This document provides an overview of clinical refraction. It discusses the scope and various components of refraction, including history, objective tests like retinoscopy and autorefraction, and subjective refinement of refraction. Retinoscopy is described in detail, including the types of retinoscopes, procedures, inferences from the red reflex, and problems that can occur. Autorefraction, monocular and binocular subjective refraction techniques are also outlined. The document provides guidance on determining corrections for both distance and near vision.

1. CLINICAL REFRACTION
Dr Saurabh Kushwaha
Resident Ophthalmology

2. SCOPE
 Introduction
 Objective refraction
 Retinoscopy
 Autorefractometry
 Subjective refraction
 Monocular refraction
 Binocular refraction
 Correction for near vision

3. INTRODUCTION
 History
 Visual acuity
 Ophthalmic examination
 Retinoscopy/ Autorefractometry
 Monocular Subjective refinement
 Binocular balancing
 Near vision correction

4. OBJECTIVE REFRACTION
 Retinoscopy
 Autorefractometry
 Photorefraction
 Electrophysiological methods

5. RETINOSCOPY
 Prerequisite
• Dark room
• Trial set
• Trial frame
• Distance vision chart
• Near vision chart
• Retinoscope

6. TYPES OF RETINOSCOPE
 Reflecting (mirror)
• Plane mirror
• Priestley Smith’s mirror

7.  Self illuminated
• Spot retinoscope
• Streak retinoscope

8. TYPES OF RETINOSCOPY
 Dynamic retinoscopy
 Static retinoscopy
• Wet retinoscopy
• Dry retinoscopy

9. PROCEDURE OF RETINOSCOPY
 Ask the patient to fixate on target
 Patient’s RE examined with the examiner’s
RE with the retinoscope in right hand
 Working Distance about 1 m.
 Examiner’s both eyes should be open
 Examiner not to obstruct the view of target
 Examiner observes a red reflex in the
pupillary area
 Retinoscope is moved in both horizontal or
vertical meridians

10. INFERENCES OF RETINOSCOPY
PROPERTIES OF REFLEX
Movement
With Need more plus
Against Need more minus
Brightness
Dim Far from neutralization
Bright Close to neutralization
Width
Narrow Far from neutralization
Wide Close to neutralization
Speed
Slow Far from neutralization
Fast Close to neutralization

11. NEUTRALISATION OF RED REFLEX
 Myopia : Add -ve lenses
 Hyperopia : Add +ve lenses

12. CYCLOPLEGICS IN RETINOSCOPY
S
N
o
Drug Name Age Peak
Effect
Duratio
n of
action
Time of
retinosco
py
PCT Tonus
allowan
ce
1. Atropine 1% <5
yrs
2-3
days
10-20
days
4th Day After 3
wks
1.0 D
2. Homatropine
2%
5-8
yrs
60-90
min
48-72
hrs
After 90
mins
After 3
days
0.5 D
3. Cyclopentolate
1%
8-20
yrs
80-90
min
6-18 hrs After 90
mins
After 3
days
0.75 D
4. Tropicamide
0.5%, 1%
- 20-40
min
4-6 hrs - - -
5. Phenylephrine
5%, 10%
- 30-40
min
4-6 hrs - - -

13. PROBLEMS OF RETINOSCOPY
 Poor or invisible red reflex
 Changing retinoscopy findings
 Scissoring shadows
 Spherical aberrations
 Conflicting shadows
 Triangular shadow

14. AUTOREFRACTOMETRY
 Optical principles
• The Scheiner’s principle
• The Optometer principle
 Types of autorefractometer
• Objective
• Subjective

15. SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
 Monocular refraction
 Binocular refraction
 Correction for near vision

16. MONOCULAR REFRACTION
 Baseline starting point lenses
Vision
Refractive Error
Spherical Astigmatic
6/6 Small Small
6/9 0.50 1.00
6/12 0.75 1.50
6/18 1.00 2.00
6/24 1.50 3.00
6/36 2.00 4.00
6/60 2.00 – 3.00 High

17.  Refining the spherical lenses

18.  Refining the cylindrical lenses
• Astigmatic clock dial & fogging

19.  Jackson’s cross cylinder technique
• To bring circle of least confusion on retina
• To refine astigmatic axis and then power

20.  Finalisation of spherical lenses
• Fogging technique using Snellen’s visual
acuity chart
• Duochrome test
• Pinhole testing

21. BINOCULAR REFRACTION
 Fogging & alternate occlusion method
 Duochrome test with fogging
 Prism dissociated method

22. CORRECTION OF NEAR VISION
 Dynamic retinoscopy
 Determination of near add

23. THANK YOU