The document discusses color vision and color blindness. It begins by explaining how humans see color using red, green, and blue cone photoreceptors in the eye. It then covers the trichromatic theory of color vision and describes the peak sensitivities of the three types of cones. The document also discusses color blindness, which is an inability to perceive some colors, and describes different types like dichromacy, anomalous trichromatism, protanopia, and deuteranopia. It concludes by mentioning common color blindness tests like Ishihara plates that are used for testing.

3. Marsh Marigold Flower
A. Visible Light (how humans see the flower)
B. UV light (how bees see the flower)
(Image from http://www.eso.org/~rfosbury/home/natural_colour/biochromes/UV_flowers/nc_bio_flower_uv.html

4.  Colour vision is the ability of the eye to discriminate between
colours excited by lights of different wavelengths.
 Colour vision is a function of cone .
 Better appreciated in photopic condition

5. THEORIES OF COLOUR VISION
TRICHROMATIC THEORY:
Also called as young - helmholtz
theory
 It postulates the existence of
three kinds of cones
 Each cone containing a
different photopigment and
maximally sensitive to one of
three primary colours i.e. Red,
Green and Blue.
Thomas Young
Helmholtz

6. Human eye can see any colour due to aHuman eye can see any colour due to a
combination of red, green and bluecombination of red, green and blue
monochromatic light in different proportions.monochromatic light in different proportions.

7.  Humans are considered trichromats –
 Blue, Red, and Green Cone Photorecpetors
 Rod photoreceptors – are important for vision in dim light

9.  photochemicals in cones are similar to rhodopsin
(scotopsin + retinal)
 cones contain photopsin + retinal
 3 different types of photochemicals are present in cones,
their light absorption spectra are different
cone pigment wavelength of peak absorption (nm)
blue-sensitive pigment 445
green-sensitive pigment 535
red-sensitive pigment 570
 rods have peak sensitivity at 505 nm

10. Light
Retinal
Layers
Retina
Fovea
Macula
 Small sensitive region in the center of the
retina( 1 mm)
 All cones and no rods
 The majority of cones are present in the
macula

11.  Extend 20-30 degrees from the point of fixation
 Peripheral to this red and green become indistinguishable
 Center of fovea is blue blind.

12. Retina contains 3 classes of cones with
different but overlapping spectral sensitivity.

14. If you mix equal amounts of
red, green, and blue light,
you will get white color
Other colors are perceived
by mixing the proper ratio
of red, green, and blue

15. The sensation of colour is
subjective and it is a perceptual
phenomenon.
There are three different type of
cones.
 Red sensitive (725 – 647 nm)-
L(Long)
 Green sensitive (575 –
492nm)-M(Middle)
 Blue sensitive (492 – 450 nm)
- S(Short)

16. Any given colour consist of admixture
of the three primary colour in
different proportion
RED SENSITIVE CONE PIGMENT –
(Erythrolabe or long wavelength sensitive
cone pigment): It absorbs maximally in a
yellow position with a peak of 560 nm. But
its spectrum extends far enough in to the
long wavelength to sense red.

17.  GREEN SENSITIVE CONE PIGMENT – (Chlorolabe
or medium wavelength sensitive cone pigment): It
absorbs maximally in the green portion with peak
at 530 nm.
 BLUE SENSITIVE CONE PIGMENT (Cyanolabe or
short wavelength sensitive (SWS) cone pigment):
absorbs maximally in the blue – violet portion of
the spectrum with a peak at 415 nm
Neitz M, Neitz J, Jacobs GH. Spectral tuning of pigments underlying red-green color
vision. Science 1991; 252:971–974.

18. Action potential generated in
photoreceptors
Bipolar cells and horizontal cells
Ganglion cells and amacrine cells

19.  Colour information carried by ganglion cell is
relayed to the parvocellular portion of LGB.
 Spectrally non opponent cell which give the
same type of response to any monochromatic
light constitute about 30% of all the LGB neurons.
 Spectrally opponents cells make 60% of LGB
neurons these cells are excited by some
wavelength and inhibited by others and thus
appear to carry colour information

20. Colour information
parvocellular portion of the LGB
layer IVc of striate cortex (area 17)
blobs in the layers II and III
thin strip in the visual association area
lingual and fusiform gyri of occipital lobe
.

21. COLOUR BLINDNESS
 Is the inability to perceive difference
between some of the colours that other
people can distinguish.
 The first major study of colour blindness
was published in 1794 by John Dalton,
who was colour-blind.
 colour blindness is sometimes called
“Daltonism”,
 Defective perception of colour
(anomalous) and absent of colour
perception is anopia.
 It may be-
 Congenital
 Acquired
John Dalton

22. Monochromacy
Rod or Cone – very rare, All rods or all cones are missing
Dichromacy – Two types of photoreceptors are present
Protanopia – red cones are missing
Deuteranopia – green cones are missing
Tritanopia – blue cones are missing
Anomalous Trichromacy- All three photoreceptors are present
but there is a spectral shift
Protanomaly- spectral sensitivity of red cones are shifted
Deuteranomaly – spectral sensitivity of green cones are shifted
Tritanomaly – spectral sensitivity of blue cones are shifted

23. B RG
437 nm
564 nm
533 nm
NORMAL CONE SENSITIVITY CURVES
(TRICHROMAT)
Activity: Color blindness

24. B R
437 nm 564 nm
Deuteranopia
(no green cones; only red and blue)
1% of Males

25. 25
B G
437 nm 533 nm
Protanopia
(no red cones; only green and blue)
1% of Males

26. RG
564 nm533 nm
Tritanopia
(no blue cones; only green and red)
Very rare

27. X – linked recessive
 Affecting males more (3 –
4%) than female (0.4%)
 Types
 Dyschromatopsia
 Achromatopsia
 Dyschromatopsia: colour
confusion due to deficiency
of mechanism to perceive
colours. 2 types:
 Anomalous trichromatism
 Dichromatism

28. Sex-linked recessive disorder
Defect in colour gene → deficiency of colour
photosensitive pigment → inability to see
one or more colours
Common in males (9%) than females
(0.4%)
Protanopia (red blindness)
Deuteranopia (green blindness)
Tritanopia (blue blindness)

29. Here the mechanism to
appreciate all the three primary
colour is present but is defective
for one or two of them.
TYPES-
 PROTANOMALOUS:PROTANOMALOUS:
 DEUTERANOMALOUS:DEUTERANOMALOUS:
 TRITANOMALOUS:TRITANOMALOUS:
Red- green deficiency is most commonRed- green deficiency is most common
Blue deficiency is comparatively rareBlue deficiency is comparatively rare

30. B. DICHROMATE COLOUR
VISION: Means faculty of
perceive one of the three primary
colours is completely absent.
Protanopia: complete red
colour defect
Deuteranopia: complete defect
of green colour
Tritanopia: Absence of blue of
colour appreciation
PROTANOPIA. TRITANOPIADEUTERANOPIA

31. DEUTERANOMALY AND
PROTANOMALY
 Is probably due to the
arrangement of the genes for
the green and red sensitive cone
pigments.
 They are located near each
other in a head to tail tandem
array on the ‘q’ arm of the X
chromosome and are prone to
recombination during
development of germ cell.

32.  PSEUDOISOCHROMATIC
COLOUR TEST:
most commonly employed
tests- eg.-
ISHIHARA PLATES

and
HRR(HARDY,RAND,RITTLER)
plates
 Ideal for paediatric testing of
congenital color blindness.