Clostridium tetani (tetanus) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. Tetanus is a toxin-mediated disease. The infectious agent of the disease is a neurotoxin produced by gram positive-anaerobic spore-forming organisms, Clostridium tetani. Movement of our voluntary muscles is controlled by our central nervous system. This animation describes the process of infection with Clostridium tetani and how the toxin it releases interrupts nervous control of our muscles, leading to tetanus. This loss of muscle control causes the convulsive muscle spasms typical of tetanus, which are so severe they can cause bone fractures and dislocations.infection of tetanus occurs when bacteria contaminates the wound and produce the exotoxin. The contaminated-wounds with deep puncture trauma and devitalized tissue, are at high risk for developing tetanus.
There is no person to person transmission for tetanus.
Three overlapping clinical pictures are shown, which are generalized, neonatal, and localized.
Complications include laryngospasm, fractures, arrhythmias, nosocomial-hospitalizations. Heroin users are at increased risk of tetanus.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Tetanus an neurological disease characterized by an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes.
Tetanus in orthopedics and overview.pptxPratikSilwal4
Tetanos : Greek word: to stretch
• First described by Hippocrates & Susruta
• Neurological disease characterized by:
Acute onset of hypertonia
Painful muscular contractions (usually of
the muscles of the jaw and neck)
Generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes
• Only vaccine preventable disease that is infectious but not contagious
3
CAUSATIVE AGENT
• Caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI • Anaerobic
• Motile
• Gram positive bacilli
• Oval, colourless, terminal spores: tennis racket or drumstick shape
• It is found worldwide in soil, in inanimate environment, in animal faeces & occasionally human faeces.
4
Clostridium tetani Gram Stain
Round terminal spores give cells a “drumstick” or “tennis racket” appearance
5
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Tetanus is an international health problem, as spores are ubiquitous. The disease occurs almost exclusively in persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately immunized
• Entirely preventable disease by immunization
• Tetanus occurs worldwide but is more common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter
6
EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NEPAL
• Tetanus is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Nepal
• To control tetanus government of Nepal has introduced EPI in 1979 which
significantly reduced the burden of VPDs including tetanus
• Different programs like maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination program, safe motherhood program, tetanus toxoid (TT) campaign, training to birth attendants, health education etc. are being conducted by GON
• NT has been eliminated in Nepal since 2005. Now Nepal is aiming at controlling tetanus and sustaining NT elimination status
• According to the latest WHO data published in 2018 Tetanus Deaths in Nepal reached 251 or 0.15% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate is 1.06 per 100,000 of population ranks Nepal #36 in the world.
7
STUDY CONDUCTED AT BPKIHS
• Over 22 months period from 2003 to 2005, there were 19 cases of pediatric tetanus and 5 cases of NT
• During the fiscal year 2006/2007, Morbidity at age 20-49= 43.2% of cases, Pediatric tetanus= 26.3% cases
8
TRANSMISSION
• Tetanus is not transmitted from person to person.
• Spores are introduced into wounds through trauma, surgeries and
injections, or chronic skin lesions and infections:
• Incubation period: 3 days to 3 weeks (median 7 days) ( Depends upon the site of injury)
9
• Shorter incubation periods (<7 days) along with delays in seeking treatment are associated with fatal outcomes.
• Outbreaks of tetanus related to injuries associated with natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis have been documented
10
HOST FACTORS
• Age: active age (5-40 years), New born baby, Female during delivery or abortion
• Sex: Higher incidence in males than females
• Occupation: Agricultural workers are at higher risk
• Rural-Urban difference: Incidence in urban areas is much lower than in rural areas
• Immunity: Herd immunity does not protect the individual
• Environmenta
Light and temperature, light and temperature as ecological factorssehriqayyum
Light and temperature, light and temperature as ecological factors.
Abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment.
Light and temperature || MAJOR Abiotic Factors.
Abiotic factors are the non living components of an ecosystem and they influence the survival of organisms.
Light intensity or light quantity refers to the total amount of light that plants receive. It is also described as the degree of brightness that a plant is exposed to.
Leaf - Introduction,Structure of A Leafsehriqayyum
Leaf - Introduction,Structure of A Leaf
Structure of Leaves
Though leaves of different plants are different, they have some common features like midrib, margin, veins, leaf apex, leaf stalk.The Petiole is a short length of stem that joins the leaf to stem.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection affecting the liver. The disease goes through different phases, which can be diagnosed by serology. Diagnostic testing comprises the three most important parameters: HBs antigen, anti-HBs antibody, and anti-HBc antibody. These three parameters can be used to identify active infection, previous infection, and status after vaccination. In addition, anti-HBc IgM antibody can be used to confirm acute infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus which is capable of integrating into the host genome and causes various liver diseases most notably liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
-Introduction to Hepatitis
– Viral Hepatitis Transmission
– Symptoms & acute vs. chronic
5:35 - Laboratory Tests and Councilman Bodies
– Hep B Serology (HBsAg & Anti-HBs)
– Treatment of Viral Hepatitis
- Vaccines
The rate of deaths due to liver cancer is increasing faster than any other type of cancer. Hepatitis B and C are major contributing factors to liver cancer. At this seminar, learn the critical importance of hepatitis prevention and treatment.
Cell wall | structure composition and Functionssehriqayyum
Cell wall | structure composition and Functions
A cell wall is an outer layer surrounding certain cells that is outside of the cell membrane. All cells have cell membranes, but generally only plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea have cells with cell walls. The cell wall provides strength and structural support to the cell, and can control to some extent what types and concentrations of molecules enter and leave the cell. The materials that make up the cell wall differ depending on the type of organism. The cell wall has evolved many different times among different groups of organisms.
The cell wall has a few different functions. It is flexible, but provides strength to the cell, which helps protect the cell against physical damage. It also gives the cell its shape and allows the organism to maintain a certain shape overall. The cell wall can also provide protection from pathogens such as bacteria that are trying to invade the cell. The structure of the cell wall allows many small molecules to pass through it, but not larger molecules that could harm the cell.
The main component of the plant cell wall is cellulose, a carbohydrate that forms long fibers and gives the cell wall its rigidity. Cellulose fibers group together to form bundles called microfibrils. Other important carbohydrates include hemicellulose, pectin, and liginin.
Cellular Respiration Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transportsehriqayyum
The term cellular respiration is an oxidation-reduction process in which organic food is broken-down inside the cell and energy is released, Hence it is the form of catabolic process.
Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes. Cellular respiration is a multi step process of breakdown of glucose to release energy.These include glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. ATP production is also discussed.The word glycolysis means “sugar splitting,” and that is
exactly what happens during this pathway. Glucose, a sixcarbon
sugar, is split into two three-carbon sugars.
What is bacteria?(Structures Present in Bacteria And their Functions | Prokar...sehriqayyum
Explains what bacteria is and where it exists.
A key feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is the cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls, such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin. In contrast, most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
Using a technique called the Gram stain, developed by the 19th-century Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, scientists can categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition.
Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan
and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane
that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded
to lipids).
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts (the motor, hook, and filament) that are themselves composed of 42 different kinds of proteins.The cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes
in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement
of their DNA. The genome of a prokaryote is structurally different from
a eukaryotic genome and in most cases has considerably less DNA. Prokaryotes generally have circular chromosomes, whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes.
Power point presentation on topic HONOUR KILLING.
A small effort taken up by first year law students to create awareness and bring a change.So we wanted to know, who exactly is Ted Cruz and what is his stance on the issues?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Tetanus-a Greek word – to stretch
• First described by Hippocrates & Susruta
• Tetanus an neurological disease characterized by an acute onset of hypertonia,
painful muscular contractions ( usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and
generalized muscle spasms without others apparent medical causes.
• Only vaccine preventable disease that is infectious but not contagious.
4. CAUSATIVE AGENT
• Caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
• Anaerobic
• Motile
• Gram positive bacilli
• Oval, colourless, terminal spores-tennis racket or drumstick shape
• It is found world wide in soil, in inanimate environment. In animal faeces &
occasionally human faeces.
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Tetanus is an international health problem, as spores are ubiquitous. The disease
occurs almost exclusively in persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately
immunized.
• Entirely preventable disease by immunization
• Tetanus occurs worldwide but is common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in
organic matter.
• More prevalent in industrial establishment, where agricultural workers are
employed.
6. TRANSMISSION
• Tetanus is not transmitted from person to person. Infection occurs when C.tetani spores are
introduced into acute wounds from trauma, surgeries and infections, or chronic skin lesions
and infections.
• Cases have resulted from wounds that were considered too trivial to warrant medical
attention.
• The incubation periods of tetanus is usually between 3 and 21 days (median 7 days). Shorter
incubation periods (<7 days) along with delays in seeking treatment are associated with fatal
outcomes.
• Outbreaks of tetanus related to injuries associated with natural disasters such as earthquakes
and tsunami's have been documented.
7. HOST FACTORS
• Age: It is the disease of active age 5-40 years.
• Sex: Higher incidence in males than females.
• Occupation: Agricultural workers are at higher risk.
• Rural & urban difference: Incidence of tetanus in urban areas is much lower
than in rural areas.
• Immunity: Hard immunity does not protect the individual.
• Environmental and social factors: Unhygienic custom habits, unhygienic
delivery practices.
8. ROUTE OF ENTRY
• Apparently trivial injuries
• Animal bites & human bites
• Open fractures
• Burns
• Gangrene
• Parenteral drug abuse
9. TETANUS PRONE WOUND
• A wound sustained more than 6 hr before surgical treatment.
• A wound sustained at any interval after injury which is puncture type or shows
much devitalized tissue or is septic or is contaminated with soil or manure.
• Spores that gain entry can persist in normal tissue for months to years under
anaerobic conditions.
• When the oxygen levels in the surrounding tissue is sufficiently low, the implanted
C.tetani spore then germinates into a new, active vegetative cell that grows and
multiplies and most importantly produces tetanus toxin- tetanospasmin and
tetanolysin.
10. TETANOLYSIN
Tetanolysin is not believed to be of any significance in the clinical course of
tetanus.
A hemolytic toxin produced by the tetanus bacillus(Clostridium tetani)
TETANOSPASMIN
It is a neurotoxin and causes the clinical manifestations of tetanus.
12. SYMPTOMS
• If the muscle spasms affect the larynx or chest wall, they may cause
asphyxiation.
• Stiffness of jaw (also called lock jaw)
• Stiffness of abdominal and back muscle
• Contraction of facial muscles
• Fast pulse
• Fever
• sweating
13. METHOD OF PREVENTION
• IMMUNIZATION
• A person recovering from tetanus should begin active immunization with
tetanus toxoid during convalescence.
• The tetanus toxoid is a formalin inactivated toxin, with an efficiency of
approx.100%.
• Because the antitoxin levels decrease over time booster immunization shots
are needed every 10 years.
14. PREVENTION & CONTROL
• Medical Management
Tetanus immune globulin(TIG)
Intravenous immune globulin(IVIG)
• Wound Management
Proper immunization
15. OTHER SUPPORTING MEASURES
• Remove and destroy the source of the toxin through surgical exploration and
cleaning of the wound.
• Bed rest with a non stimulating environment may be recommended.
• Sedation may be necessary to keep the affected person calm.
• Respiratory support with oxygen and mechanical ventilation may be
necessary.
16. SPECIFIC TREATMENT
• Wound should be debrided widely.
• Maintain an adequate airway.
• Employ sedation or muscle.
• Active immunization.
• Special air flow equipment and filtered ventilation.
• Reduce airborne particles.
• Surgical instruments and dressing sterilization.
18. CURE
• ANTIBIOTICS
• The antibiotics may prevent multiplication of C.tetani , thus halting
production of toxin .
• Penicillin G was the drug of choice initially but now Metronidazole is
preferred drug.
• Doxycycline, Clindamycin and Erythromycin are alternative for penicillin
allergic patients who can not tolerate metronidazole.
19. CONCLUSION
Tetanus still carries high morbidity and mortality rate despite the available
advanced management facilities including ICU care.
The incidence of tetanus can be reduced significantly by an effective
immunization program and proper wound management of the patients.
20. REFRENCES
• Textbook of preventive & social medicine - Park – 19th
Edition
• CDC Article – Tetanus
• Harrisons principles of internal medicine : Eighteenth Edition
