Clock distribution
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•12,710 views
This document discusses clock distribution networks in integrated circuits. It describes how clock generators produce timing signals to synchronize a system's operation using resonant circuits and amplifiers. As process technologies allow for higher integration and larger die sizes, clock networks must support higher frequencies while minimizing skew and jitter. Various clock distribution topologies are presented, including unconstrained trees, balanced trees, central spines, grids, and hybrid distributions, each with advantages and disadvantages depending on the design.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Power Gating
Power gating is the main power reduction techniques for the static power. As long as technology scaling is taking place, static power becomes paramount important factor to the VLSI designs.Therefore Power gating is the recent power reduction technique that is actively in research areas.
Clock Distribution
This document discusses various clock generation and distribution strategies for digital systems. It covers topics such as clock skew, jitter, ring oscillators, Pierce crystal oscillators, generating non-overlapping clock signals, H-tree networks, clock decoders, buffering clock signals, and eliminating clock skew through buffer cross-connections. The document provides an overview of ideal clock signal properties and challenges in practical implementations, as well as important considerations for high-performance clock distribution such as minimizing load capacitance and inductive networks.
Design challenges in physical design
The document discusses several key challenges in physical design for semiconductor chips. It outlines general challenges faced in analog, digital, and mixed-signal design such as manufacturing technology limitations, leakage power, interconnect delay, and congestion. Specific issues discussed in more detail include routing congestion, IR drop causing voltage variations, crosstalk interference, scaling challenges between different process nodes, and thermal issues in 3D chip design involving through-silicon vias. The document provides an overview of design objectives to optimize power, timing, area, and yield against these physical implementation challenges.
Chapter1.slides
This document introduces VLSI physical design. It discusses how the number of transistors on chips has rapidly increased over time, from 100,000 to over 3 million. Complex chip design is now only possible using computer-aided design tools. The document outlines the different levels of abstraction in chip design from behavioral modeling down to the cell/mask level. It provides examples of logical and architectural design, and discusses the different layout styles including full-custom, gate-array, and standard-cell approaches.
crosstalk minimisation using vlsi
This document summarizes techniques for minimizing crosstalk in VLSI designs. It discusses the VLSI design cycle and physical design cycle. Routing is a key stage that involves global and detailed routing. Crosstalk occurs due to mutual inductance and capacitance between wires and can affect signal integrity, delay, and timing. Basic approaches to reduce crosstalk include segregating wires, increasing spacing between wires, using ground shields, optimizing the net ordering and layer assignments. Specific techniques mentioned are widening spacing, minimizing wire heights and lengths of parallel runs, using differential routing, and routing orthogonal layers.
Synopsys Fusion Compiler-Comprehensive RTL-to-GDSII Implementation System
Fusion Compiler is the next-generation RTL-to-GDSII implementation system architected to address the complexities of advanced node designs and deliver up to 20% improved PPA while reducing Time To Results (TTR) by 2X.
Low Power Techniques
This document discusses various low power techniques for integrated circuits. It begins by describing the increasing challenges of power consumption as device densities and clock frequencies increase while supply voltages and threshold voltages decrease. It then discusses different types of power consumption, including dynamic power, static power, leakage power from different sources, and how they can be reduced. The document covers many low power design techniques like multi-threshold CMOS, clock gating, multi-voltage, DVFS, and more. It discusses the evolution of these techniques and challenges in their implementation like timing issues, level shifters, and floorplanning for multi-voltage designs.
Define Width and Height of Core and Die (http://www.vlsisystemdesign.com/PD-F...
https://www.udemy.com/vlsi-academy
The very first step in chip design is floorplanning, in which the width and height of the chip, basically the area of the chip, is defined. A chip consists of two parts, 'core' and 'die'.
Recommended
Power Gating
Power gating is the main power reduction techniques for the static power. As long as technology scaling is taking place, static power becomes paramount important factor to the VLSI designs.Therefore Power gating is the recent power reduction technique that is actively in research areas.
Clock Distribution
This document discusses various clock generation and distribution strategies for digital systems. It covers topics such as clock skew, jitter, ring oscillators, Pierce crystal oscillators, generating non-overlapping clock signals, H-tree networks, clock decoders, buffering clock signals, and eliminating clock skew through buffer cross-connections. The document provides an overview of ideal clock signal properties and challenges in practical implementations, as well as important considerations for high-performance clock distribution such as minimizing load capacitance and inductive networks.
Design challenges in physical design
The document discusses several key challenges in physical design for semiconductor chips. It outlines general challenges faced in analog, digital, and mixed-signal design such as manufacturing technology limitations, leakage power, interconnect delay, and congestion. Specific issues discussed in more detail include routing congestion, IR drop causing voltage variations, crosstalk interference, scaling challenges between different process nodes, and thermal issues in 3D chip design involving through-silicon vias. The document provides an overview of design objectives to optimize power, timing, area, and yield against these physical implementation challenges.
Chapter1.slides
This document introduces VLSI physical design. It discusses how the number of transistors on chips has rapidly increased over time, from 100,000 to over 3 million. Complex chip design is now only possible using computer-aided design tools. The document outlines the different levels of abstraction in chip design from behavioral modeling down to the cell/mask level. It provides examples of logical and architectural design, and discusses the different layout styles including full-custom, gate-array, and standard-cell approaches.
crosstalk minimisation using vlsi
This document summarizes techniques for minimizing crosstalk in VLSI designs. It discusses the VLSI design cycle and physical design cycle. Routing is a key stage that involves global and detailed routing. Crosstalk occurs due to mutual inductance and capacitance between wires and can affect signal integrity, delay, and timing. Basic approaches to reduce crosstalk include segregating wires, increasing spacing between wires, using ground shields, optimizing the net ordering and layer assignments. Specific techniques mentioned are widening spacing, minimizing wire heights and lengths of parallel runs, using differential routing, and routing orthogonal layers.
Synopsys Fusion Compiler-Comprehensive RTL-to-GDSII Implementation System
Fusion Compiler is the next-generation RTL-to-GDSII implementation system architected to address the complexities of advanced node designs and deliver up to 20% improved PPA while reducing Time To Results (TTR) by 2X.
Low Power Techniques
This document discusses various low power techniques for integrated circuits. It begins by describing the increasing challenges of power consumption as device densities and clock frequencies increase while supply voltages and threshold voltages decrease. It then discusses different types of power consumption, including dynamic power, static power, leakage power from different sources, and how they can be reduced. The document covers many low power design techniques like multi-threshold CMOS, clock gating, multi-voltage, DVFS, and more. It discusses the evolution of these techniques and challenges in their implementation like timing issues, level shifters, and floorplanning for multi-voltage designs.
Define Width and Height of Core and Die (http://www.vlsisystemdesign.com/PD-F...
https://www.udemy.com/vlsi-academy
The very first step in chip design is floorplanning, in which the width and height of the chip, basically the area of the chip, is defined. A chip consists of two parts, 'core' and 'die'.
ASIC DESIGN : PLACEMENT
This document discusses ASIC placement, which involves assigning exact locations to circuit components within a chip's core area. The goals of placement are to minimize the total interconnect length and costs while meeting timing requirements. It describes two main placement techniques - global placement, which groups cells to minimize interconnect between groups, and detailed placement, which further optimizes placement objectives. The document outlines various placement algorithms, goals, and trends like mixed-size placement and whitespace distribution to improve routability and performance.
Low power vlsi design
This document discusses low power VLSI design. It defines power dissipation as being either static, from leakage current, or dynamic, from transistor switching activities. The key strategies for low power design are reducing supply voltage, physical capacitance, and switching activity. Specific techniques mentioned include clock gating, power gating, reducing chip capacitance, scaling voltage, better design methods, and power management. The document also discusses calculating and minimizing switching activity and using CAD tools at different design levels.
Crosstalk
Crosstalk occurs when signals on adjacent wires capacitively couple, causing unwanted noise or delay. As technology scales down, coupling capacitance increases relative to self capacitance, leading to more crosstalk. There are two types of crosstalk: noise crosstalk causes glitches on idle nets, while delay crosstalk impacts timing margins. Methods to reduce crosstalk include decreasing the aggressor net's drive strength, increasing the victim's drive strength, adding shields between nets, and using buffers with hysteresis.
Multi mode multi corner (mmmc)
This document discusses multi mode multi corner (MMMC) analysis for chip design. It defines that a mode is a set of design parameters like clocks and timing constraints, and a corner captures process, voltage, and temperature variations. It provides examples of multiple modes like normal, sleep, and test modes and corners for temperature, voltage, process variations, and parasitic interconnects. The document gives an example of analyzing a chip with 4 modes under 3 process-voltage-temperature corners and 3 parasitic interconnect corners, showing 9 analysis cases.
Low Power VLSI Design
Low Power VLSI design architecture for EDA (Electronic Design Automation) and Modern Power Estimation, Reduction and Fixing technologies including clock gating and power gating
EC6601 VLSI Design Memory Circuits
This document discusses memory circuits and techniques to reduce power consumption in memories. It describes the key components of memory control units including address decoders, sense amplifiers, voltage references, drivers/buffers, and timing and control circuits. Address decoders reduce the number of select signals needed for memory access. Sense amplifiers amplify signals from memory cells for data readout. Various voltage references are needed for memory operation. Power consumption comes from the memory cell array, decoders, and periphery circuits. Partitioning memory and reducing voltage levels can lower active power, while techniques like half VDD precharge and boosted word lines reduce DRAM retention power. Turning off unused blocks and increasing thresholds cuts SRAM retention power.
Sta by usha_mehta
This presentation is expert talk at Two day's International Webinar on "Testing and Verification of VLSI Design"
VLSI Power Reduction
Semiconductor engineering is becoming more dynamic fiels since the technology scaling is taking place. Power reduction techniques are lucrative solutions to the performance, area and power trade off. Therefore Power reduction of VLSI designs are critical.
Intellectual property in vlsi
Intellectual property (IP) in VLSI design refers to reusable logic or functionality units that can be licensed and used as building blocks in chip designs. There are two main types of IP: hard IP, which includes a pre-designed layout, and soft IP, which is delivered as synthesizable code. Soft IP is more vulnerable to theft since it is in a synthesizable form. Memories are often delivered as hard IP since they require careful analog design and peripheral circuitry to be useful. IP differs from custom chip design in that it is created before a specific use, with the goal of reuse across multiple designs. The IP lifecycle involves initial creation through specification, design, testing, and documentation, followed by integration into
Asic
Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) are microchips designed for special applications. There are two types: full-custom ASICs where all logic cells and mask layers are customized, and semi-custom where pre-designed logic cells have some customizable mask layers. ASICs have advantages over FPGAs like lower costs, higher speeds, and lower power usage, but have higher design costs and longer development times. Common applications of ASICs include aerospace systems, high-performance processors, and specialized consumer electronics.
faults in digital systems
Faults can occur in digital circuits due to processing errors, material defects, time-dependent failures, or packaging issues. A fault is a physical defect, an error is the manifestation of a fault causing incorrect outputs, and a failure occurs when a circuit deviates from its specified behavior due to an error. The single stuck-at fault model assumes a line is permanently stuck at 0 or 1, and is commonly used due to its simplicity and ability to model many defects. Bridging faults occur when two lines are accidentally connected, and can be modeled as ANDing or ORing the signals. Feedback bridging can cause circuits to oscillate or behave asynchronously under certain input conditions.
DPCM
A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
Trends and challenges in vlsi
This document discusses trends and challenges in VLSI technology. It notes that Moore's law of transistor density doubling every 18 months has continued to drive semiconductor scaling. However, smaller geometries create challenges like increased power consumption and reliability issues. Future progress will require advances in areas like low-power design techniques, fault tolerance, and active power management to balance performance with other constraints as technology scales.
Placement in VLSI Design
The document discusses placement in physical design. It describes placement as assigning positions to predesigned cells on a chip without overlapping to optimize objectives like minimizing area and interconnects. It discusses different placement types, formulates the placement problem, and describes algorithms like partitioning-based placement, simulated annealing placement, and iterative placement methods.
DRAM
The document discusses Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor to store each bit of data, which allows it to be implemented using less space than SRAM. However, DRAM is volatile and requires periodic refreshing to prevent data loss as the capacitor charge leaks over time. Common DRAM configurations include one transistor cells, three transistor cells, and four transistor cells. The document outlines the read and write operations for DRAM and how refreshing maintains the stored data.
Vlsi design flow
This document outlines the typical design flow for VLSI chips, including: 1) design specification, 2) design entry using schematics or HDL, 3) functional simulation to verify logic, 4) planning placement and routing of components, 5) timing simulation accounting for delays, and 6) fabrication of the final chip design either using full custom or semi-custom methods. The goal is to design and test a chip that meets the specified requirements before manufacturing.
Vlsi physical design-notes
The document discusses various aspects of physical design in VLSI circuits. It describes the physical design cycle which involves transforming a circuit diagram into a layout through steps like partitioning, floorplanning, placement, routing, and compaction. It also discusses different design styles like full-custom, standard cell, and gate array. Full-custom design allows maximum flexibility but has higher complexity, while restricted models like standard cell and gate array simplify the design process at the cost of less optimization in the layout. Physical design aims to produce layouts that meet timing and area constraints.
SOC Interconnects: AMBA & CoreConnect
This document provides an overview of system on chip (SoC) interconnect architectures and standard bus protocols. It discusses key considerations for choosing an interconnect architecture such as bandwidth, latency, and clock domains. Common SoC bus standards including AMBA, CoreConnect, and Wishbone are described along with their bus architectures and components. The document also provides details on specific buses within standards, such as AMBA's AHB, ASB, and APB buses and CoreConnect's PLB, OPB, and DCR buses.
Eco
This document discusses engineering change orders (ECOs) used to fix timing, functional, power, and clock issues after physical design and sign-off. It describes the motivation for ECOs due to tool limitations and differences between implementation and sign-off. Common ECO techniques are listed for timing (driver upsizing, buffer insertion, etc.), power (vt-swapping, downsizing, etc.), and metal-only ECOs. Timing ECO tools from Synopsys, Cadence, and other vendors are also mentioned. Upcoming ECO technologies like dynamic power optimization and automatic legalization are noted.
Interconnect timing model
This document discusses different interconnect timing models used to model delays caused by interconnects in integrated circuits. It describes lumped capacitor, transmission line, lumped RC, Elmore delay, distributed RC, and RLC models. The lumped capacitor and transmission line models treat interconnects as either purely capacitive or propagating waves, while the lumped RC, distributed RC, and RLC models account for resistive and inductive effects at higher frequencies. The Elmore delay model provides a simplified yet accurate way to calculate delays in RC networks. Overall, the choice of timing model depends on factors like the operating frequency and interconnect geometry.
Physical design-complete
This document discusses various concepts related to physical design implementation. It describes the inputs and outputs of physical design tools, important checks to perform before starting design such as clock and high fanout net budgeting, and concepts like floorplanning, placement, routing, libraries, multi-voltage design, and clock tree synthesis and optimization.
Regular buffer v/s Clock buffer
Everyone, who's been a part of physical design or STA, must have definitely gone through this. When I thought about it, like 5 years back, as a fresher, I really wished, somebody could had explained me this one in a much better way, with images.
I believe "A picture is worth a thousand words" :)
More Related Content
What's hot
ASIC DESIGN : PLACEMENT
This document discusses ASIC placement, which involves assigning exact locations to circuit components within a chip's core area. The goals of placement are to minimize the total interconnect length and costs while meeting timing requirements. It describes two main placement techniques - global placement, which groups cells to minimize interconnect between groups, and detailed placement, which further optimizes placement objectives. The document outlines various placement algorithms, goals, and trends like mixed-size placement and whitespace distribution to improve routability and performance.
Low power vlsi design
This document discusses low power VLSI design. It defines power dissipation as being either static, from leakage current, or dynamic, from transistor switching activities. The key strategies for low power design are reducing supply voltage, physical capacitance, and switching activity. Specific techniques mentioned include clock gating, power gating, reducing chip capacitance, scaling voltage, better design methods, and power management. The document also discusses calculating and minimizing switching activity and using CAD tools at different design levels.
Crosstalk
Crosstalk occurs when signals on adjacent wires capacitively couple, causing unwanted noise or delay. As technology scales down, coupling capacitance increases relative to self capacitance, leading to more crosstalk. There are two types of crosstalk: noise crosstalk causes glitches on idle nets, while delay crosstalk impacts timing margins. Methods to reduce crosstalk include decreasing the aggressor net's drive strength, increasing the victim's drive strength, adding shields between nets, and using buffers with hysteresis.
Multi mode multi corner (mmmc)
This document discusses multi mode multi corner (MMMC) analysis for chip design. It defines that a mode is a set of design parameters like clocks and timing constraints, and a corner captures process, voltage, and temperature variations. It provides examples of multiple modes like normal, sleep, and test modes and corners for temperature, voltage, process variations, and parasitic interconnects. The document gives an example of analyzing a chip with 4 modes under 3 process-voltage-temperature corners and 3 parasitic interconnect corners, showing 9 analysis cases.
Low Power VLSI Design
Low Power VLSI design architecture for EDA (Electronic Design Automation) and Modern Power Estimation, Reduction and Fixing technologies including clock gating and power gating
EC6601 VLSI Design Memory Circuits
This document discusses memory circuits and techniques to reduce power consumption in memories. It describes the key components of memory control units including address decoders, sense amplifiers, voltage references, drivers/buffers, and timing and control circuits. Address decoders reduce the number of select signals needed for memory access. Sense amplifiers amplify signals from memory cells for data readout. Various voltage references are needed for memory operation. Power consumption comes from the memory cell array, decoders, and periphery circuits. Partitioning memory and reducing voltage levels can lower active power, while techniques like half VDD precharge and boosted word lines reduce DRAM retention power. Turning off unused blocks and increasing thresholds cuts SRAM retention power.
Sta by usha_mehta
This presentation is expert talk at Two day's International Webinar on "Testing and Verification of VLSI Design"
VLSI Power Reduction
Semiconductor engineering is becoming more dynamic fiels since the technology scaling is taking place. Power reduction techniques are lucrative solutions to the performance, area and power trade off. Therefore Power reduction of VLSI designs are critical.
Intellectual property in vlsi
Intellectual property (IP) in VLSI design refers to reusable logic or functionality units that can be licensed and used as building blocks in chip designs. There are two main types of IP: hard IP, which includes a pre-designed layout, and soft IP, which is delivered as synthesizable code. Soft IP is more vulnerable to theft since it is in a synthesizable form. Memories are often delivered as hard IP since they require careful analog design and peripheral circuitry to be useful. IP differs from custom chip design in that it is created before a specific use, with the goal of reuse across multiple designs. The IP lifecycle involves initial creation through specification, design, testing, and documentation, followed by integration into
Asic
Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) are microchips designed for special applications. There are two types: full-custom ASICs where all logic cells and mask layers are customized, and semi-custom where pre-designed logic cells have some customizable mask layers. ASICs have advantages over FPGAs like lower costs, higher speeds, and lower power usage, but have higher design costs and longer development times. Common applications of ASICs include aerospace systems, high-performance processors, and specialized consumer electronics.
faults in digital systems
Faults can occur in digital circuits due to processing errors, material defects, time-dependent failures, or packaging issues. A fault is a physical defect, an error is the manifestation of a fault causing incorrect outputs, and a failure occurs when a circuit deviates from its specified behavior due to an error. The single stuck-at fault model assumes a line is permanently stuck at 0 or 1, and is commonly used due to its simplicity and ability to model many defects. Bridging faults occur when two lines are accidentally connected, and can be modeled as ANDing or ORing the signals. Feedback bridging can cause circuits to oscillate or behave asynchronously under certain input conditions.
DPCM
A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
Trends and challenges in vlsi
This document discusses trends and challenges in VLSI technology. It notes that Moore's law of transistor density doubling every 18 months has continued to drive semiconductor scaling. However, smaller geometries create challenges like increased power consumption and reliability issues. Future progress will require advances in areas like low-power design techniques, fault tolerance, and active power management to balance performance with other constraints as technology scales.
Placement in VLSI Design
The document discusses placement in physical design. It describes placement as assigning positions to predesigned cells on a chip without overlapping to optimize objectives like minimizing area and interconnects. It discusses different placement types, formulates the placement problem, and describes algorithms like partitioning-based placement, simulated annealing placement, and iterative placement methods.
DRAM
The document discusses Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor to store each bit of data, which allows it to be implemented using less space than SRAM. However, DRAM is volatile and requires periodic refreshing to prevent data loss as the capacitor charge leaks over time. Common DRAM configurations include one transistor cells, three transistor cells, and four transistor cells. The document outlines the read and write operations for DRAM and how refreshing maintains the stored data.
Vlsi design flow
This document outlines the typical design flow for VLSI chips, including: 1) design specification, 2) design entry using schematics or HDL, 3) functional simulation to verify logic, 4) planning placement and routing of components, 5) timing simulation accounting for delays, and 6) fabrication of the final chip design either using full custom or semi-custom methods. The goal is to design and test a chip that meets the specified requirements before manufacturing.
Vlsi physical design-notes
The document discusses various aspects of physical design in VLSI circuits. It describes the physical design cycle which involves transforming a circuit diagram into a layout through steps like partitioning, floorplanning, placement, routing, and compaction. It also discusses different design styles like full-custom, standard cell, and gate array. Full-custom design allows maximum flexibility but has higher complexity, while restricted models like standard cell and gate array simplify the design process at the cost of less optimization in the layout. Physical design aims to produce layouts that meet timing and area constraints.
SOC Interconnects: AMBA & CoreConnect
This document provides an overview of system on chip (SoC) interconnect architectures and standard bus protocols. It discusses key considerations for choosing an interconnect architecture such as bandwidth, latency, and clock domains. Common SoC bus standards including AMBA, CoreConnect, and Wishbone are described along with their bus architectures and components. The document also provides details on specific buses within standards, such as AMBA's AHB, ASB, and APB buses and CoreConnect's PLB, OPB, and DCR buses.
Eco
This document discusses engineering change orders (ECOs) used to fix timing, functional, power, and clock issues after physical design and sign-off. It describes the motivation for ECOs due to tool limitations and differences between implementation and sign-off. Common ECO techniques are listed for timing (driver upsizing, buffer insertion, etc.), power (vt-swapping, downsizing, etc.), and metal-only ECOs. Timing ECO tools from Synopsys, Cadence, and other vendors are also mentioned. Upcoming ECO technologies like dynamic power optimization and automatic legalization are noted.
Interconnect timing model
This document discusses different interconnect timing models used to model delays caused by interconnects in integrated circuits. It describes lumped capacitor, transmission line, lumped RC, Elmore delay, distributed RC, and RLC models. The lumped capacitor and transmission line models treat interconnects as either purely capacitive or propagating waves, while the lumped RC, distributed RC, and RLC models account for resistive and inductive effects at higher frequencies. The Elmore delay model provides a simplified yet accurate way to calculate delays in RC networks. Overall, the choice of timing model depends on factors like the operating frequency and interconnect geometry.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Physical design-complete
This document discusses various concepts related to physical design implementation. It describes the inputs and outputs of physical design tools, important checks to perform before starting design such as clock and high fanout net budgeting, and concepts like floorplanning, placement, routing, libraries, multi-voltage design, and clock tree synthesis and optimization.
Regular buffer v/s Clock buffer
Everyone, who's been a part of physical design or STA, must have definitely gone through this. When I thought about it, like 5 years back, as a fresher, I really wished, somebody could had explained me this one in a much better way, with images.
I believe "A picture is worth a thousand words" :)
Clock Tree Timing 101
Silicon Labs offers the industry’s broadest portfolio of crystal oscillator, clock generator and clock buffer products and PCI Express (PCIe) clock generators and PCI Express buffers.
Synchronous and asynchronous reset
This document discusses synchronous and asynchronous resets. Synchronous reset will reset a circuit at the active edge of the clock, ensuring a completely synchronous circuit. Asynchronous reset will reset a circuit without regard to the clock, making it faster but also more susceptible to glitches. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of each type of reset.
Implementing Useful Clock Skew Using Skew Groups
Implementing useful skew through skew groups or manual buffer insertion can improve timing in a large memory block design. Skew groups define a target skew value for groups of clock pins before clock tree synthesis, resulting in a smaller clock tree, lower power increase, and less routing complexity compared to manual buffer insertion. Manual insertion precisely controls skew by adding buffers but dramatically increases clock cell count and power consumption versus skew groups. Both methods effectively improved setup timing for the memory block design.
Clock gating
The document discusses power consumption in microprocessors and techniques for power reduction. It notes that dynamic power, which scales with the square of the supply voltage and operating frequency, makes up the majority of total power consumption. Clock circuitry alone can account for 15-45% of total power. Clock gating and data gating are introduced as approaches to reduce unnecessary switching activity and clock distribution by powering down unused modules. An example of applying clock gating at the architectural level is given to turn off parts of a processor's decode, execute, and load/store units to achieve considerable power reduction of up to 25%.
Synchronous and asynchronous clock
The document discusses synchronous and asynchronous clocks. A clock is a square wave signal generated by an oscillator that provides two levels, high and low. Clocks are used to time signals in circuits to avoid glitches, which are unpredictable outputs caused by differences in propagation delays. There are two types of clocks: synchronous clocks have the same phase but frequencies may differ, while asynchronous clocks have different phases and frequencies may also differ. Asynchronous clocks can cause glitches, so synchronization is needed to make clocks operate synchronously.
Phylogenetic analysis
This document provides an overview of phylogenetic analysis, including:
1) Phylogenetic analysis involves inferring evolutionary relationships between taxa by building phylogenetic trees and analyzing character evolution.
2) Phylogenetic trees show the branching patterns and relationships between taxa, with internal nodes representing hypothetical ancestors.
3) Phylogenetic analysis can provide insights into questions like human evolution, disease transmission, and the origins of genetic elements.
Viewers also liked (8)
Similar to Clock distribution
TIMING ISSUES IN DIGITAL CIRCUITS: SYNCHRONOUS DESIGN
The presentation includes skew and jtter and its sources, Clock-Distribution Techniques, Latch-Based Clocking.
.
Design of -- Two phase non overlapping low frequency clock generator using Ca...
This document describes designing a two-phase non-overlapping clock generator circuit with buffered outputs. The circuit is required to generate clean square wave clock signals from a single-phase input clock between 10-100MHz. The output signals must drive a 0.33pF capacitive load without distortion. The design will be implemented using Cadence tools and modified through simulation to meet the objectives of generating true non-overlapping signals with at least 1ns of underlap that can operate over the specified frequency range and drive the required load.
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
Multiple power domains on a single integrated circuit (IC) are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of systems on chips (SoCs) as process nodes continue to get smaller. Supplying the correct voltage to each domain requires the use of multiple voltage converters that occupy substantial
space either on-chip or off-chip and introduce additional power loss in the conversions. In this paper, an asynchronous paradigm called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is used to create a “stacked” architecture that reduces the number of converters needed and thereby mitigating the
aforementioned problems. In this architecture, the MTNCL circuits are stacked between a multiple of VDD and GND, where simple control mechanisms alleviate the induced dynamic range fluctuation problem. The GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process is used to evaluate and analyze the theoretical effects of parasitic extracted physical implementations in stacking different circuits running
different workloads. These results show that the “stacked” architecture introduce negligible overhead compared to the operation of the individual circuits while substantially alleviating the need for voltage converters, which in turn reduces the overall power consumption of the system.
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
Multiple power domains on a single integrated circuit (IC) are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of systems on chips (SoCs) as process nodes continue to get smaller. Supplying the correct voltage to each domain requires the use of multiple voltage converters that occupy substantial
space either on-chip or off-chip and introduce additional power loss in the conversions. In this paper, an asynchronous paradigm called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is used to create a “stacked” architecture that reduces the number of converters needed and thereby mitigating the
aforementioned problems. In this architecture, the MTNCL circuits are stacked between a multiple of VDD
and GND, where simple control mechanisms alleviate the induced dynamic range fluctuation problem. The GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process is used to evaluate and analyze the theoretical effects of parasitic extracted physical implementations in stacking different circuits running different workloads. These results show that the “stacked” architecture introduce negligible overhead
compared to the operation of the individual circuits while substantially alleviating the need for voltage converters, which in turn reduces the overall power consumption of the system.
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
Multiple power domains on a single integrated circuit (IC) are becoming more common due to the increasing complexity of systems on chips (SoCs) as process nodes continue to get smaller. Supplying the correct voltage to each domain requires the use of multiple voltage converters that occupy substantial space either on-chip or off-chip and introduce additional power loss in the conversions. In this paper, an asynchronous paradigm called Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) is used to create a “stacked” architecture that reduces the number of converters needed and thereby mitigating the aforementioned problems. In this architecture, the MTNCL circuits are stacked between a multiple of VDD and GND, where simple control mechanisms alleviate the induced dynamic range fluctuation problem. The GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process is used to evaluate and analyze the theoretical effects of parasitic extracted physical implementations in stacking different circuits running different workloads. These results show that the “stacked” architecture introduce negligible overhead compared to the operation of the individual circuits while substantially alleviating the need for voltage converters, which in turn reduces the overall power consumption of the system.
G352734
The document describes the design and simulation of energy recovery flip-flops that operate with a single-phase sinusoidal clock to reduce power consumption. It proposes differential and single-ended conditional capturing energy recovery flip-flop designs that remove transistors to reduce size and delay as compared to previous designs. Simulation results in a 180nm technology show the proposed flip-flops achieve up to 47% power reduction and 80% delay reduction compared to conventional designs, and clock tree power reduction of 90% when using an energy recovery sinusoidal clock generator. A pipelined array multiplier was also designed to demonstrate total power savings of 25-69% compared to a design using square wave clocking.
G352734
The document proposes and evaluates energy recovery flip-flops that operate with a single-phase sinusoidal clock to reduce power consumption. A resonant clock generator is designed to produce the sinusoidal clock signal. Simulations show the proposed flip-flops achieve over 80% delay reduction and 47% power reduction compared to conventional designs. An H-tree clock network distributes the sinusoidal clock signal. Total power savings of up to 80% are achieved compared to square wave clocking schemes. Clock gating is also proposed to further reduce power when the flip-flops are inactive.
Vlsi physical design (Back End Process)
Physical Design Include Floor Planning, Placement,Routing,Power and Clock Distribution Problems in VLSI
Low Power Clock Distribution Schemes in VLSI Design
This paper reviewed the comparison between different clock distribution schemes which used for low power
VLSI design which are the most important aspect in the industry. The main clock distribution schemes are
single driver clock scheme and distributed buffers clock scheme. There are different tradeoffs in both the
techniques such as size of buffers, number of buffers etc.
Energy efficient protocol with static clustering (eepsc) comparing with low e...
This document summarizes a new routing protocol called Energy-Efficient Protocol with Static Clustering (EEPSC) that is proposed to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks compared to the LEACH protocol. EEPSC partitions the network into static clusters during an initial setup phase to eliminate the overhead of dynamic clustering. It then selects high-energy sensor nodes within each cluster to serve as cluster heads and temporary cluster heads to distribute the energy load and extend the lifetime of the network. Simulation results showed that EEPSC outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and power consumption.
Range unlimited delay interleaving and –recycling clock skew compensation and...
Chennai Office: JP INFOTECH, Old No.31, New No.86, 1st Floor, 1st Avenue, Ashok Nagar, Chennai-83. Landmark: Next to Kotak Mahendra Bank/Bharath Scans
Principles of Power Systems V.K Mehta Complete Book - Chapter 7
The document discusses electric power supply systems and transmission. It describes how electric power is generated at power stations, transmitted over long distances via transmission lines, and then distributed to consumers. There are three main components of an electric supply system: the power station, transmission lines, and the distribution network. Transmission is typically done using high voltages for efficiency and reduced line losses. While DC transmission has advantages, AC transmission is now universally used due to the ability to easily transform voltages using cost-effective transformers.
Lecture24 clockpower routing
This document discusses routing of clock and power nets in VLSI physical design automation. It describes how clock and power routing have special considerations compared to other signal nets due to factors like clock skew, IR drop, and being major power consumers. It provides details on clock tree routing techniques like H-trees, MMM algorithm, and GMA algorithm to minimize clock skew. It also discusses power grid routing using mesh structures in multiple metal layers to reduce voltage drop and electromigration issues. Non-tree clock routing and combining clock routing with other optimizations are noted as future trends.
Ijecet 06 09_003
1) The document proposes a new protocol called Farthest Node SEP to improve energy efficiency in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.
2) It divides nodes into normal, intermediate, and advanced categories based on their initial energy levels. Cluster heads farther from the base station consumed more energy previously.
3) The proposed protocol selects cluster heads based on remaining energy and uses multi-hop transmissions instead of direct transmission to prolong network lifetime by avoiding overuse of nodes farther from the base station. Simulations are run in MATLAB to evaluate performance.
wireless power transfer
This document discusses millimeter-wave wireless power transfer technology for space applications. It proposes a new compact design using a 20x20 slot antenna array integrated on a gold-silicon-silicon dioxide substrate that is capable of realizing over 72% conversion efficiency and power densities over 1.2W/cm^2. The slot antennas are coupled to a differential RF-to-DC conversion circuit consisting of a rectifier, filter, and storage capacitor. This technology offers higher efficiency and power density than solar arrays and could enable rapid wireless power transfer for lunar and space systems without a traditional power grid.
Ijciet 10 02_069
A parity generator is a circuit that generates redundant bits used for error detection
and is used when transmitting binary information. Previous parity generator circuits
based on quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are designed to reduce the area of the
circuit. Input cells of existing circuit are designed inside the circuit and the circuit’s
signal is not propagated properly due to the influence between adjacent wires. In
addition, existing circuits consume many clocks because the XOR gate, which is an
essential component of the parity generator circuit, consumes many clocks. In order to
solve this problem, we design a 3-bit odd parity generator circuit using QCA for fast
operation. The proposed circuit uses an XOR gate that can operate one clock faster
than the existing XOR gate to reduce the clock, and by extending this XOR gate, the
output value can be obtained faster than the conventional circuit. In the proposed
circuit, the result is verified through simulation and the performance is compared with
the existing circuit
Systematic Design of Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverters with Simplified DC...
Systematic Design of Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverters with Simplified DC...International Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based appA Single-Phase Clock Multiband Low-Power Flexible Divider
In this paper, a low-power single-phase clock multiband flexible divider for Bluetooth, Zigbee, and IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.11 a/b/g WLAN frequency synthesizers The frequency synthesizer was implemented using a charge-pump based phase-locked loop with a tri-state phase/frequency detector and a programmable pulse-swallow frequency divider. Since the required frequency of operation can be as high as 1.4GHz, the speed of the digital logic used in the frequency divider is a critical design factor. A custom library of digital logic gates was designed using MOS current-mode logic (MCML). These gates were designed to operate at frequencies up to 1.4GHz. This report outlines the design of the phase/frequency detector and the programmable pulse-swallow frequency divider. The design, layout, and simulation of the MCML logic family are also presented.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
Eeuc111
This document discusses energy efficient unequal clustering (EEUC) in wireless sensor networks. It introduces the concept of clustering in wireless sensor networks and describes several unequal clustering algorithms such as MRPUC, UHEED, EEDUC, EDUC, UCR, and UCS. It then describes the proposed EEUC algorithm which aims to distribute workload evenly among sensor nodes by assigning appropriate cluster head competition ranges based on the distance to the base station, with clusters closer to the base station having smaller sizes. Finally, it compares EEUC to other unequal clustering algorithms and concludes that EEUC helps solve the hotspot problem by reducing intra-cluster work for cluster heads closer to the base station.
Similar to Clock distribution (20)
TIMING ISSUES IN DIGITAL CIRCUITS: SYNCHRONOUS DESIGN
TIMING ISSUES IN DIGITAL CIRCUITS: SYNCHRONOUS DESIGN
Design of -- Two phase non overlapping low frequency clock generator using Ca...
Design of -- Two phase non overlapping low frequency clock generator using Ca...
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
VOLTAGE STACKING FOR SIMPLIFYING POWER MANAGEMENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS CIRCUITS
Low Power Clock Distribution Schemes in VLSI Design
Low Power Clock Distribution Schemes in VLSI Design
Energy efficient protocol with static clustering (eepsc) comparing with low e...
Energy efficient protocol with static clustering (eepsc) comparing with low e...
Range unlimited delay interleaving and –recycling clock skew compensation and...
Range unlimited delay interleaving and –recycling clock skew compensation and...
Principles of Power Systems V.K Mehta Complete Book - Chapter 7
Principles of Power Systems V.K Mehta Complete Book - Chapter 7
Systematic Design of Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverters with Simplified DC...
Systematic Design of Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverters with Simplified DC...
A Single-Phase Clock Multiband Low-Power Flexible Divider
A Single-Phase Clock Multiband Low-Power Flexible Divider
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...
Recently uploaded
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, SerbiaAdvanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting.pdf
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology towards Sustainable Steelmaking
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Bigdata of technology
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
Recently uploaded (20)
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Clock distribution
- 1. Presented by: KAUSHAL KUMAR(10/IEC/023 MOHIT KARDAM(10/IEC/029)
- 2. The clock distribution network is the metal and buffer network that distribute clock to all clocked element. A clock generator is a circuit that produces a timing signal for use in synchronizing a system’s operation. At its most basic level, a clock generator consists of a resonant circuit and an amplifier. The resonant circuit is usually a quartz piezo-electric oscillator or MEMS resonator, although simpler tank circuits and even RC circuits may be used in some cases.
- 3. Need to support higher clock frequency based on the strong correlation between frequency and chip performance. Process technology scaling allows higher level of integration and larger die size leading to higher clock loading and larger distances the clock network need to traverse.
- 4. Skew :It is a phenomenon in synchronous circuits in which the clock signal arrives at different components at different times. FIG : Clock Skew
- 5. Clock skew is due to the unbalanced of the data. Strategies to remove skew Locate all clock inputs close together; but it is difficult to implement in a large circuit. Drive them from the same source & balance the delays
- 6. Jitter:It is the cycle time variation of consecutive clock periods. Power Dissipation: FIG : Jitter in clock - clock node consumes more power than any other nodes on the chip. - on a μp, clock tree dissipate 40% of total power.
- 7. Unconstrained Tree: No constraints imposed on buffers and wires. Used mostly by automatic tools in automatic synthesis flows. Can be used for small blocks within large design. clk1 clk2 clk3 clkn FIG : Unconstrained tree clock network
- 8. Balanced tree: The length of interconnects is identical from the source node n + 1 to the two destination nodes n. The primary delay difference among the clock signal paths is due to the variations of process parameters affecting Interconnect impedance Characteristics of buffer This structure is difficult to implement in practice due to routing constraints and different fan-out requirements.
- 9. FIG: Balanced H-tree clock network
- 10. Central spine : It is a specific implementation of a binary tree. The clock can be transported in a balanced fashion across one dimension of the die with low structural skew. FIG : Central clock spine distribution
- 11. Spines with Matched Branches: An extension of the central spine structure can be realize by replacing the unconstrained end-of-distribution branches with delay matched routes. The longest branch determines the delay from the output of the central spine to the end loads. FIG : Multiple clock spines with matched branches
- 12. Grid : This clock grid resembles a mesh with fully connected clock tracks in both dimensions and grid drivers located on all four sides. Usually a custom implementation, simple to build. Insensitive to load changes. Dissipate more power.
- 13. FIG : Clock grid with 2-dimensional clock drivers
- 14. Hybrid Distribution: It is the combination of all the topologies. Common configurations are spines-grid distribution or tree-grid distribution. It employs a multilevel H-tree driving a common grid. FIG : Clock grid with 1-dimensional drivers