This document provides an introduction to wireless communications and networks. It discusses the key components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and output transducer. It also describes examples of wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone systems, remote controllers and wireless LANs. The document summarizes the characteristics of 1G, 2G and 3G wireless systems and standards. It also discusses wireless local area networks, personal area networks using Bluetooth, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Finally, it outlines the conceptual layers in a wireless network including the physical, data link, network and application layers.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Materials for the undergraduate course "Mobile Communications".
Prepared for the Department of Computer Techniques Engineering at Dijlah University College, for the academic yea 2015-2016.
http://www.duc.edu.iq/
Developed by ITU-T, ISDN is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services to digitise the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone line. ISDN is an effort to standardise subscriber services, provide user or network interface and facilitate the inter-networking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN is to form a wide area network that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media by integrating separate transmission services into one without adding new links or subscriber links.
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction.
Cellular network evolved gradually .Generations of computer network like 1st generation (1g) ,second generation (2g) evolved .Then came 3g ,4g, each time with increased speed and security
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
3. Components of a Communication
System (2)
The source originates a message, which could be a human
voice, a television picture or data. The source is converted by
an input transducer into an electrical waveform referred to
as the baseband signal or message signal.
The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient
transmission. The transmitter generally consists of one or
more of the following subsystems: a pre-emphasizer, a
sampler, a quantizer, a coder and a modulator.
The channel is a medium through which the transmitter
output is sent, which could be a wire, a coaxial cable, an
optical fiber, or a radio link, etc.
Based on the channel type, modern communication systems
are divided into two categories:
*1 wire line communication systems.
*2 wireless communication systems.
4. Components of a Communication
System (3)
The receiver reprocessed the signal received from the
channel .
The receiver may consist of a demodulator, a decoder, a
filter, and a de-emphasizer.
The receiver output is fed to the output transducer, which
converts the electrical signal to its original form.
Transmitters and receivers are carefully designed to overcome the
distortion and noise.
The Goal of Physical layer Communication System is to transmit
information accurately and efficiently.
5. Examples of Wireless
Communication Systems
Cellular telephone systems ---provide a wireless connection to the
PSTN for any user location within the radio range.
Remote controllers for home entertainment equipment
Hand-held walkie-talkies
Wireless keyboard and mouse
Wireless Lan router and adapter
PSTN=Public Switched Telephone Network
6. Wireless Vs. Wireline
Communications
Wireless channel
Have time varying and multipath propagation properties.
Communicate over a medium significantly less reliable than wire
line communication
MUI is a significant problem in wireless communication
*MUI=Multiuser Interference*
7. Trends on Wireless
Communications
Rapid growthIn
the last few year,
due to advances in:
Digital signal
processing
Digital and RF
circuit fabrication
Large scale circuit
integration
Digital switching
technique
9. Cellular System Architecture
Radio Access: RF related signal processing and radio
resource management. Mobile => base station => BSC or
RNC => MSC.
Core Network: Main part is MSC (mobile switching center),
performs user authentication, admission control, traffic
control, roaming, billing, network support and maintenance
etc.
Backbone networks: Providing voice services (PSTN, Public
Switched Telephone Network), data services (through
Internet), and emergency services. Wireless networks need
to be connected to backbone networks to extend its service
capabilities and geographic coverage.
10. How a cellular telephone call is
made?
Receiving a call
Turn on a cellular phone.
The base station informs the MSC of the handshake.
The MSC instructs the base station to move the call to an
unused voice channel within the cell.
The base station signals the mobile to change frequencies to
the unused forward and reverse voice channel pair.
The base station instructs the mobile phone to ring, thereby to
instruct the user to answer the phone.
11. How a cellular phone call is made
(continued)
Initiating a call
The mobile sends a call initiation request through the reverse
control channel, with this the unit transmits its MIN.
Base station receives the request and sends it to the MSC.
Roaming
All cellular systems provide a service called roaming.
Mobiles report back upon receiving the request.
12. 1G Wireless Systems
Appeared in late 1970s and deployed in early 1980s.
All based on analog techniques, all used FDMA and FM
modulation.
System capacity is low. Data rate: 8~10 kbps
Representative Standards:
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System, developed by AT&T
Bell Labs in late 1970s. First deployed in 1983. The first
AMPS system used large cells and omni-directional base
station antennas, therefore, the number of users that can be
supported was quite limited. AMPS is used all over the world
and is esp. popular in US, South America, China and
Australia.
ETACS: European Total Access Communication Systems.
Almost identical to AMPS except that the channel bandwidth
is scaled to25kHz instead of 30 kHz as in AMPS.
13. 2G Wireless Systems:
Deployed in mid 1990s, 2G wireless systems all use digital voice
coding and digital modulation.
Can provide advanced call capabilities and at least a 3-times
increase in overall system capacity.
Was designed before the widespread of the Internet, mainly
supported voice-centric services and limited date-service, like short
messages, FAX,etc.
Date rate: on the order of 10 kbps
14. 2G Wireless Systems:
Representative Standards
GSM (Global Systems for Mobile communications)
A TDMA system, Support 24.7kbpsdata rate.
USDC IS-136 (United States Digital Cellular)
A TDMA system, supports short messages. Support 48.6kbpsdata
rate.
IS-95 (United States Digital Cellular Standard )
A CDMA standard ,Support 14.4kbpsdata rate.
15. 3G Wireless Systems: Features
Features:
High transmission rate and the support of multimedia
services.
Date rate: around 2Mbps. Bandwidth: in the order of MHZ
3GPP and 3GPP2
3GPP: based on backward compatibility to GSM, IS-136, GPRS,
EDGE etc.
3GPP2: based on backward compatibility to IS-95, and CDMAone.
16. Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs) and Personal Area
Networks (PANs, Bluetooth)
WLANs and PANs, provide broadband telecommunications accessin the
local exchange, driven by demand for broadband Internet access from
business and homes due to the rapid growth of the Internet.
Provide high speed, high performance wireless connections between
computers and the wireless access points, between laptops, between
laptops and printers, scanners, video cameras and other electronics in
local area or at home. => Replace the cumbersome cords that connect
devices to one another.
Operate at low power and license free spectrum,
North America: IEEE 802.11x series, example: Wi-Fi.
Europe: HIPERLAN/2
Both IEEE 802.11a and HIPERLAN/2 support up to 54Mbps.
Use spread spectrum and OFDM technologies
Bluetooth: provides convenient and flexible low power short range
wireless connections in personal area networks. First a manufacture,
then extended to an open standard.
17. Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Ad-Hoc networks are in frast ructureless and have no fixed
routers. Each node (mobile) in the ad-hoc network can set up
as and play the role of a base station in that it can transmit
to and receive from other nodes in the network.
A node in an ad-hoc network to other nodes if they are within
line-of-sight.
Non-line-of-sight-nodes are called hidden nodes. Communication
between a pair of hidden nodes needs to hop over one or more
intermediate nodes, in this sense, it is called multi hop networks.
A system with a fixed infrastructure is basically a two-hop system.
Ad-hoc networks are highly dynamic and are generally used for
military services.
18. Conceptual Layers in a Wireless
Network
Physical layer---involves the actual signal transmission and
reception over the propagation channel.
Data link Link layer---deals with signal at the output of the
base station receiver, performs radio resource management,
power control, rate allocation, call admission, error control
etc.
Networks layer: a protocol stack that includes handoff
management, location management, traffic management and
traffic control.
Application layer: communicating, distributed processes
running in end systems (hosts), e.g., e-mail, Web, P2P file
sharing, instant messaging
