The document discusses color vision and color blindness. It begins by describing the structure of the retina and how rods and cones detect light and enable vision. It then discusses theories of color vision from Aristotle to modern trichromatic and opponent-process theories. The document also covers tests for color vision deficiency and different types of color blindness caused by genetic mutations. It notes some challenges faced by those with color vision deficiencies and potential implications in medicine. It concludes by outlining an experimental device called the eyeborg that aims to help treat color blindness by converting color wavelengths into sounds.

1. Dr Vandita Shanbhag

2. PATHWAY FOR VISION

3. STRUCTURE OF RETINA

4. RODS AND CONES

5. PHOTOTRANSDUCTION IN RODS OR CONES

8. Why does Fovea
have the best vision?

9. RECEPTIVE FIELDS

10. LATERAL
INHIBITION

11. EVOLUTION OF COLOR SENSE
 In lower invertebrate animals
 Photosensitive pigments
 Scattered
 Form optic spots or fovea
 In some echinoderms
 the photosensitive cells show surface protrusions known as
optic rods
 In insects

15. HISTORY AND THEORIES
 Aristotle (in 4th century B.C.)
 Sir Isaac Newton (in 1663)
 George Palmer (in 1777)

16.  Thomas Young (in 1802)
 William Wollastan
Violet
Yellow
Red

17.  Clerk Maxwell (in 1850)
 Hermann von Helmholtz

18. TRICHROMATIC THEORY
 3 types of cones with 3
different photopigments
 Each cone is maximally
sensitive to one primary
color
 Peak sensitivities occur
 Blue at 445nm
 Green at 535nm
 Red at 570nm

19. THE OPPONENT THEORY
 Ewald Hering
Trichromatic theory couldn’t
explain certain aspects

21. S M L

26. THEORY OF DOMINATOR-MODULATOR
 Ragnar Arthur Granit

27. PRINCIPLE OF SPECIFIC ENERGY
 Johannes Muller

28. COLOR VISION- A HIGHER FUNCTION

29. TESTS FOR COLOR VISION
 In 17th century,
Turberville used color
naming tests.
 In 1837 August
Seebeck used a set of
more than 300 colored
papers and let people
match.

30.  In 1877, Holmgren
developed wool matching
test
 Rayleigh color match

31. ANAMOLOSCOPES
 In 1907 the Nagel
anomaloscope was
introduced and is still
known as one of the best.
 Neitz anomaloscope
 Pickford-Nicolson
anomaloscope

32. PSEUDOCHROMATIC PLATES
 Dr. J. Spilling published the
first painted set of
pseudoisochromatic plates
 In 1917, Ishihara Charts

33. LANTERNS
 Edridge Green Lantern Test
 Holmes-Wright lanterns:
 Farnsworth lantern (Falant)
 Beyne lantern
 Giles-Archer lanterns

34. Farnsworth-
Munsell100 hue test
Farnsworth 15D test
The City University
Test

35. FUTURE OF COLOR VISION TESTING
 Computer monitor based tests?

36. COLOR BLINDNESS
John Dalton
Daltonism

37. TYPES OF COLOR BLINDNESS
 Monochromats
 Rod monochromacy
 Cone monochromacy
 Dichromats
 Trichromats

38. GENES INVOLVED

39. DAILY HANDICAP
 A Sunburn can’t really be seen, only if the skin is almost
glowing.
 If meat is cooked can’t be told by its color.
 There is no difference between the colors for vacant
(green) and occupied (red).
 Flowers and fruits can’t be that easily spotted
sometimes.
 And you can’t tell if a fruit or vegetable is ripe or not yet.
 Every electrical device which uses LED lights to indicate
something is a permanent source of annoyance.
 Colored maps and graphics can sometimes be very hard
to decipher.
 By far the biggest issue is matching colors and specially
matching clothes.

40. PROFESSIONAL HANDICAP
 Air line Pilots
 Air traffic controllers
 Fire fighters
 Police officers
 Train drivers
 Electrical/Electronic
Engineers

41. IMPLICATION IN MEDICINE

43. TREATMENT
 The first eyeborg was created in England in 2003 by Adam
Montandon in collaboration with colourblind artist Neil
Harbisson
 In 2007, Peter Kese, a software developer
from Kranj, Slovenia, made further developments to the
eyeborg by increasing the number of color hues to 360 and
adding color saturation through different volume levels.[5] In
2009, Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de
Catalunya developed the eyeborg into a chip as part of his
final year project.[6] The chip allows users to have the device
implanted and to hear colors beyond the limits of human
perception such as infrared and ultraviolet.[7]
 he eyeborg works with a head mounted camera that picks up
the colours directly in front of a person, and converts them in
real-time into sound waves.[24] Neil memorised the
frequencies related to each colour: high frequency hues are
high-pitched, while low frequency hues sound bolder.