Carbohydrates are the most abundant compounds on earth and are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common monosaccharides that serve as energy sources. Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed by joining two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose consist of long chains of monosaccharides and serve structural and storage functions.

2.  most abundant compounds on earth
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen atoms.
The formula for a carbohydrate is (CH2O)n
The n represents the number of times the CH2O unite
is repeated.

3.  Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

4.  A Monosaccharide is made up of 1 sugar
unit.
 Monos are reducing sugars.
 The common monosaccharides are :
oGlucose
oFructose
oGalactose

5. The chemical formula for glucose is
C6H12O6
serves as the essential energy source,
and is commonly known as blood sugar
or dextrose.
Sources of glucose includes starch,
the major storage form of
carbohydrate in plant

6. •The
structure on
the left is a
simplified
structure of
glucose

7.  “fruit sugar”
Fructose is the sweetest, occurs naturally
in honey and fruits, and is added to many
foods in the form of high-fructose corn
syrup.

8. •The structure
on the left is a
simplified
structure of
fructose

9. Galactose rarely occurs naturally as a
single sugar.
 Galactose is not normally found in
nature in large quantities, however, it
combines with glucose to form lactose in
milk

10. •The structure
on the left is a
simplified
structure of
galactose

11.  This is when two monosaccharides join to form
a Disaccharide.
 The reaction involves the water been given off.

12.  means “two sugars”
 formed by a condensation reaction where
one molecule of water condenses or is
released during the joining of two
monosaccharides
The common disaccharides are:
 sucrose
 lactose
 maltose

13.  sucrose is found in common table sugar
It is composed of glucose and fructose
 found naturally in plants: sugarcane,
sugar beets, honey and maple syrup

14. Glucose + Fructose =
SUCROSE

15.  “milk sugar”
 it is composed of galactose and glucose
It is found in milk and milk products
 The bond formed between two
monosaccharides is called a beta
glycosidic bond

16. Glucose + Galactose = LACTOSE

17. derives its name from its presence in malt,
the juice from sprouted barley and other
cereal grains
 is the final disaccharide and consists of
two glucose joined by an alpha glycosidic
bond

18. Glucose + Glucose = MALTOSE

19.  are usually monomers and consist of
thousands of repeating glucose units.
Types of Polysaccharides
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose

20.  the major storage form of carbohydrate in
plants
 Found in rice, corn, barley, potatoes,
tubers, and legumes
 Starch consists of two compounds:
 Amylose – this is made up of a single
chain of α glucose molecules that form
spirals
 amylopectin – this is made up of
branched chains of α glucose

21. Amylose Amylopectin

22. • Storage form of glucose in the body
•Provides a rapid release of energy when needed

23.  form cell walls in plant cells
 also called fiber or ruffage
 The role of cellulose is to impart
strength and rigidity to plant cell walls,
which can withstand high hydrostatic
pressure gradients.

24. The polysaccharide cellulose is composed of
glucose units connected by β glycosidic bonds