This presentation explain about retinoscope, the instrument, its history, its types, the procedure and different cases also the advantages and disadvantages of the instrument and the working lens
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...Bikash Sapkota
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD FULL PPT ❤❤ https://healthkura.com/measurement-of-accommodation-of-eye/ ❤❤
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Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...Bikash Sapkota
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD FULL PPT ❤❤ https://healthkura.com/measurement-of-accommodation-of-eye/ ❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/retinoscopy/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Retinoscopy and Objective Refraction and Subjective Refraction in spherical ametropia and astigmatism
Retinoscopy (Principle & Techniques of Retinoscopy) and objective refraction, Subjective Refracition
Best presentation about retinoscopy and objective refraction techniques, and basis of subjective refraction. If you want to master the technique of retinoscopy, this presentation can be your guidance and partner in your journey to retinoscopy, objective refraction and subjective refraction.
Presentation Layout:
Retinoscope, types of retinoscope and uses of retinoscope
-Introduction to retinoscopy and objective refraction
-Retinoscopy
- In spherical ametropia
- In astigmatism
- Others: strabismus, amblyopia, pediatric pt.,
cycloplegic refraction
-Static and Dynamic Retinoscopy
-Problems seeing reflex during retinoscopy
-Errors in retinoscopy
Objective of retinoscopy and objective refraction
-To locate the far point of the eye conjugate to the retina
- Myopia or hyperopia
-Bring far point to the infinity by using appropriate lenses
- Determines amount of ametropia by retinoscopy and objective refraction
References:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by Eskridge, Amos and Bartlett ,
-Primary Care Optometry by Grosvenor T.,
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by Benjamin W. J.,
-Theory And Practice Of Optics And Refraction by AK Khurana
-Retinoscopy-Student Manual by ICEE Refractive Error Training Package (2009)
-Clinical Optics and Refraction By Andrew Keirl, Caroline Christie
-Clinical Refraction Guide - A Kumar Bhootra
-Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care by David B. Elliott
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
Techniques of refraction is the process of calculation of glass power.drbrijeshbhu
Refractive errors are most common cause of ocular morbidity. It affects all age groups, and ethnic profiles. There is no g nder discrimination. Most common symptoms are blur vission along with pain in eye ,headache and tiredness. Refraction is process of determination of eye and currect it with power glass power or contact lens power. It can subjective or objective.
Retinoscopy for undergraduates and post-graduates.
salient points covering examinations and PGMEE.
Detailed discussion of the technique of retinoscopy and its utility in deducing refractive errors.
Use of cycloplegic refraction and subjective refraction has been discussed.
this ppt contains detailed information about the direct opthalmoscopy, how to use and how to interpret the certain ocular conditions like cataracts, retinal changes, any medial opacities
SLIT LAMP AND ITS DIFFERENT ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES.pptxAbhishek Kashyap
This presentation explains in detail about different illumination techniques and filters used in slit lamp examination and the procedure to perform slit lamp examination.
Pigment epithelial defect and intraretinal fluidLoknath Goswami
A simple and informative presentation on PED & IRF with pathophysiology, clinical examination, diagnostic imaging and one case study each for both PED & IRF
Synoptophore is an instrument for diagnosing imbalance of eye muscles and treating them by orthoptic methods. In this presentation the parts of the synoptophore and the different slides used in the instrument are discussed
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https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
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This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
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Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
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Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
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Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
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India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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2. Introduction
• Retinoscopy is an objective method of
measuring the optical power of the eye
• It is used to illuminate the inside of the eye
and to observe the light that is reflected from
the retina
• These reflected rays change as they pass out
through the optical components of the eye,
and by examining just how these emerging
rays change, we determine the refractive
power of the eye
3. Evolution of retinoscopy
• 1859 – Sir William Bowman commented on
the peculiar linear fundus reflex he saw when
viewing astigmatic eyes with Helmholtz’s new
ophthalmoscope
• 1873 – The first objective diagnosis of
refractive errors was by the french
ophthalmologist Cuignet (Father of
Retinoscopy)
4. • 1878 – Mengin published the clear and simple
explanation that helped to popularize the
retinoscopic technique
• 1880 – Parent, published his explanation of
quantified objective refraction
• 1903 – Duane first advocated the systematic
use of cylindrical lenses for retinoscopy in
astigmatism
5. Copeland’s contributions
Around 1920, Jack C. Copeland was using
one of Wolff’s original European spot
retinscopes, when he dropped the instrument on
the floor, damaging the bulb filament. When
reexamining the schematic eye that he was
working with, he noted a difference in the
reflexes, and set about solving what had
happened. From this original observation came
the streak retinoscopic technique that is taught
today
6. • 1927 – Copeland patented his original model,
popularized the streak technique and
revolutionized retinoscopy
• The instrument has five flaws that Copeland
corrected in his improved version, marketed
since 1968 as Optec 360
7. Advantages
Reduces the refraction time and error
Minimizes decisions that the patient has to
make
Extremely important when communication is
difficult or impossible
- Retarded, deaf persons
- Foreigners
- Children, infants
8. • By evaluating the retinoscopic reflex, we can
also detect aberrations of the cornea and of
the lens, as well as opacities of the ocular
media
11. Reflecting mirror retinoscope
• A perforated mirror by which the beam is
reflected into the patient’s eye and through a
central hole the emergent rays enter the
observer’s eye
• Movements of the illuminated retinal areas
are produced by tilting a mirror, either a
plane or concave
12. Reflecting mirror retinoscope
Advantages
• Cheaper than the self
illuminated
Disadvantages
• Requires a separate light
source
• Glare from that source of
light is annoying to the
patient
• To check the axis and
amount of cylinder is
difficult
• Intensity and type of beam
cannot be changed or
controlled
13. Self illuminated retinoscope
• The light source and the mirror are
incorporated in one
• Streak – light source is a linear (uncoiled)
filament
• Spot – light source is projected round
14. The streak retinoscope
• The modern retinoscope differs from the
simple instrument previously described in two
respects
– It incorporates a concave mirror in addition to the
plane mirror
– The light source is in the form of a streak rather
than a spot
17. Projection system
The projection system is simple; the
retinoscope emits rays of light that illuminate
the retina (the pigment epithelium and choroid).
By turning the sleeve one can rotate the
projected streak, and by raising or lowering the
sleeve one can make the rays divergent or
convergent
18. Observation system
• Peep hole
• Mirror
– The mirror have an optical aperture; the central
slivering of the mirror is absent. Some models use
a semi-silvered (beam splitter) surface to
accomplish the same purpose
19. Handling the retinoscope
Hold the retinoscope in the right hand
before the right eye, and in the left hand when
using the left eye. Keeping both eyes open and
the lights low, hold the retinoscope against brow
and wiggle head or trunk perpendicular to the
streak axis
20. Motions
• Myopia – against motion is observed
• Hyperopia – with motion is observed
• Emmetropia – no motion known as neutral
motion or complete flashing
24. Preliminary steps
• Set the sleeve in its lowest position (plano-
mirror effect)
• Position yourself 2/3 meter (26”) from the
patient. This distance implies a working lens of
+1.50D. The distance can be made to vary.
• With the refracting equipment in place, direct
the patient’s attention to a fixation spot at 15
feet or more from the eye and align the streak
vertically
25. • Observe the “reflex” which will appear
providing no oblique astigmatism is present
• If oblique astigmatism is present, the reflex
does not appear vertical
• Move the vertical streak horizontally across
the pupil and back again and observe whether
the reflex moves in the same direction as the
streak or in the opposite direction
26. • Rotate the control sleeve until the streak is
horizontal and move the streak vertically
• If the streak and the reflex move in the same
direction with no lens in the refractive
apparatus, refraction is one of these:
– Hyperopia
– Emmetropia
– Myopia of less than 1.50 diopters
If the reflex moves in the opposite direction, the error
is myopia greater than 1.50 dipoters
27. Determining refractive error by
neutralization
• Before starting, make sure the eye not being
refracted has some “against” motion using the
plano mirror effect. This will blur vision to
prevent accommodation
• If “with” or neutral motion is noticed initially,
place about a +1.00 sphere before the eye
once neutral motion is seen
28. Neutralising with spheres only
• Change sphere in the minus direction until the
reflexes in all axes have “with” motion
• Adjust in the plus direction until the reflex fills
the pupil in one meridian and all motion is
stopped. This will be one of the principal
meridians if astigmatism is present. That
meridian is then said to be neutralized
• Repeat the neutralization in the meridian 90˚
away
29. Confirmation of neutralization
1. Move the sleeve all the way up (concave
mirror position); the reflex should also
appear neutralized
2. Move closer to the patient and “with”
motion should return; move away and
“against” motion should appear
3. Place an extra +0.25 sphere in the apparatus
and “against” motion should appear
30. Locating the axis of astigmatism
• Two phenomena help in determining the axis of
astigmatism:
–Break
–Width
Break is observed when the streak is not
aligned with a principal meridian astigmatism.
The streak will be aligned with a principal
meridian when the break effect disappears and
the width of the reflex is narrowest ( and it
appears its brightest). Then continue with
neutralization as before
32. Hyperopia
• Hyperopia exists when, at the 2/3 meter
distance using the plano mirror effect, “with”
motion is neutralized using a plus lens greater
than +1.50 diopters and both meridians
neutralize with the same strength lens
• Total hyperopia is estimated by subtracting
1.50 diopters from the total strength lens
used. For example, if it takes a +2.50 lens to
neutralize motion at 2/3 meter, the total
hyperopic error is +1.00 diopter
33. Myopia
• When “with” motion, using the plano mirror
effect at 2/3 meter, is neutralized with a plus
lens of less than 1.50 D
• When at 2/3 meter, using the plano mirror
effect, no motion appears at all. The myopia is
then exactly 1.50 D
• When the motion is “against” using the plano
mirror effect, and is neutralized with a minus
lens
34. Astigmatism
• Astigmatism exists when the two principal
meridians neutralize with different strength
lenses. It may be present in many forms:
– Simple hyperopic
– Simple myopic
– Compound hyperopic
– Compound myopic
– In the mixed form
35. Astigmatism measurement
• Neutralize one principal meridian first. Then
add the appropriate plus or minus cylindrical
lens until the other principal meridian is
neutralized
• Neutralization may also be done by continuing
to add spherical lenses until the second
principal meridian is neutralized. Then the
astigmatic error is equal to the difference in
strength of lenses necessary to neutralize the
two meridians
36. Axis of astigmatism
• If the correcting cylinder is of the proper
power, a 10˚ error in axis will produce a new
astigmatism of approximately one third of the
strength of the original astigmatism with its
principal meridian at approximately 45˚ to
those of the original astigmatism
• The technique for setting the axis is reffered to
as “straddling”
37. Determination of axis
• When one have an approximate correction of
the refractive error and wish to refine the axis
setting, the following technique will be
helpful.
– Move up closer to the eye so that the edges of the
reflex can be seen
– Compare the widths of the two reflexes as you
rotate the streak 45˚ to either side of the
correcting cylinder axis
38. – Recede slowly while doing this. Compare the
widths of the two reflexes
– If there is an axis error, the reflex will be of
different widths in the two positions
– When using plus cylinders, one have to rotate the
axis toward the narrow band until the reflex
widths are equal
– When using minus cylinders, one have to rotate
the axis away from the narrow band
– When the reflex widths are equal, the proper axis
has been determined
39. References
• John M. Comboy, The retinoscopy book: an
introductory manual for eye care professionals
5th edition, pg no. 1 to 15
40. “ You can’t learn retinoscopy by reading a book. . .”
Jack C. Copeland