Tetanus is caused by contamination of wounds by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. It produces a toxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms. Tetanus spores are found worldwide in soil and animal waste. The bacteria usually enters through puncture wounds, burns, or other breaks in the skin. After entry, it produces toxin that travels through the nervous system to the spinal cord and brain, blocking inhibitory signals and causing sustained muscle contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, arching of the back, and muscle spasms. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, and immunoglobulins to neutralize toxin. The
Tetanus an neurological disease characterized by an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes.
Tetanus, Lock Jaw, Opisthotonus, Tetanus Immunoglobulins, Immunization, Cephalic Tetanus. A much feared topic among residents explained in a simple way.
Tetanus an neurological disease characterized by an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes.
Tetanus, Lock Jaw, Opisthotonus, Tetanus Immunoglobulins, Immunization, Cephalic Tetanus. A much feared topic among residents explained in a simple way.
Iowa State University's College of Veterinary Medicine student Allison O'Connor presents a case of Tetanus in a canine patient seen at Iowa Veterinary Specialties.
The information about Tetanus is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
Iowa State University's College of Veterinary Medicine student Allison O'Connor presents a case of Tetanus in a canine patient seen at Iowa Veterinary Specialties.
The information about Tetanus is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
Tetanus |Causes | Signs and symptoms| All aspects - medical discussion martinshaji
this is a brief study regarding almost all aspects of tetanus .Tetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani, which may also cause fatal condition too.
please comment
thank you
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. WTetanushat is Tetanus?
An infectious disease caused by
contamination of wounds from the
bacteria Clostridium tetani, or the
spores they produce that live in the
soil, and animal feces
Greek words -“tetanosand teinein”,
meaning rigid and stretched, which
describe the condition of the muscles
affected by the toxin, tetanospasmin,
produced by Clostridium tetani
4. Causes
Tetanus spores are found throughout the
environment, usually in soil, dust, and animal waste.
Tetanus is acquired through contact with the
environment; it is not transmitted from person to
person.
5. Causes
The usual locations for the bacteria to enter the body:
Puncture wounds (such as those caused by rusty
nails, splinters, or insect bites.)
Burns, any break in the skin, and IV drug access
sites are also potential entryways for the bacteria.
6. Route of Entry
Apparently trivial injuries
Animal bites/human bites
Open fractures
Burns
Gangrene
In neonates usually via infected umbilical
stumps
Abscess
Parenteral drug abuse
7. epidemiology
Tetanus is an international health problem, as spores are
ubiquitous. The disease occurs almost exclusively in
persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately immunized.
Tetanus occurs worldwide but is more common in hot,
damp climates with soil rich in organic matter.
More common in developing and under developing
countries.
More prevalent in industrial establishment, where
agricultures workers are employed.
Tetanus neonatorum is common due to lack of MCH care.
8. Incubation Period
Varies from 1 day to several months. It is
defined as the time from injury to the first
symptom.
9. Period of onset
It is the time from first symptoms to the
reflex spasm.
An incubation period of 4 days or less
or
A period of onset of less than 48 hr is
associated with the development of severe
tetanus.
11. 1. C. tetani enters body
from through wound.
3. Germinates under
anaerobic conditions and
begins to multiply and
produce tetnospasmin.
2. Stays in sporulated
form until anaerobic
conditions are presented.
4. Tetnospasmin spreads using
blood and lymphatic system,
and binds to motor neurons.
5. Travels along the axons
to the spinal cord.
6. Binds to sites responsible for
inhibiting skeletal muscle
contraction.
12. •Initially binds to peripheral
nerve terminals
•Transported within the axon
and across synaptic junctions
until it reaches the central
nervous system.
•Becomes rapidly fixed to
gangliosides at the presynaptic
inhibitory motor nerve endings,
then taken up into the axon by
endocytosis.
13.
14. How the toxin acts?
Blocks the release of inhibitory
neurotransmitters (glycine and gamma-
amino butyric acid) across the synaptic
cleft, which is required to check the nervous
impulse.
If nervous impulses cannot be checked by
normal inhibitory mechanisms, it leads to
unopposed muscular contraction and
spasms that are characteristic of tetanus.
15. Tetanus prone wound
A wound sustained more than 6 hr before
surgical treatment.
A wound sustained at any interval after injury
which is puncture type or shows much
devitalised tissue or is septic or is
contaminated with soil or manure.
16. Clinical features
Risus sardonicus: Contraction of the muscles at the
angle of mouth and frontalis
Trismus (Lock Jaw): Spasm of Masseter muscles.
Opisthotonus: Spasm of extensor of the neck, back
and legs to form a backward curvature.
Muscle spasticity
Prolonged muscular action causes sudden,
powerful, and painful contractions of muscle
groups. This is called tetany. These episodes
can cause fractures and muscle tears.
If respiratory muscle is involved – apnoea.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Signs and Symptoms
Other symptoms include:
Drooling
Excessive sweating
Fever
Hand or foot spasms
Irritability
Swallowing difficulty
Uncontrolled urination or defecation
24. Diagnosis
There are currently no blood tests that can be used
to diagnose tetanus. Diagnosis is done clinically.
Differential Diagnosis
Masseter muscle spasm due to dental abscess
Dystonic reaction to phenothiazine
Rabies
Hysteria
25. Principle of Treatment
1. Neutralization of unbound toxin with
Human tetanus immunoglobulin
2. Prevention of further toxin production by
-Wound debridement
-Antibiotics (Metronidazole)
26. 3. Control of spasm
- Nursing in quiet environment
- avoid unnecessary stimuli
- Protecting the airway
4. Supportive care
- Adequate hydration
- Nutrition
- Treatment of secondary infection
- prevention of bed sores.
27. Prevention
Tetanus is completely preventable
by active tetanus immunization.
Immunization is thought to provide
protection for 10 years.
Begins in infancy with the DTP
series of shots. The DTP vaccine is
a "3-in-1" vaccine that protects
against diphtheria, pertussis, and
tetanus.
28. Prevention
Can be achieved by active immunization by tetanus
toxoid (5 doses – 0 day, 1 month, 6 month, 1 year, 1
year).
Older teenagers and adults who have
sustained injuries, especially puncture-type
wounds, should receive booster immunization
for tetanus if more than 10 years have passed
since the last booster.
Clinical tetanus does not produce immunity to
further attacks. Therefore, even after recovery
patients must receive a full course of tetanus toxoid.
Usually a puncture wound or laceration, nails
Dead tissue
Extremely potent neurotoxin
Only creates small immune response so not enough antibodies for immunity and not usually any inflamation of the wound