The document classifies plants into two main groups: flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Non-flowering plants are further divided into mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms. Mosses have no true roots or vascular tissues, simple stems and leaves, and reproduce via spores from capsules dispersed by wind. Ferns have roots, feathery leaves, underground stems, and vascular tissues, reproducing via spores on leaf undersides. Gymnosperms are tall evergreen trees like pine trees with needle-shaped leaves, cones, and naked seeds in female cones. Flowering plants are divided into monocots and dicots based on their seed and leaf characteristics.

1. Classification of Plants

2. Plant Kingdom Flowering Plants Non-flowering Plants

3.  3 groups Ferns Mosses Gymnosperms Non - flowering Plants Do NOT produce flowers

4. A plant can be divided into 3 parts

5. Examples of Mosses

6. Moss spores Spore-producing capsule

7. Characteristics of Mosses  No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport)  Simple stems & leaves  Have rhizoids for anchorage  Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)  Damp terrestrial land  Simplest plants

8. Fern

9. Fern underground stem root A leaf (finely divided into small parts)

10. spore-producing organs (circinate) young leaf

11. Characteristics of Ferns  roots, feathery leaves & underground stems  have vascular tissues (transport & support)  Damp & shady places  Spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction)

12. Pine tree Gymnosperms

13. needle-shaped leaves

14. Male cones (in clusters) Female cones (scattered)

15. Characteristics of Gymnosperms  roots, woody stems  needle-shaped leaves  tall evergreen trees  cones with reproductive structures  dry places  vascular tissues (transport)  naked seeds in female cones

16.  2 groups Monocotyledons Dicotyledons  roots, stems, leaves  vascular tissues (transport)  flowers, fruits (contain seeds) Flowering Plants

17. Monocotyledons Parallel veins

18. Characteristics of Monocotyledons  one seed-leaf leaves have parallel veins  herbaceous plants  e.g. grass, maize

19. Dicotyledons Veins in network

20. Characteristics of Dicotyledons  two seed-leaves  leaves have veins in network  e.g. trees, sunflower, rose

21. Plant Classification Non-flowering Plants Flowering Spore-bearing Naked seeds No roots with roots Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms 1 seed-leaf 2 seed-leaves Monocots Dicots