This document provides an overview of light, physical and physiological optics. It discusses the nature and properties of light, wave optics including interference, diffraction and polarization. It also covers quantum optics, geometrical optics including reflection and refraction through lenses and prisms. The document describes the eye's optical system and components. It discusses schematic eye models and optical aberrations like spherical and chromatic aberration. The goal is to understand light and how the eye functions as an optical instrument.

1. LIGHT, PHYSICAL &
PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS
Dr Saurabh Kushwaha
Resident Ophthalmology

2. SCOPE
 Light - Nature & properties
 Wave optics
 Quantum optics
 Geometrical optics
 Eye’s optical system
 Schematic eye
 Reduced eye
 Optical Aberrations

3. LIGHT
 Nature of light
• Electromagnetic wave nature
• Particle nature of light
 Properties of light

4. WAVE OPTICS
 Interference
• Types
- Constructive
- Destructive
• Interference within corneal stroma
• Laser interferometery
• Anti-reflection coating on spectacles
• Filters used in FFA
• OCT

5.  Diffraction
• Types
- Fresnel
- Fraunhofer
• Glare & Halos
• Decreased VA in Pinhole test
• Image imperfection when pupil < 2.5 mm
• Compromised resolution from an optical
instrument

6.  Polarisation
• Ophthalmic instruments
• 3 D pictures
• Polaroid sunglasses for glare
• Measuring thickness of RNFL
• Titmus fly test for stereopsis
• Detection of defects in IOL

7. QUANTUM OPTICS
 Transmission & Absorption
- Thermal effect
- Vibrations in the medium
- Polarisation effect
 Photoelectric effect
 LASER
 Fluorescence

8.  Scattering of light
• Corneal haze
• Greyish appearance of early cataract
• Flare in anterior chamber
• Glare effect
• Light reduction effect

9. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
 Reflection of light
• Specular reflection
- Laws of reflection
• Diffuse reflection

10.  Retroreflection
• Cat’s eye reflex
• Dew drops on grass
• Bruckner’s reflex
• Traffic signals
• Glowing clothes

11.  Refraction of light
• Laws of refraction
• Total internal reflection

12.  Refraction through prisms
• Diagnostic uses
- Fusional reserve
- 4D Prism test
- Diagnose malingering
• Therapeutic uses
- To build up fusional reserve
- To relieve diplopia

13.  Refraction through Spherical lenses
• Convex lens
- Hypermetropia, aphakia, presbyopia
- Oblique illumination
- Indirect ophthalmoscopy
• Concave lens
- Myopia
- As Hruby lens

14.  Refraction through Cylindrical lenses
• Astigmatism
• As cross cylinder to check refraction
• Maddox rod

15. EYE’S OPTICAL SYSTEM
 Eye as an optical instrument
 Components of eye’s optical system
• Cornea
• Anterior Chamber
• Pupil
• Crystalline lens
• Vitreous
• Retina

16. SCHEMATIC EYE
 Gullstrand’s schematic eye

17. REDUCED EYE
 Listing’s reduced eye
 Donder’s reduced eye

18. OPTICAL ABERRATIONS
 Diffraction of light

19.  Spherical aberrations

20.  Chromatic aberrations

21.  Decentring

22.  Oblique aberration

23.  Coma

24. THANK YOU