The document discusses the evolution of communication networks from early telegraph systems to modern computer networks. It covers topics like:
- Telegraph networks used message switching and later evolved to incorporate digital transmission and mobile communications.
- Telephone networks originally used circuit switching and analog transmission but later incorporated digital transmission and packet switching to support computer applications and the internet.
- Early computer networks used terminal-oriented and time-sharing approaches before packet switching networks like ARPANET supported direct computer-to-computer communication and applications.
- Protocols like IP were developed to allow interconnection of different networks and the internet to function as a network of networks.
It includes versions of Bluetooth, how Bluetooth works, Bluetooth profile, Bluetooth core architecture, power classes of Bluetooth, Bluetooth protocol, advantages and applications of Bluetooth.
Low Noise Amplifier using Darlington Pair At 90nm Technology IJECEIAES
The demand of low noise amplifier (LNA) has been rising in today’s communication system. LNA is the basic building circuit of the receiver section satellite. The design concept demonstrates the design trade off with NF, gain, power consumption. This paper reports on with analysis of wideband LNA. This paper shows the schematic of LNA by using Darlington pair amplifier. This LNA has been fabricated on 90nm CMOS process. This paper is focused on to make comparison of three stage and single stage LNA. Here, the phase mismatch between these patameters is quantitavely analyzed to study the effect on gain and noise figure (NF). In this paper, single stage LNA has shown the 23 dB measured gain, while the three stages LNA has demonstrated 29 dB measured gain. Here, LNA designed using darlington pair shows low NF of 3.3-4.8 dB, which comparable to other reported single stage LNA designs and appreciably low compared to the three stages LNA. Hence, findings from this paper suggest the use of single stage LNA designed using Darlington pair in transceiver satellite applications.
It includes versions of Bluetooth, how Bluetooth works, Bluetooth profile, Bluetooth core architecture, power classes of Bluetooth, Bluetooth protocol, advantages and applications of Bluetooth.
Low Noise Amplifier using Darlington Pair At 90nm Technology IJECEIAES
The demand of low noise amplifier (LNA) has been rising in today’s communication system. LNA is the basic building circuit of the receiver section satellite. The design concept demonstrates the design trade off with NF, gain, power consumption. This paper reports on with analysis of wideband LNA. This paper shows the schematic of LNA by using Darlington pair amplifier. This LNA has been fabricated on 90nm CMOS process. This paper is focused on to make comparison of three stage and single stage LNA. Here, the phase mismatch between these patameters is quantitavely analyzed to study the effect on gain and noise figure (NF). In this paper, single stage LNA has shown the 23 dB measured gain, while the three stages LNA has demonstrated 29 dB measured gain. Here, LNA designed using darlington pair shows low NF of 3.3-4.8 dB, which comparable to other reported single stage LNA designs and appreciably low compared to the three stages LNA. Hence, findings from this paper suggest the use of single stage LNA designed using Darlington pair in transceiver satellite applications.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Implementation and Test of a Power-Line based Communication System for Elect...Valerio Aisa
This paper discusses the development of a low-cost, narrow-band transmission system, aimed at connecting digital appliances to a home network. The proposed approach is based on powerline communication (ULP: Ultra Low-cost Powerline), carried out on the power-supply wire between the appliance and the outlet. Through ULP, appliance can communicate with a transceiver node located at the outlet, the “smart adapter”, which, in turn, can flexibly route messages toward external control devices (e.g., for diagnostic purposes) or, more generally, toward a home control network. At the appliance side, such an approach allows for connectivity at extremely low costs, at the same time keeping independent of the actual home control network protocol (since different configurations of the smart adapter take care of it). To make practical their implementation on a variety of digital appliances, ULP communication functions have been implemented in a dedicated hardware device, conceived as a dedicated peripheral for a general-purpose microcontroller. In this work, details on the peripheral architecture and its implementation are given. A prototype of the peripheral has been developed, based on a FPGA board directly connected to the microprocessor bus. This closely emulates the perspective microcontroller architecture, and allowed for extensive testing of the device under realistic operating conditions.
Basics of Computer Communication and Network with Emphasis on the history of communication. It also mentions the current scenario of computer networks.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Implementation and Test of a Power-Line based Communication System for Elect...Valerio Aisa
This paper discusses the development of a low-cost, narrow-band transmission system, aimed at connecting digital appliances to a home network. The proposed approach is based on powerline communication (ULP: Ultra Low-cost Powerline), carried out on the power-supply wire between the appliance and the outlet. Through ULP, appliance can communicate with a transceiver node located at the outlet, the “smart adapter”, which, in turn, can flexibly route messages toward external control devices (e.g., for diagnostic purposes) or, more generally, toward a home control network. At the appliance side, such an approach allows for connectivity at extremely low costs, at the same time keeping independent of the actual home control network protocol (since different configurations of the smart adapter take care of it). To make practical their implementation on a variety of digital appliances, ULP communication functions have been implemented in a dedicated hardware device, conceived as a dedicated peripheral for a general-purpose microcontroller. In this work, details on the peripheral architecture and its implementation are given. A prototype of the peripheral has been developed, based on a FPGA board directly connected to the microprocessor bus. This closely emulates the perspective microcontroller architecture, and allowed for extensive testing of the device under realistic operating conditions.
Basics of Computer Communication and Network with Emphasis on the history of communication. It also mentions the current scenario of computer networks.
Technical report on Transistor Based Intercom SystemSourav Rakshit
The intercom circuit will let us talk with another person in a distant room. The kit will be in one room and speaker will be in other room. When a person speaks, his voice signals will be changed into electrical signal by a condenser microphone and then the electrical signals generated will be transmitted through the circuit. The electrical signals at the other end will be converted into analog or voice signals by the speaker used and hence the person at the other end can hear the message. The unit having all components is called master unit and the unit having only the speaker is called slave unit.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Communication Network Architecture
Network architecture: the plan that specifies how the
network is built and operated
Architecture is driven by the network services
Overall communication process is complex
Network architecture partitions overall communication
process into separate functional areas called layers
2 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
3. Network Architecture Evolution
Telegraph Networks
Message switching & digital transmission
Telephone Networks
Circuit Switching
Analog transmission → digital transmission
Mobile communications
Internet
Packet switching & computer applications
Next-Generation Internet
Multiservice packet switching network
3 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
4. Approaches to Long-Distance
Communications
Courier: physical transport of the message by messengers
Messenger pigeons, pony express, FedEx
Telegraph: message is transmitted across a network using
signals
Drums, beacons, mirrors, smoke, flags, semaphores…
Electricity, light
Telegraph delivers message much sooner
4 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
5. Optical (Visual) Telegraph
Claude Chappe invented optical telegraph
in the 1790’s
Semaphore mimicked a person with
outstretched arms with flags in each hand
Different angle combinations of arms &
hands generated hundreds of possible
signals
Code for enciphering messages kept
secret
Signal could propagate 800 km in 3
minutes!
5 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
6. Message Switching
Network nodes were created where
several optical telegraph lines met (Paris
and other sites)
Store-and-Forward Operation:
Messages arriving on each line were
decoded
Next-hop in route determined by
destination address of a message
Each message was carried by hand to next
line, and stored until operator became
available for next transmission
6 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
7. Electric Telegraph
Samuel Morse telegraph system (1837)
A text is encoded into sequences of dots and dashes
Short and long pulses of electrical current over a copper wire
to generate dots & dashes (Table 1.1)
Experimental telegraph line (e.g., submarine cable) over 40
miles (1840) connecting two telegraph stations
Sore-and-forward process at each station
Precursor of the modern digital communication system
Signal propagates at the speed of light!
Approximately 2 x 108 meters/second in cable
7 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
8. Electric Telegraph Networks
Electric telegraph networks exploded
Message switching & Store-and-Forward operation
Key elements: Addressing, Routing, Forwarding
Optical telegraph networks disappeared
Why? What is the limitation?
8 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
9. Baudot Telegraph Multiplexer (1874)
Combine 4 signals in a single telegraph circuit by
multiplexing
Binary block code (ancestor of ASCII code)
A character represented by 5 bit binary code
Time division multiplexing
Binary codes for characters are interleaved
Framing is required to recover characters from the binary
sequence in the multiplexed signal
Keyboard converts characters to bits
Use a single line by multiple operators at the same time
(increase transmission rate)
9 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
10. Elements of Telegraph Network Architecture
Digital transmission
Text messages converted into symbols (dots/dashes, zeros/ones)
Transmission system designed to convey symbols
Multiplexing
Framing needed to recover text characters
Message Switching
Messages contain source & destination addresses
Store-and-Forward: Messages forwarded hop-by-hop across
network
Message-switching node: a general purpose computer (or human
operator node) with storage to buffer messages as they come in. It
receives all bits of the message, waits for an opportunity to
retransmit to the next node and send them if it gets the
opportunity)
Routing according to destination address
10 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
11. Telephone Networks and Circuit Switching
Alexander Graham Bell (1875) working on harmonic telegraph
to multiplex telegraph signals
Discovered voice signals can be transmitted directly
Microphone converts voice pressure variation (sound) into
analogous electrical signal
Loudspeaker converts electrical signal back into sound
Telephone patent granted in 1876
Bell Telephone Company founded in 1877
Signal for “ae” as in cat
Microphone Loudspeaker
analog
electrical
sound signal sound
11 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
12. The N2 Problem
For N users to be fully connected directly
Requires N(N – 1)/2 connections
Requires too much space for cables
Inefficient & costly since connections not always on
1
N = 1000
N 2 N(N – 1)/2 = 499500
4 3
12 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
13. Early Telephone (Manual) Switching
Patch cord panel switch invented in 1877
Operators connect users on demand
Establish circuit to allow electrical current to flow from inlet to
outlet
Only N connections required to a central office
13 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
14. Digitization of Telephone Network
Pulse Code Modulation digital voice signal
Voice gives 8 bits/sample x 8000 samples/sec = 64x103 bps
Time Division Multiplexing for digital voice
T-1 multiplexing (1961): 24 voice signals = 1.544x106 bps
Digital Switching (1980s)
Switch TDM signals without conversion to analog form
Digital Cellular Telephony (1990s)
Optical Digital Transmission (1990s)
One OC-192 optical signal = 10x109 bps
One optical fiber carries 160 OC-192 signals = 1.6x1012 bps!
All digital transmission, switching, and control
14 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
15. Computer Connection Control
A computer controls connection in telephone switch
Computers exchange signaling messages to:
Coordinate set up of telephone connections
To implement new services such as caller ID, voice mail, . . .
To enable mobility and roaming in cellular networks
“Intelligence” inside the network
A separate signaling network is required
Computer
Switch connects
...
... Voice
Inlets to Outlets
15 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
16. Computer Network Evolution Overview
1950s: SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) – the
first computer network for air defense system
1960s: Dumb terminals access shared host computer
SABRE airline reservation system
1970s: Computers connect directly to each other
ARPANET packet switching network
TCP/IP internet protocols
Ethernet local area network
1980s & 1990s: New applications and Internet growth
Commercialization of Internet
E-mail, file transfer, web, streaming video, P2P, . . .
Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic
16 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
17. What is a protocol?
Communications between computers requires very
specific unambiguous rules
A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or
more communicating parties should interact
Internet Protocol (IP)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
17 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
18. Terminal-Oriented Networks
Early computer systems very expensive
Time-sharing methods allowed multiple terminals to
share local computer
Remote access via telephone modems
18 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
19. Computer-to-Computer Networks
As cost of computing dropped, terminal-oriented
networks viewed as too inflexible and costly
Need to develop flexible computer networks
Interconnect computers as required
Support many applications
Application Examples
File transfer between arbitrary computers
Execution of a program on another computer
Multiprocess operation over multiple computers
19 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
20. Packet Switching
Computer network should support multiple applications
Transfer arbitrary message size
Low delay for interactive applications
But in store-and-forward operation, long messages induce high delay on
interactive messages
Packet switching introduced
Very much like message switching (no connection setup, no dedicated
channel)
Network transfers packets using store-and-forward
Packets have maximum length (Massage switching systems
accommodate far larger messages)
Break long messages into multiple packets
ARPANET testbed (70’s) led to many innovations
What is the difference between packet switching and message
switching?
20 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
23. Ethernet Local Area Network
In 1980s, low-cost workstations (individual computers)
available
Need for low-cost, high-speed networks
To interconnect local workstations
To access local shared resources (printers, storage, servers)
Low cost, high-speed communications with low error rate
possible using coaxial cable
Ethernet is the standard for high-speed wired access to
computer networks
23 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
24. The Internet
Different network types emerged for data transfer
between computers
ARPA also explored packet switching using satellite and
packet radio networks
Each network has its protocols and is possibly built on
different technologies
Internetworking protocols required to enable
communications between computers attached to different
networks
Internet: a network of networks (interconnection of
multiple network into a single large network)
24 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
25. Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Protocol (IP) was developed to provide for the
connectionless transfer packets (datagram) across an
internetwork
Routers (gateways) interconnect different networks
Host computers prepare IP packets and transmit them
over their attached network
Routers forward IP packets across networks
Best-effort IP transfer service, no retransmission
25 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel
26. Thank You.. But Wait…
My Lectures are open source…
You can Access them.. ( View or Download) at:
www.discovermechatronics.blogspot.com
You can also:
Brows my other projects.
26 Basics of Communication Networks. Anish Goel