaves during the dry season. It is a well
adaptor to arid and semi-arid conditions and often used
for erosion control. The leaves are used in traditional
medicine against coughs or as antiseptics after birth, and
the branches are chewing sticks (Gübitz et al. 1999). The
latex produced from the branches is useful for wound
healing and other medical uses. Each fruit contains 2 to 3
oblong black seeds which can produce oil. The seed kernel
oil contained 40-60% (w/w) oil (Makkar et al. 1997).
The seed oil extracted is found useful in medicinal and
veterinary purposes, as insecticide, for soap production
and as fuel substitute (Gübitz et al. 1999).
The composition of J. curcas oil from Nigeria consists
of main fatty acid such as palmitic acid (13%), stearic acid
(2.53%), oleic acid (48.8%) and linoleic acid (34.6%)
(Martínez-Herrera et al. 2006). J. curcas oil contains high
percentage of unsaturated fatty acid which is about 78-84%.
Thismadetheoilssuitableforbiodieselproduction.However,
the chemical compositions of the oil vary according to the
climate and locality. To date, Bardoli (Gujarat) varieties of
J. curcas oil have yet to be characterised. In this paper, we
report the physicochemical properties of Bardoli (Gujarat)
wild J. curcas seed and seed oil.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
J. curcas seeds were obtained from rural area of Bardoli
(Gujarat) of India. The ripe seeds were collected and the
damaged seeds were discarded. The seeds were cleaned,
de-shelled and dried in an oven at 105°C for 30. The
seeds were ground to powder using a grinder prior to oil
extraction.All chemicals used in the study were analytical
grade and used without further purification.
2. 952
CHARACTERIsATION
Seed Index
Weight and volume occupied by 1000 seeds was
determined.
Moisture and Volatilities
About 5 to 6 g of seeds were accurately weighed in a
petridish and kept in hot-air oven maintained at 110°C
for 4 hrs. After cooling in a dessicator, the loss in weight
was recorded in each case. This procedure was repeated
till constant weight was obtained.
Protein content
Deoiledmeal(about1g)wasweighedaccuratelybytransfer
method into a Kjeldhal’s digestion flask. Sodium sulphate
(10 g), copper sulphate (0.1g), a pinch of selenium metal
and 20 mLof concentrated sulphuric acid were added to the
flask and the mixture was heated gently in fume chamber
for 15 min and then strongly for 2 to 3 until the mixture in
the flask became colourless. This point indicates complete
conversion of nitrogen into ammonium sulphate. The flask
was cooled and the contents dissolved in 200 mL distilled
water and made to 250 mL in the measuring flask. From
this, 25 mL solution was taken in round bottom flask fitted
with cork carrying a dropping funnel and delivery tube.
A 25 mL of 50% sodium hydroxide taken in the dropping
funnel. The delivery tube was connected via condenser to
conical flask. The flask contains 100 mLof 20 % boric acid
in which condenser tip just dipped. Round bottom flask was
cooled by ice cold water and sodium hydroxide, about 20
mL was added immediately. The flask was heated for 20
min so that contents of Kjeldhal’s flask were distilled to
expel ammonia in conical flask in the form of bubbles. Top
of funnel containing sodium hydroxide was opened. Flask
was cooled, assembly dismantled, washed condenser and
receiver with little quantity of distilled water. The contents
of flask were titrated with 0.1N sodium hydroxide using
bromophenol blue indicator. End point is from blue to
greenish yellow. A blank experiment was also done side
by side (Vogel 1975).
OIL CHARACTERIsATION
Extraction Of Oil
The collected ripe seeds were collected and the damaged
seeds were discarded. The seeds were cleaned and dried in
an oven at 105°C for 30 minutes. The seeds were powdered
and extracted thoroughly with light petroleum ether (60-
80°C) in a soxhlet extractor for 24-48 h in each case.
Once more the remaining powdered seed was extracted
to collect all oil in the seeds. Combined petroleum ether
(60-80°C) extract was dried over anhydrous sodium
sulphate and solvent was removed in vacuum at 40°C by
using rotary evaporator to recover oil (Link 1975). The
seed oils were filtered through Whatman filter paper No.1
to remove any foreign particles and pure oil preserved in
cold storage properly. Official and tentative methods (1993)
of AOCS Chicago were followed for the determination of
physicochemical characteristics of seed oil (Mukherjee
2002).
Refractive Index
Refractive index was determined onAbbe’s refractometer.
The prisms were cleaned with xylene and dried. Place
few drops of oil on the prism, close the prisms and allow
to stand for 1-2 min, adjusted the instrument and light
to obtain the most distinct reading and determine the
refractive index. Refractive index of oil increases with the
increase in unsaturation and also chain length of fatty acid
(Singhal & Sekiya 2003).
Acid Value
Two gram of the pure oil was weighed accurately by
transfer method into a 250 mL conical flask. Neutral
ethanol (20 mL) was added by means of a pipette and
the flask heated on a steam bath for 3-min. Then the flask
was cooled and the contents titrated with 0.1N alcoholic
potassium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as
an indicator. A blank titration was also conducted side
by side.
Iodine Value
Oil (0.2 g) was weighed accurately by transfer method into
a 250 mLiodine flask and dissolved in chloroform (20 mL).
Wij’s reagent (20 mL) was added by means of a pipette.
The flask was stoppered and kept in darkness for one hr.
with intermittent shaking. Then 15% of potassium iodide
solution (10 mL) and 50 mL of distilled water were added
to the flask and mixture was shaken well. The liberated
iodine was titrated with 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate solution
using fresh starch solution as indicator. A blank titration
was also conducted side by side.
Saponification value and saponification
equivalent
Two gram of oil was weighed accurately by transfer method
into a 250 mL round bottom flask. Freshly prepared 0.5
N alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution (25 mL) was
added to the sample by means of pipette and the mixture
gently refluxed on a water bath using an air-condenser
for one hr. Then the flask was cooled, the condenser tip
washed with little distilled water and the contents were
titrated with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator. A blank titration was carried
out simultaneously.
Unsaponifiable matter
After the titration of the sample for saponification value
was completed, the contents of the flask were made
3. 953
alkaline and extracted with light petroleum ether (60-
80°C) and ether twice. The combined ethereal solution was
washed thoroughly with distilled water, dried over sodium
sulfate, solvent evaporated and the residue weighed. It
was dissolved in neutral alcohol and the free acid titrated
with 0.02 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator.
Estimation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids
The Halphen test was originally developed as an empirical
method of testing the adulteration of various vegetables
oils by cotton seed oil (Halphen 1897). Though many
modifications of the reagent and reaction conditions have
been described (Carter & Frampton 1964). The method
involves heating the oil with a 1.0% solution of sulphur in
carbon disulphide combined with one part of amyl alcohol.
If oil contain cotton seed oil a pink colour develops. The
reaction is now believed to be specific for the cyclopropane
ring (Nordby et al. 1962). The method is quick and easy for
checking cyclopropenoid fatty acids in a mixture of oils. It
is possible to use the reagent as TLC sprays (Morris & Hall
1967). Under controlled conditions the reaction can also
be used as a colorimetric method of estimating the total
cyclopropane fatty acid content of oil (Bailey et al. 1965;
Deutschman & Klaus 1960).
Gas Chromatography Of Seed Oil
The GC-FID analysis was performed with Shimadzu, GC-
14B series gas chromatograph equipped with FID detector
and the capillary column DB-23 (30 m × 0.25 mm; 0.5 μM).
The column temperature was initially maintained at 160°C
for 2 min, increased to 180°C at 6°C/min., maintained for 2
min at 180°C, then further increased to 230°C at 4°C/min
and finally maintained for 10 min at 230°C. The carrier
gas was nitrogen at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The injector
and detector temperature were maintained at 230 and at
250°C, respectively and split ratio was 50:1.
RESULTs AND DISCUSSION
Dull brownish black colour Jatropha curcas seed was
evaluated for physical properties. Physical properties of
1000 seeds are given in Table 1. Chemicals are contained
either in pulp or kernel that directly affected by the
physical parameters. The average weight and volume of
seed directly relate to the hardness of seeds that directly
affects process of analysis. Physical properties of one seed
to another seed could distinct the product quality of J.
curcas seed and its chemical. The Jatropha seed contains
46.31% oil and 22.50% protein. It has been reported that
the toxicity and the disagreeable odor of seed is due to
protein. The 4.56 %w/w total ash content of seeds indicates
presence of abrasive solids, soluble metallic soaps, and
silica residue in the seed.
The property of different fats and oils depends upon
characterization of the degree of unsaturation or saturation
with respect to hydrogen. Hence different oils are less or
more saturated according as they contain greater or lesser
proportion of the saturation in fatty acids. Therefore, it is
important for researcher to know degree of unsaturation
present in sample. The various number of test parameters
like: iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), and acid
number (AN) that what we already applied to our sample.
Results are presented in Table 2. The IV is a measure
of the average amount of unsaturation of fats and oils
and is expressed in terms of the number of centigrams
of iodine absorbed per gram of sample (Gerhard 2002).
The oil shows a high iodine value due to its high content
of unsaturated fatty acids (Table 3). The IV has found
applications to various chemical and physical properties
of fats and oils, having physiological applications, and
serving as a quality control method for hydrogenation,
these applications include use in standards for biodiesel
and in assessing oxidative stability. Jatropha collected
from rural area of Bardoli (Gujarat) has nearer iodine value
106.00 then that reported 105.20 in Nigerian and 135.85
in Malaysian (Salimon & Abdullah 2008).
The hydroxyl value (HV) is applicable to fatty
compounds containing hydroxy groups. The hydroxyl
content of the oils and fats has long been recognised as
a characteristic comparable in the determination of IV
and SV. The saponification value (SV) is expressed as
the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH)
required to saponify 1 g of sample. The saponification
value of Malaysian J. curcas seed oil (208.50 mg/g) was
higher compared to the Nigerian J. curcas seed oil (198.85
mg/g). While it is less forAfrican Jatropha reported in the
Table 1. Characterisation of Jatropha curcas Seed
Sr. No. Analytical parameter Values
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Weight of 1000 seeds
Volume of 1000 seeds
Oil content (% v/w)
Moisture and volatilities (% w/w)
Ash content (% w/w)
Colour
Odour
Taste
Protein % w/w (on dry basis)
540.51 g
730.00 mL
46.31
05.80
4.56
Dull brownish black
Disagreeable
Bitter
22.50
4. 954
study (Adebowale & Adedire 2006). Negative Halphen
test indicated the absence of cyclopropanoid acids in the
seed oil.
The fatty acid composition of J. curcas oil was
analysed by gas chromatography (Figure 1). Table 3 shows
major long chain fatty acids present in the J. curcas oil
which are palmitic acid (16.69%), stearic acid (7.67%),
oleic acid (40.39%) linoleic acid (33.09%) and Linolenic
acid (0.28%). J. curcas oil contains high percentage of
unsaturated fatty acid which is about 75.64%.
CONCLUSION
J. curcas oil contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty
acid which is about 75.64%. The study shows that fatty
acids composition of the J. curcas oil is rich in oleic and
linoleic acids and the oil can be classified as unsaturated
oil. Hence the J. curcas oil has a great potential for
oleochemical application such as surface coating and low
pour point biodiesel. Therefore, it is amiable to have more
research on J. curcas seed oil in the future to explore its
potentials for future industrial oilseeds crop.
REFERENCES
Adebowale, K.O. & Adedire, C.O. 2006. Chemical composition
and insecticidal properties of the underutilized Jatropha
curcas seed oil. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(10):
901-906.
Bailey, A.V., Pittman, R.A., Magne, F.C. & Skau, E.L. 1965.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids:
a spectrophotometric method for cotton seed oils based
upon the Halphen-test reaction. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 42:
422-424.
Carter, F.L. & Frampton, V.L. 1964. Adverse effects of
cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Chem. Rev. 64: 497-525.
Deutschman, A.J. & Klaus I.S. 1960. Adverse effects of
cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Anal. Chem. 32: 1809-1810.
Table 2. Physicochemical characterisation of Jatropha curcas seed oil
Sr. No. Physicochemical parameters Values for oil
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Specific gravity
Refractive index
Acid number (mg KOHm
/g)
Iodine value (mg/g)
Saponification value (mg/g)
Unsaponifiable matter (%)
Halphen test
0.913 at 32°C
1.496 at 32°C
36.461
106.00
194.70
1.02
-ve
Table 3. Fatty acids composition of
Jatropha curcas seed oil
Fatty Acids %
Palmitic (PL) 16.69
Palmitoleic (PLO) 0.96
Stearic (ST) 7.67
Oleic (OL) 40.39
Linoleic (LO) 33.09
ΣSaturated Fatty Acid 24.36
ΣUnsaturated Fatty Acid 75.64
Figure 1. GC chromatogram of Jatropha curcas seed oil
5. 955
Gerhard Knothe. 2002. Structure indices in FA chemistry. How
relevant is the iodine value? J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79(9):
847-854.
Gübitz, G.M., Mittlebach, M. & Trabi, M. 1999. Exploitation of
the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas. L. International
of Biosource Technology 58: 77-82.
Halphen, G. 1897.Adverse effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids.
J. Pharm. 6: 390-392.
Kaushik, N., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Kaushik, N. & Roy, S. 2007.
Genetic variability and divergence studies in seed traits and
oil content of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) accessions.
Biomass and Bioenergy 31: 497-502.
Link, W.E. 1975. Official and tentative methods of American
oil and Chemists Society. 3rd edition. Champaign, USA:
AOCS.
Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., Sporer, F. & Wink, M. 1997. Studies
on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different
provenances of Jatropha curcas. J. Agr. Food Chem. 45:
3152-3157.
Martínez-Herrera, J., Siddhuraju, P., Francis, G., Dávila-Ortíz,
G. & Becker K. 2006. Chemical composition, toxic/
antimetabolic constituents, and effects of different treatments
on their levels, in four provenances of Jatropha curcas L.
from Mexico. Food Chemistry 96: 80-89.
Morris L.J. & Hall, S.W. 1967. Fatty acid content of Pachira
insignis, Bombacaceae. Chem. Indi. 32: 25-29.
Mukherjee P.K. 2002. Quality Control of Herbal Drugs. (1st
ed)
New Delhi: Business Horizon.
Nordby, H.E., Heywang, B.W., Kircher, H.W. & Kemmerer,A.R.
1962. Sterculic derivatives and pink egg formation. J. Am.
Oil Chem. Soc. 39: 183-185.
Salimon Jumat & Abdullah Rozaini. 2008. Physicochemical
properties of Malaysian Jatropha curcas seed oil. Sains
Malaysiana. 37(4): 379-382.
Singhal, S.C. & Sekiya J. 2003. Modern Technology in the Oils
and Fats Industry. (2nd ed.) New Delhi: AOSC-OTA13.
Vogel,A.I. 1975. A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis
3rd
Edition. London: Longman.
Bhavesh S. Nayak*
Department of Pharmacognosy
Shree Swaminarayan Sanskar Pharmacy College
Zundal, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
K.N. Patel
SAL Institute of Pharmacy
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
*Corresponding author; email: b_s_nayak@yahoo.co.in
Received: 12 November 2009
Accepted: 12 May 2010