The document discusses alkyl halides and amines. It begins by defining alkyl halides as compounds where one hydrogen atom in an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom. Alkyl halides can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the carbon to which the halogen is bonded. Common methods for preparing alkyl halides involve reacting alcohols with hydrogen halides, thionyl chloride, or phosphorus halides. The reactivity of alkyl halides decreases in the order of C-F > C-Cl > C-Br > C-I due to bond polarity and bond energies. The document then briefly discusses the structures and properties of amines.
This document discusses alkanes, which are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. The key points are:
1. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and are characterized by single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, making them saturated.
2. Physical properties of alkanes, such as melting/boiling points, viscosity, and density, increase with increasing number of carbon atoms due to stronger intermolecular forces.
3. Alkanes are generally unreactive due to strong bonds, but can undergo combustion reactions releasing energy, and substitution reactions replacing hydrogen with other atoms.
This document discusses aromatic compounds and benzene chemistry. It begins by introducing aromatic hydrocarbons and noting they have different properties than aliphatic hydrocarbons. Benzene, the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, is described as having posed problems for early chemists to determine its structure. Kekulé proposed benzene has alternating single and double bonds, but this did not explain its chemical behavior. The resonance structure of benzene is able to account for its reactivity. The document continues discussing nomenclature of aromatic compounds with different numbers of substituents on the benzene ring. Characteristic reactions of benzene like halogenation and nitration are also covered. Phenols are introduced as aromatic compounds containing an -OH group
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groupssuresh gdvm
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
Chapter 3 Alkenes: Structures, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reacti...Vutey Venn
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts related to alkenes including their structures, nomenclature, isomerism, reactivity, and reaction mechanisms. Key points covered include the molecular formula and naming conventions of alkenes, cis-trans isomerism, nucleophilic and electrophilic addition reactions, and the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that govern reaction rates such as activation energy, rate constants, and reaction order.
- Aromatic compounds are characterized by a cyclic, conjugated ring system with delocalized pi electrons. This allows them to undergo substitution rather than addition reactions.
- Benzene is the prototypical aromatic compound. Its 6 pi electrons are delocalized across the ring, giving it extra stability compared to isolated double bonds. This is explained by molecular orbital theory.
- The Hückel rule states that monocyclic compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic. Heterocycles like pyridine and pyrrole can also be aromatic. Polycyclic aromatic compounds have multiple fused rings.
Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds. Their carbon atoms are sp-hybridized, giving them a linear structure. Alkynes can be synthesized through elimination reactions or by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides. They undergo characteristic addition reactions across the triple bond.
This document provides an overview of alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, properties, and sources. It defines hydrocarbons and alkanes. Alkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds. Constitutional isomers are discussed. Naming conventions for alkanes include prefixes for carbon numbers and suffixes like -ane for straight chains or naming substituents on branches. Cycloalkanes are named similarly with the prefix cyclo-. Physical properties like boiling points increasing with molecular weight are covered. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Natural sources of hydrocarbons include natural gas and petroleum.
Aromatic compounds are characterized by planar, conjugated ring structures with delocalized pi-electrons. Benzene, with its cyclic structure of six carbon atoms each bonded to one hydrogen atom, is the simplest aromatic compound. It exhibits atypical stability and undergoes substitution rather than addition reactions. While some aromatic compounds have pleasant smells, aroma is not a requirement - anthracene is aromatic but odorless. The Hückel rule defines a compound as aromatic if it has (4n+2) pi electrons in its conjugated ring system, where n is an integer.
This document discusses alkanes, which are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. The key points are:
1. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and are characterized by single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, making them saturated.
2. Physical properties of alkanes, such as melting/boiling points, viscosity, and density, increase with increasing number of carbon atoms due to stronger intermolecular forces.
3. Alkanes are generally unreactive due to strong bonds, but can undergo combustion reactions releasing energy, and substitution reactions replacing hydrogen with other atoms.
This document discusses aromatic compounds and benzene chemistry. It begins by introducing aromatic hydrocarbons and noting they have different properties than aliphatic hydrocarbons. Benzene, the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, is described as having posed problems for early chemists to determine its structure. Kekulé proposed benzene has alternating single and double bonds, but this did not explain its chemical behavior. The resonance structure of benzene is able to account for its reactivity. The document continues discussing nomenclature of aromatic compounds with different numbers of substituents on the benzene ring. Characteristic reactions of benzene like halogenation and nitration are also covered. Phenols are introduced as aromatic compounds containing an -OH group
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groupssuresh gdvm
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
Chapter 3 Alkenes: Structures, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reacti...Vutey Venn
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts related to alkenes including their structures, nomenclature, isomerism, reactivity, and reaction mechanisms. Key points covered include the molecular formula and naming conventions of alkenes, cis-trans isomerism, nucleophilic and electrophilic addition reactions, and the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that govern reaction rates such as activation energy, rate constants, and reaction order.
- Aromatic compounds are characterized by a cyclic, conjugated ring system with delocalized pi electrons. This allows them to undergo substitution rather than addition reactions.
- Benzene is the prototypical aromatic compound. Its 6 pi electrons are delocalized across the ring, giving it extra stability compared to isolated double bonds. This is explained by molecular orbital theory.
- The Hückel rule states that monocyclic compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic. Heterocycles like pyridine and pyrrole can also be aromatic. Polycyclic aromatic compounds have multiple fused rings.
Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds. Their carbon atoms are sp-hybridized, giving them a linear structure. Alkynes can be synthesized through elimination reactions or by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides. They undergo characteristic addition reactions across the triple bond.
This document provides an overview of alkanes, including their structure, naming conventions, properties, and sources. It defines hydrocarbons and alkanes. Alkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds. Constitutional isomers are discussed. Naming conventions for alkanes include prefixes for carbon numbers and suffixes like -ane for straight chains or naming substituents on branches. Cycloalkanes are named similarly with the prefix cyclo-. Physical properties like boiling points increasing with molecular weight are covered. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water. Natural sources of hydrocarbons include natural gas and petroleum.
Aromatic compounds are characterized by planar, conjugated ring structures with delocalized pi-electrons. Benzene, with its cyclic structure of six carbon atoms each bonded to one hydrogen atom, is the simplest aromatic compound. It exhibits atypical stability and undergoes substitution rather than addition reactions. While some aromatic compounds have pleasant smells, aroma is not a requirement - anthracene is aromatic but odorless. The Hückel rule defines a compound as aromatic if it has (4n+2) pi electrons in its conjugated ring system, where n is an integer.
This document summarizes key information about alkenes (olefins):
1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
2) Alkenes undergo characteristic reactions such as addition of halogens, hydrogenation to form alkanes, hydration and polymerization. Many of these reactions follow Markovnikov's rule.
3) Alkenes are industrially important as monomers for polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene. Ethylene and propylene are the largest volume organic chemicals produced.
The document provides an overview of IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds. It explains that organic compound names have three parts: a prefix, root, and suffix. The prefix indicates functional groups, the root name comes from the number of carbon atoms in the main chain, and the suffix denotes the type of compound. It provides examples of applying the rules to name alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and cyclic and branched compounds.
This document discusses aromaticity, including its introduction, criteria for aromatic compounds, Hückel's rule, examples of aromatic and anti-aromatic compounds, and non-aromatic compounds. Aromatic compounds are cyclic, planar, and have delocalized pi electrons that follow Hückel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Benzene is used to originally define aromaticity. Resonance contributes greatly to aromatic stability. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n pi electrons and are destabilized by cyclic pi electron delocalization. Cyclooctatetraene is provided as an example of a non-aromatic compound for not being planar.
This document discusses aromatic compounds and Hückel's rule for aromaticity. It defines aromatic compounds as cyclic, planar and fully conjugated compounds that have 4n + 2 π electrons according to Hückel's rule. These compounds are highly stable due to delocalization of π electrons over the whole ring. They undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have intermediate bond lengths and diatropic NMR properties. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n π electrons and show the opposite NMR characteristics. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of aromatic compounds.
This document discusses aldehydes and ketones. It defines aldehydes as carbonyl compounds containing at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while ketones contain two carbon groups bonded to the carbonyl carbon. The document covers nomenclature rules for naming aldehydes and ketones based on IUPAC conventions, examples of common aldehydes and ketones, and different types of isomerism exhibited by these compound classes. Physical and chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones are also outlined.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
This document discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, preparation, and reactions of carboxylic acids. It begins by defining carboxylic acids and how they are classified. Rules of IUPAC nomenclature for aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic carboxylic acids are provided. Key physical properties like solubility and boiling point are attributed to hydrogen bonding. Carboxylic acids are described as stronger acids than alcohols or phenols due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. Common methods for preparing carboxylic acids include oxidation reactions and hydrolysis of nitriles. Characteristic reactions include forming salts with bases, and generating acid derivatives like esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and am
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structural representation of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedge and dash notation. Additionally, it covers the classification of organic compounds into acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic groups. The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules and naming conventions for functional groups, hydrocarbons, and cyclic compounds. It also touches on isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and common purification methods like crystallization, distillation, and extraction.
This document discusses alkenes, including:
1. Alkenes have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and are named using IUPAC rules based on carbon chain length and double bond position.
2. Physical properties of alkenes include higher boiling points with increased carbon chain length and lower boiling points for branched isomers due to decreased intermolecular forces.
3. Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions due to the electron density of the carbon-carbon double bond, allowing attack by electrophiles to form carbocations and adding nucleophiles in a stepwise mechanism.
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes.
B sc_I_General chemistry U-III(A) Alkane,alkene and alkynes Rai University
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things. Key elements are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and can be aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ by their carbon bonding.
- IUPAC nomenclature systematically names organic compounds based on carbon chain length and functional groups. Functional groups determine a molecule's properties.
The document summarizes various chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols. It discusses alcohols and phenols acting as acids and undergoing reactions like esterification, reactions involving cleavage of C-O and O-H bonds, dehydration, oxidation, and reactions of phenols including electrophilic aromatic substitution, halogenation, nitration, and reduction/oxidation reactions. Phenols undergo similar reactions to alcohols but are more acidic due to resonance and substitution effects of the benzene ring.
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes. Alkanes can be prepared from unsaturated hydrocarbons like alkenes and alkynes through catalytic hydrogenation. They can also be prepared from alkyl halides through either reduction with zinc and hydrochloric acid or through the Wurtz reaction using sodium metal. Additionally, alkanes can be prepared from carboxylic acids through decarboxylation or through Kolbe's electrolytic method. The Wurtz reaction specifically allows preparing higher alkanes with an even number of carbon atoms from alkyl halides using sodium in dry ether solution.
This document presents information on reactive intermediates. It discusses four main types of reactive intermediates: carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, and carbenes. For each type, it describes examples, structures, factors that influence their stability, and common methods of generation. The document contains 19 slides covering an introduction, the four types of intermediates, conclusions, references, and acknowledgments.
The reaction of a tertiary alkyl halide will proceed by an SN1 or E1 mechanism to give a mixture of products. In the absence of a strong nucleophile or base, the rate-determining step is formation of the tertiary carbocation intermediate. Rearrangements and elimination may then occur to form substituted alkene products.
Functional groups are moieties within molecules that determine chemical reactivity. Common functional groups include hydrocarbons, halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and boron groups. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds with the formula CnH2n, while alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds with the formula CnH2n-2. Haloalkanes contain carbon-halogen bonds and undergo substitution or elimination reactions. Oxygen-containing groups like alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers have differing reactivities
Naming Hydrocarbons document provides information on naming hydrocarbon compounds according to IUPAC rules. It discusses:
1) Drawing condensed structures and choosing a naming method that shows all hydrogen atoms.
2) The basic naming of hydrocarbons based on type (-ane, -ene, -yne), number of carbons, side chain type and position.
3) Rules for numbering carbons in compounds with multiple bonds or branches to determine IUPAC names in a systematic manner.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in many common materials.
- Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions.
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds with other carbons, allowing for a large number of organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified as aliphatic or aromatic.
This document classifies organic compounds into two main categories: acyclic (open chain) compounds and cyclic (closed chain) compounds. Acyclic compounds contain open chains of carbon atoms, while cyclic compounds contain closed rings of carbon atoms. Within cyclic compounds, there are homocyclic compounds containing rings of only carbon atoms, and heterocyclic compounds containing rings with other atoms like nitrogen or oxygen in addition to carbon. Homocyclic compounds are further divided into alicyclic compounds resembling aliphatic properties and aromatic compounds containing alternating double and single bonds in rings.
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
The document discusses the preparation, properties, and applications of organohalogen compounds known as haloalkanes and haloarenes. Haloalkanes are alkyl halides containing halogen atoms attached to sp3-hybridized carbon atoms of an alkyl group. Haloarenes contain halogen atoms attached to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. Common methods for preparing haloalkanes include reacting alcohols with halogen acids or phosphorus halides. Haloarenes can be prepared by electrophilic halogenation of aromatic compounds. Haloalkanes and haloarenes find wide use as solvents, starting materials for synthesis, and in medicines and industrial applications.
This document summarizes key information about alkenes (olefins):
1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
2) Alkenes undergo characteristic reactions such as addition of halogens, hydrogenation to form alkanes, hydration and polymerization. Many of these reactions follow Markovnikov's rule.
3) Alkenes are industrially important as monomers for polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene. Ethylene and propylene are the largest volume organic chemicals produced.
The document provides an overview of IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds. It explains that organic compound names have three parts: a prefix, root, and suffix. The prefix indicates functional groups, the root name comes from the number of carbon atoms in the main chain, and the suffix denotes the type of compound. It provides examples of applying the rules to name alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and cyclic and branched compounds.
This document discusses aromaticity, including its introduction, criteria for aromatic compounds, Hückel's rule, examples of aromatic and anti-aromatic compounds, and non-aromatic compounds. Aromatic compounds are cyclic, planar, and have delocalized pi electrons that follow Hückel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Benzene is used to originally define aromaticity. Resonance contributes greatly to aromatic stability. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n pi electrons and are destabilized by cyclic pi electron delocalization. Cyclooctatetraene is provided as an example of a non-aromatic compound for not being planar.
This document discusses aromatic compounds and Hückel's rule for aromaticity. It defines aromatic compounds as cyclic, planar and fully conjugated compounds that have 4n + 2 π electrons according to Hückel's rule. These compounds are highly stable due to delocalization of π electrons over the whole ring. They undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have intermediate bond lengths and diatropic NMR properties. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n π electrons and show the opposite NMR characteristics. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of aromatic compounds.
This document discusses aldehydes and ketones. It defines aldehydes as carbonyl compounds containing at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while ketones contain two carbon groups bonded to the carbonyl carbon. The document covers nomenclature rules for naming aldehydes and ketones based on IUPAC conventions, examples of common aldehydes and ketones, and different types of isomerism exhibited by these compound classes. Physical and chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones are also outlined.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
This document discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, preparation, and reactions of carboxylic acids. It begins by defining carboxylic acids and how they are classified. Rules of IUPAC nomenclature for aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic carboxylic acids are provided. Key physical properties like solubility and boiling point are attributed to hydrogen bonding. Carboxylic acids are described as stronger acids than alcohols or phenols due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. Common methods for preparing carboxylic acids include oxidation reactions and hydrolysis of nitriles. Characteristic reactions include forming salts with bases, and generating acid derivatives like esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and am
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structural representation of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedge and dash notation. Additionally, it covers the classification of organic compounds into acyclic, alicyclic, and aromatic groups. The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules and naming conventions for functional groups, hydrocarbons, and cyclic compounds. It also touches on isomerism, reaction mechanisms, and common purification methods like crystallization, distillation, and extraction.
This document discusses alkenes, including:
1. Alkenes have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and are named using IUPAC rules based on carbon chain length and double bond position.
2. Physical properties of alkenes include higher boiling points with increased carbon chain length and lower boiling points for branched isomers due to decreased intermolecular forces.
3. Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions due to the electron density of the carbon-carbon double bond, allowing attack by electrophiles to form carbocations and adding nucleophiles in a stepwise mechanism.
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes.
B sc_I_General chemistry U-III(A) Alkane,alkene and alkynes Rai University
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things. Key elements are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and can be aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ by their carbon bonding.
- IUPAC nomenclature systematically names organic compounds based on carbon chain length and functional groups. Functional groups determine a molecule's properties.
The document summarizes various chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols. It discusses alcohols and phenols acting as acids and undergoing reactions like esterification, reactions involving cleavage of C-O and O-H bonds, dehydration, oxidation, and reactions of phenols including electrophilic aromatic substitution, halogenation, nitration, and reduction/oxidation reactions. Phenols undergo similar reactions to alcohols but are more acidic due to resonance and substitution effects of the benzene ring.
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes. Alkanes can be prepared from unsaturated hydrocarbons like alkenes and alkynes through catalytic hydrogenation. They can also be prepared from alkyl halides through either reduction with zinc and hydrochloric acid or through the Wurtz reaction using sodium metal. Additionally, alkanes can be prepared from carboxylic acids through decarboxylation or through Kolbe's electrolytic method. The Wurtz reaction specifically allows preparing higher alkanes with an even number of carbon atoms from alkyl halides using sodium in dry ether solution.
This document presents information on reactive intermediates. It discusses four main types of reactive intermediates: carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, and carbenes. For each type, it describes examples, structures, factors that influence their stability, and common methods of generation. The document contains 19 slides covering an introduction, the four types of intermediates, conclusions, references, and acknowledgments.
The reaction of a tertiary alkyl halide will proceed by an SN1 or E1 mechanism to give a mixture of products. In the absence of a strong nucleophile or base, the rate-determining step is formation of the tertiary carbocation intermediate. Rearrangements and elimination may then occur to form substituted alkene products.
Functional groups are moieties within molecules that determine chemical reactivity. Common functional groups include hydrocarbons, halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and boron groups. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds with the formula CnH2n, while alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds with the formula CnH2n-2. Haloalkanes contain carbon-halogen bonds and undergo substitution or elimination reactions. Oxygen-containing groups like alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers have differing reactivities
Naming Hydrocarbons document provides information on naming hydrocarbon compounds according to IUPAC rules. It discusses:
1) Drawing condensed structures and choosing a naming method that shows all hydrogen atoms.
2) The basic naming of hydrocarbons based on type (-ane, -ene, -yne), number of carbons, side chain type and position.
3) Rules for numbering carbons in compounds with multiple bonds or branches to determine IUPAC names in a systematic manner.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in many common materials.
- Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions.
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds with other carbons, allowing for a large number of organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified as aliphatic or aromatic.
This document classifies organic compounds into two main categories: acyclic (open chain) compounds and cyclic (closed chain) compounds. Acyclic compounds contain open chains of carbon atoms, while cyclic compounds contain closed rings of carbon atoms. Within cyclic compounds, there are homocyclic compounds containing rings of only carbon atoms, and heterocyclic compounds containing rings with other atoms like nitrogen or oxygen in addition to carbon. Homocyclic compounds are further divided into alicyclic compounds resembling aliphatic properties and aromatic compounds containing alternating double and single bonds in rings.
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
The document discusses the preparation, properties, and applications of organohalogen compounds known as haloalkanes and haloarenes. Haloalkanes are alkyl halides containing halogen atoms attached to sp3-hybridized carbon atoms of an alkyl group. Haloarenes contain halogen atoms attached to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. Common methods for preparing haloalkanes include reacting alcohols with halogen acids or phosphorus halides. Haloarenes can be prepared by electrophilic halogenation of aromatic compounds. Haloalkanes and haloarenes find wide use as solvents, starting materials for synthesis, and in medicines and industrial applications.
Hsslive-xii-chemistry-Haloalkane and Haloarenes.pdfjayanethaji
1. The document discusses halogen compounds and their synthesis. It describes how halogen atoms can substitute hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons to form haloalkanes and haloarenes.
2. Haloalkanes and haloarenes can be prepared by several methods including free radical halogenation of alkanes, halogenation of alkenes, and electrophilic aromatic substitution for arenes.
3. The properties and reactions of haloalkanes and haloarenes are discussed. Important reactions include nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.
1) The document discusses the nomenclature, properties, preparation, and reactions of alcohols. It provides IUPAC rules for naming alcohols and describes substitutive and eliminative reactions.
2) Alcohols are prepared through Grignard reactions with carbonyl compounds, hydrolysis of alkyl halides, and reduction of carbonyls with lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride.
3) Alcohols undergo oxidation, esterification, halogenation, dehydration, and ether formation reactions. Primary alcohols react faster than secondary or tertiary alcohols in substitution and elimination reactions.
The document discusses organic chemistry concepts related to radical reactions. It covers topics like radical formation, halogenation of alkanes, the reaction of radicals with sigma and pi bonds, stereochemistry of halogenation, radical chain reactions, antioxidants, and radical halogenation at allylic carbons. It also discusses chlorofluorocarbons and their role in ozone layer depletion through a radical chain mechanism.
Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group consisting of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen. Chapter 17 discusses the properties, nomenclature, synthesis, and reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Key reactions include nucleophilic additions to the carbonyl carbon to form alcohols, such as hydration to form geminal diols or addition of alcohols or amines. Other reactions include oxidations of alcohols to form aldehydes or ketones, and reductions of aldehydes or ketones using reagents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride.
Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl functional group consisting of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen. They exhibit characteristic reactivity including nucleophilic addition reactions that form alcohols. Aldehydes and ketones undergo hydration to form geminal diols, addition of alcohols to form hemiacetals and acetals, and addition of amines to form imines through a condensation reaction. Their carbonyl group absorbs strongly in the infrared region and gives deshielded peaks in NMR spectroscopy due to polarization effects.
Full study material of Alkyl and aryl halides, preparation, properties, polyhalo compounds, their uses with complete explanation with the relevant examples.
This document summarizes information about alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers, and epoxides. It describes their structures, naming conventions, physical properties, industrial sources, and common laboratory preparation methods. For alcohols, it discusses primary, secondary and tertiary classifications. Common reactions include cleavage of the C-OH and O-H bonds. Alkyl halides are described as R-X compounds that are insoluble in water. Ethers have the general formula R-OR' and are named by identifying the two groups attached to oxygen. Epoxides contain a three-membered ring structure.
Alkyl halides are organic compounds where a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon. They are polarized with partial positive charge on carbon and partial negative on the halogen. Alkyl halides can be primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the carbon they are bonded to. They are prepared through halogenation of alkanes, addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes/alkynes, or reaction of alcohols with halogenating agents. As the halogen is a good leaving group, alkyl halides undergo substitution and elimination reactions. They find use as anesthetics, refrigerants, pesticides, and in other applications.
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
This document discusses alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers, and epoxides. It describes their structures, naming conventions, physical properties, industrial sources, and common reactions. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group and are classified by the carbon it is attached to. Common reactions include cleavage of the C-OH and O-H bonds. Alkyl halides have the general formula R-X and are prepared by halogenation or addition of hydrogen halides. Ethers have the formula R-O-R and are named by identifying the two groups attached to oxygen. Epoxides contain a three-membered ring with an oxygen atom.
This document provides information about carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes and ketones. It discusses their IUPAC nomenclature, methods of preparation including oxidation of alcohols and oxidative cleavage of alkenes, and physical and chemical properties. The chemical reactions covered include nucleophilic addition, reduction, condensation, and oxidation reactions. Examples of important aldehydes and ketones are also mentioned along with their structures and uses.
The document discusses oxidation and reduction reactions. It defines oxidation as the loss of electrons or addition of oxygen, and reduction as the gain of electrons or removal of oxygen. Some examples of oxidation and reduction reactions are provided, such as the reaction of copper oxide and hydrogen to form copper and water. The document also discusses organic oxidation and reduction, noting that organic oxidation involves increasing the number of bonds to more electronegative elements like oxygen, while reduction decreases these bonds. Common reducing agents for aldehydes and ketones like lithium aluminum hydride and sodium borohydride are also mentioned.
This document discusses the nomenclature, properties and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines each compound group and provides IUPAC names for examples. Alcohols are formed by replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons with hydroxyl groups. Phenols have hydroxyl groups attached to aromatic systems. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of hydrogen. The document outlines common preparation methods for each group and describes physical properties like boiling points. It also explains reactions like dehydration, esterification, and oxidation of alcohols.
The document discusses the classification, nomenclature, preparation methods, and properties of organohalogen compounds known as haloalkanes and haloarenes. Haloalkanes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp3 or sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes contain halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. Common preparation methods include the reaction of alcohols, hydrocarbons, alkenes, and aromatic amines with halogen acids, halogens, or diazonium salts.
Hydrocarbons are compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They are important sources of energy used in fuels like natural gas, LPG, and gasoline. Hydrocarbons are also used to make polymers, solvents, dyes, and drugs. They can be classified as saturated (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes), or aromatic. The structures and properties of hydrocarbons depend on their classification and functional groups. Common reactions include substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement reactions.
This document provides an overview of homogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis. It discusses various homogeneous catalysts including Wilkinson's catalyst, Ziegler-Natta catalysts, and catalysts used in hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions. It also discusses the use of enzymes in organic synthesis, including hydrolysis reactions and the synthesis of tartaric acids. Finally, it covers immobilized enzymes and various methods for enzyme immobilization.
Halogenoalkanes, also known as alkyl halides, contain carbon-halogen bonds. They can be synthesized through free radical substitution or electrophilic addition reactions. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes produce alcohols or other products depending on the solvent. In aqueous solutions, hydroxide acts as a nucleophile to form alcohols via SN1 or SN2 mechanisms. In alcoholic solutions, hydroxide acts as a base to eliminate halogens and form alkenes. Both substitution and elimination reactions occur simultaneously but the solvent influences which pathway dominates.
Similar to Chapter 17 alkyl halides and amines (20)
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBc2efgTjLq0PmAkTiE6P0Ws
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry chapter 24. It discusses classical combustion analysis methods for determining empirical and molecular formulas. Combustion analysis involves burning a sample and collecting and measuring the CO2 and H2O products. The masses of C, H, and O in the sample can be calculated from these measurements. Modern spectroscopy methods are also covered, including infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. These techniques analyze electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted by molecules to determine their structure.
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of video lectures).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBfsPBH3CJVP_tEKDdynNFbo
Chapter 20 carboxylic acids and functional derivativesHashim Ali
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of videos lectures).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBdVLuL1Mxo58BGDad1EtDtx
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as lecture videos).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBeEx8MuI5EkN1QHmpanhZra
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of lecture videos).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBe1FnOrTT0fqtx2ddIiI19Z
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as lecture videos).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C65jIcLKN4Q
This document discusses the key concepts from Chapter 14 of the chemistry textbook. It covers d-block and f-block elements in the periodic table, including their electronic structures, properties, and important reactions. The chapter is divided into several sections, including an introduction to periodic table, transition elements, general features of transition elements, coordination compounds, and the chemistry of some important transition elements such as vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron and copper.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Chapter 17 alkyl halides and amines
1. Dr. Hashim Ali
Post-Doc Uppsala University, Sweden.
PhD Computational Biology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
Chapter 17 - Alkyl halides and amines
2. • Name alkyl halides using IUPAC system.
• Discuss the structure and reactivity of RX.
• Describe the preparation of RX by the reaction of alcohols with HX, SOCl2, and PX3 and try
radical halogenation of alkanes.
• Describe the mechanism and types of nucleophilic substitution reaction (Understanding).
• Describe the mechanism and types of elimination reactions.
• Describe the preparation and reactivity of Grignard’s reagent.
• Discuss chemistry of Grignard’s reagent by the addition of aldehydes, ketones, esters and
carbon dioxide.
• Discuss nomenclature, structure and basicity of amines. Describe the preparation of amines
by alkylation of ammonia to RX and reduction of nitrates, nitro and amide functional
groups.
• Discuss reactivity of amines.
• Describe chemistry of amines by alkylation of amines with RX, reaction with aldehydes,
ketones, preparations of amides, and diazonium salts.
• Describe isomerism in alkyl halides and amines.
After completing this lesson, you will be able to
4. Dr. Hashim Ali
Post-Doc Uppsala University, Sweden.
PhD Computational Biology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
17.0 – Introduction to alkyl halides and amines
Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary
Education (FBISE)
Chemistry F.Sc
II
5. S
O
C
X
Hydrogen atom
Carbon atom
Oxygen atom
Sulfur atom
Halogens atom
Single bond
R
Double bond
Triple bond
Hydrocarbon chain
(alkyl chain)
N Nitrogen atom
H
15.7.3 – Color scheme for elements
8. • Industrial and household cleaners.
• Anesthetics:
o CHCl3 (commonly called chloroform) used
originally as a general anesthetic but it is toxic
and carcinogenic.
o CF3CHClBr is a mixed halide sold as
Halothane®
• Freons are used as refrigerants and foaming
agents.
o Freons can harm the ozone layer so they have
been replaced by low-boiling hydrocarbons or
carbon dioxide.
• Pesticides such as DDT are extremely toxic
to insects but not as toxic to mammals.
o Haloalkanes can not be destroyed by bacteria so
they accumulate in the soil to a level which can
be toxic to mammals, especially humans.
17.0.1 - Introduction - Alkyl halides in daily life
9. • Polyamides, a major reactant in the production
of nylon, is produced by reaction of di-acid
chloride with di-amines.
• Proteins like silk and wool are polyamides.
• Neurotransmitters - a chemical bridge between
neuron cells- are amines. Examples include
Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine and
Serotonin.
• Hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline)
and flight-or-fight (FOF) are amines.
• Alkaloids - class of nitrogen containing
compounds obtained from plants - are amines.
Examples include nicotine, caffeine, quinine
and opium.
• The Pakistani politics famed medical simulant
ephedrine is also an amine.
17.0.2 - Introduction - Amines in daily life
11. Dr. Hashim Ali
Post-Doc Uppsala University, Sweden.
PhD Computational Biology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
17.1 – Alkyl halides
Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary
Education (FBISE)
Chemistry F.Sc
II
12. • Alkyl halides are compounds in which
one hydrogen atoms in an alkane has
been replaced by halogen atom (fluorine,
chlorine, bromine or iodine).
• They are also known as halogen
derivatives of alkanes.
• They may be mono, di, tri or poly
haloalkanes depending upon the number
of halogen atoms present in the
molecule.
• Monohaloalkanes are called alkyl halides
having general formula R–X.
17.1.1 – Alkyl halides - Introduction
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
X
C
H
H
X
C
H
H
X
X
X
X
trihaloarene
X
XX
trihaloalkane
dihaloarene
monohaloarene
dihaloalkane
monohaloalkane
13. • Alkyl halides fall into different classes
depending on how the halogen atom is
positioned on the chain of carbon atoms.
• There are some chemical differences
between the various types.
o Primary alkyl halide
o Secondary alkyl halide
o Tertiary alkyl halide
17.1.2 – Alkyl halides - Classification
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
ClC
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
HC
Cl
H
C
H
H
C
CH3
Cl
CH3
C
H
H
HC
H
H
C
H
H
Primary alkyl halide
Primary
carbon
Secondary alkyl halide
Tertiary alkyl halide
Secondary
carbon
Tertiary
carbon
14. • In a primary (1°) alkyl halide, the carbon
which carries the halogen atom is only
attached to one or no other alkyl group.
• Notice that it doesn't matter how
complicated the attached alkyl group is.
• In each case there is only one linkage to
an alkyl group from the CH2 group
holding the halogen.
17.1.2.1 – Alkyl halides - Classification - Primary alkyl halide
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
ClC*
H
H
R–CH2–X
n-propyl chloride
Chloropropane
C
H
H
H
C*
H
H
Cl
ethyl chloride
Chloroethane
H C*
H
H
Cl
methyl chloride
Chloromethane
Primary alkyl halide
*C is primary carbon atom
15. • In a secondary (2°) alkyl halide, the
carbon with the halogen attached is
joined directly to two other alkyl groups,
which may be the same or different.
17.1.2.2 – Alkyl halide - Classification - Secondary alkyl halide
R1–CH2–R2
X
Secondary alkyl halide
C
H
H
H
C*
Cl
H
HC
H
H
iso-propyl chloride
2-Chloropropane
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
HC*
Cl
H
C
H
H
sec-butyl chloride
2-Chlorobutane
*C is secondary carbon atom
16. • In a tertiary (3°) alkyl halide, the
carbon atom holding the halogen is
attached directly to three alkyl
groups, which may be any
combination of same or different.
17.1.2.3 – Alkyl halide - Classification - Tertiary alkyl halide
R1–C*–X
R2
R3
Tertiary alkyl halide
C*
CH3
Cl
CH3
HC
H
H
*C is tertiary carbon atom
t-butyl chloride
2-methyl-2-chloropropane
17. • Alkyl halides are named according
to the following systems.
o Common system of naming.
o IUPAC System of naming.
17.1.3 - Alkyl halide - Nomenclature
18. • This method consists in first writing
the name of alkyl group to which
halogen is attached and then writing
the name of halide ion.
• For secondary alkyl halides, the prefix
sec- and for tertiary alkyl halides, the
prefix ter- or t_is added before the
name of alkyl halides.
• When all the carbons of alkyl group of
primary alkyl halides are in a straight
chain, the prefix n- is used before the
name, which indicates normal.
17.1.3.1 - Alkyl halide - Nomenclature - Common system rules
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
Cl
ethyl chloride
C
CH3
Br
CH3
C
H
H
HC
H
H
C
H
H
n-butyl bromide
C
H
H
H
C
Br
H
HC
H
H
Sec- or iso-propyl
bromide
C
CH3
Cl
CH3
HC
H
H
t_ or ter-butyl chloride
19. • According to this system, alkyl
halides are named as derivatives of
alkanes. The following rules are
observed for this purpose.
• The longest chain bearing halogen is
selected as parent hydrocarbon.
• Prefix halo- i.e. chloro for Cl, bromo
for Br, etc. is used before the name of
hydrocarbon.
• Positional numbers are used to
indicate halogen and other
substituent by the usual methods.
• The names given below are also
accepted by the IUPAC.
17.1.3.2 – Alkyl halide - Nomenclature - IUPAC system rules
C
H
H
H
C
H
CH3
HC
H
Br
C
H
H
What is the main side chain, position of
each carbon and name of compound?
2-bromo-3-
methylbutane
C4
H
H
H
C3
H
CH3
HC2
H
Br
C1
H
H
3-bromo-2-
methylbutane
C1
H
H
H
C2
H
CH3
HC3
H
Br
C4
H
H
H
CH3
HC
Br
C
H
H
2-bromo-propane
H
H
HC
Cl
C
H
H
Ethyl chloride
H
CH3
HC
Br
C
H
H
iso-propyl bromide
CH3C
CH3
H
Br
C
H
H
ter-butyl bromide
20. • The polar bond creates
a molecular dipole that
raises the melting
points and boiling
points compared to
alkanes.
• Also, the boiling points
of a given alkyl group
halide increase in the
following order.
o n-alkyl halide > sec-
alkyl halide > ter-alkyl
halide.
17.1.4 – Alkyl halides - Physical properties
Name Structure Boiling
points (K)
N-butyl bromide CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–Br 375
Sec-butyl
bromide
CH3–CH2–CH–CH3
364
Ter-butyl
bromide
CH3–C–CH3
346
Br
Br
–
CH3
–
–
21. • The alkyl halide functional group consists of an
sp3 hybridized C atom bonded to a halogen (X),
via sigma bond.
• As discussed earlier, as you go down the
periodic table,
o C–X bond is longer
o C–X bond is weaker
o Which means that the organic halides with
Fluorine have the shortest bond length, strongest
bonds and most dipole moment as compared to
similar organic halides of chlorine, bromine and
iodine.
• Due to the difference in electronegativity and
polarizability of the halogen, the carbon
halogen bonds are typically quite polar with:
o Slight positive on carbon.
o Slight negative on halogen.
17.1.5 – Alkyl halides - Structure
Halomethane
Bond
length
(pm)
Bond strength Dipole
moment
(D)
(kj/m
ol)
(kcal/
mol)
CH3F 139 452 108 1.85
CH3Cl 178 351 84 1.87
CH3Br 193 293 70 1.81
CH3I 214 234 56 1.62
22. • Alkyl halides are prepared by
o reactions of alcohols with hydrogen
halide,
o reactions of alcohols with other
halogenating agents (SOCl2, PX3 and
PX5).
o halogenation of alkanes.
17.1.6 – Alkyl halides - Preparation
23. • Alcohols may be converted to the corresponding alkyl halides by the action
of halogen acid in the presence of ZnCl2, which acts as a catalyst.
17.1.6.1 – Alkyl halides - Preparation - Reaction of alcohols with
hydrogen halides
CH3CH2–OH+ HX CH3CH2–X + H2O
Ethyl halide
ZnCl2
24. • Alcohols (ROH) react with
thionyl chloride (SOCl2) in
pyridine as a solvent to give
alkyl chlorides.
• This is the best method
because HCl and SO2 escape
leaving behind the pure
product.
• Phosphorous trihalides or
phosphorous pentahalides
react with alcohols to form
alkyl halides.
17.1.6.2 – Alkyl halides - Preparation - Reaction of alcohols with
other halogenating agents (SOCl2, PX3 and PX5)
ROH + SOCl2 R–Cl + SO2 + HCl
Alkyl chloride
3CH3–CH2–OH + PBr3 3CH3–CH2–Br + H3PO3
Ethyl bromideEthyl alcohol
CH3–CH2–OH + PCl5 CH3–CH2–Cl + POCl3 + HCl
Ethyl chlorideEthyl alcohol
25. • By the action of chlorine or bromine,
alkanes are converted into alkyl halides.
This reaction takes place in the presence of
diffused sunlight or ultraviolet light.
• This method does not give pure alkyl
halides as halogen derivatives containing
two or more halogen atoms are also
formed along with alkyl halides.
• The detail mechanism of this reaction has
already been discussed in radical chain
mechanism in chapter 16 under title
“reaction of methane with bromine”.
17.1.6.3 - Alkyl halides - Preparation - Halogenation of alkanes
26. • There are two main factors which
control the reactivity of alkyl halides.
o Bond polarity of C-X bond.
o Bond energy of C-X bond.
17.1.7 – Alkyl halides - Reactivity
27. • The molecule of alkyl halide is polarized
due to the greater electronegativity of
halogen compared to C.
• Hence carbon acquires partial positive
whereas halogens acquires partial
negative.
• Halogen becomes nucleophilic in
character, which can be replaced by
another nucleophilic on the basis of
bond polarity reactivity of alkyl halides
decreases in the following order.
17.1.7.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactivity - Bond polarity
Atom Electronegativity
F 4.0
Cl 3.0
Br 2.8
I 2.5
H 2.1
C 2.5
R–F > R–Cl > R-Br > R-I
28. • Experiments have shown that the bond
energy of the C-X bond is the main
factor which decides the reactivity of
alkyl halides and not the polarity of the
molecule.
• As you go down the periodic table,
o C–X bond is longer.
o C–X bond is weaker.
• A study of bond energies of C-X bond
shows that C-F bond is the strongest .
So the overall order of reactivity of
alkyl halides is:
• In fact, the C-F bond is so strong that
alkyl fluorides do not react under
ordinary conditions.
17.1.7.2 – Alkyl halides - Reactivity - Bond energy
R–F < R–Cl < R-Br < R-I
Halometha
ne
Bond
length
(pm)
Bond strength Dipole
moment
(D)
kJ/mol Kcal/
mol
CH3F 139 452 108 1.85
CH3Cl 178 351 84 1.87
CH3Br 193 293 70 1.81
CH3I 214 234 56 1.62
29. • General Introduction - What does the term nucleophilic substitution imply?
• A nucleophile is electron rich species that will react with an electron poor
species.
• A substitution implies that one group replaces another.
• Nucleophilic substitution reactions occur when an electron rich species, the
nucleophile reacts with an electrophilic C atom attached to an electronegative
group (important), the leaving group, that can be displaced as shown by the
general scheme.
• A leaving group is a molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in
heterolytic bond cleavage.
• Leaving groups can be anions or neutral molecules, but in either case it is
crucial that the leaving group be able to stabilize the additional electron density
that results from bond heterolysis.
• Heterolysis is the process of cleaving a covalent bond where one previously
bonded species takes both original bonding electrons from the other species.
• During heterolytic bond cleavage of a neutral molecule, a cation and an anion
will be generated.
• Most commonly the more electronegative atom keeps the pair of electrons
becoming anionic while the more electropositive atom becomes cationic.
• The electrophilic C can be recognized by looking for the polar sigma bond due
to the presence of an electronegative substituent (esp. C-Cl, C-Br and C-I).
17.1.8.1.0.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic substitution
reactions - Background - General introduction
30. • Nucleophilic substitution reactions are an important class of reactions that
allow the inter-conversion of functional groups.
• There are two fundamental events in a nucleophilic substitution reaction:
o Formation of the new sigma bond to the nucleophile.
o Breaking of the sigma bond to the leaving group.
• Depending on the relative timing of these events, two different mechanisms
are possible:
o Bond breaking to form a carbocation precedes the formation of the new bond: SN1
reaction.
o Simultaneous bond formation and bond breaking : SN2 reaction.
17.1.8.1.0.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic substitution
reactions - Background - General introduction
31. • The general stability order of simple
alkyl carbocations is: (most stable) 3° >
2° > 1° > methyl (least stable).
• This is because alkyl groups are weakly
electron donating due to
hyperconjugation and inductive effects.
• Resonance effects can further stabilize
carbocations when present.
• Reactions involving carbocations:
o Substitutions via the SN1.
o Eliminations via the E1.
o Additions to alkenes and alkynes.
17.1.8.1.0.2.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - Important concepts -
Carbocations and their stability
C
CH3H3C
CH3
C
HH3C
CH3
C
HH3C
H
C
HH
H
> > >
3° 2° 1° methyl
+ + + +
32. • It is species rich in electron and
has an unshared pair of
electrons available for bonding.
• In most cases, it is basic.
• It may be negatively charged or
neutral.
17.1.8.1.0.2.2 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - Important concepts -
Nucleophiles and base
Formula Name of nucleophile
HO- Hydroxide ion
NH2
- Amino group
C2H5O- Ethoxide ion
Cl- Chloride ion
HS- Hydrogen sulphide ion
Br- Bromide ion
SCN- Thio cyanate ion
NH3 Ammonia
H2O Water
33. • The alkyl halide molecule on which a nucleophile attacks is called a
substrate molecule.
• Leaving group is also a nucleophile.
o It departs with an unshared pair of electrons.
o The incoming nucleophile must be stronger than the departing one.
o Cl-, Br-, I-, HSO4
- are good leaving group.
o Poor leaving groups are OH-, OR and NH2
-.
o Iodide ion is a good nucleophile as well as a good leaving group.
17.1.8.1.0.2.3 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - Important concepts -
Substrate and leaving group
34. • What do we mean by this? First we should write the
chemical equations for the two processes.
• These two equations represent Bronsted acid dissociation
and loss of a leaving group in a SN1 type reaction.
• Note the similarity of the two equations: both show
heterolytic cleavage of a sigma bond to create an anion and
a cation.
• For acidity, the more stable A- is, then the more the
equilibrium will favor dissociation, and release of protons
meaning that heterolytic anion is more acidic.
• For the leaving group, the more stable LG- is, the more it
favors leaving.
• Hence factors that stabilize A- also apply to the
stabilization of a LG-.
• Here is a table classifying some common leaving groups
that we will eventually meet.
• But water itself is a good leaving group since it is conjugate
base of H3O+.
17.1.8.1.0.2.3 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - Important concepts -
Substrate and leaving group
35. • It is substitution nucleophilic unimolecular two
step reaction.
• Explanation:
o The substrate R–X first ionizes reversibly into R+ and
X-.
o Then the carbonium ion combines with the attacking
nucleophile to form product.
• Mechanism:
o Since only one molecule is undergoing a change in the
covalency in rate determining step, thus two step
nucleophilic substitution reaction is unimolecular and
is called SN1 reaction.
o The brief mechanistic picture of SN1 reaction is based
upon the following evidences:
• Kinetic evidence.
• Stereo chemical evidence.
17.1.8.1.0.3.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - SN1 mechanism -
Introduction and mechanism
R–X R+ + X-
Slow
Step 1:
R+ + Nu- R–Nu
Fast
Step 2:
Carbonium ion
Carbonium ion
36. • The rate of an SN1 reaction depends
upon the concentration of alkyl halide
only.
• The change in concentration of
attacking nucleophile has no effect on
the rate.
o Rate = k[R–X]
• It is because the nucleophile combines
with the carbonium ion in the second
step. For the same reason, the rate of an
SN1 reaction does not depend on the
nature of attacking nucleophile.
17.1.8.1.0.3.2 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - SN1 mechanism - Kinetic
evidence
C + X
R1R2
R3
C X
R1
R2
R3
Carbonium ion
+
C
R1R2
R3
C Nu
R1
R2
R3
Nu-
C R1
R2
Nu
R3
Retention of
configuration
37. • Experiments have shown that SN1 reaction occur with partial racemization.
• The extent of partial racemization depends upon several factors including
stability of carbonium ion.
• The carbon atom of carbonium ion is sp2 hybridized and carries one empty p-
orbital.
• The nucleophile can attach itself to the p-orbital either on the right or on the
left side of carbon with equal ease.
• The expected product is a racemic mixture.
• However, the partial racemization suggests a different measure of
attachment, e.g., in case of unstable carbonium ion, the attack of nucleophile
is greater from the side from the side opposite to that of leaving group.
• Thus the side of carbon atom to which the leaving group is attached is
somewhat shielded from the attack of nucleophile.
• The attack of nucleophile occurs more often on the side opposite to the side to
which leaving group is attached, leading to partial inversion of configuration.
• Therefore, the product has some optical activity.
• Step1: Slow loss of the leaving group, LG, to generate a carbocation
intermediate, then
• Step2: Rapid attack of a nucleophile on the electrophilic carbocation to form a
new sigma bond.
17.1.8.1.0.3.3 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - SN1 mechanism - Stereo
chemical evidence
Planar carbonium ion
38. • It is substitution nucleophilic bimolecular
reaction. It occurs in one step.
• Mechanism:
o The attack of nucleophile on carbon and the
departure of the halide ion takes place
simultaneously in single step.
o This is rate-determining step because the bond
breaking and bond making processes occur
simultaneously.
o Since two molecules are undergoing change in
covalency in rate determining step, it is a
bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction
which is taking place in one step.
o This mechanistic picture is based on the
following evidences:
17.1.8.1.0.4.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - SN2 mechanism -
Introduction and mechanism
Nu- + CH3 – X Nu – CH3 + X-
39. • The rate of an SN2 reaction depends upon
the concentration of nucleophile as well as
the concentration of alkyl halide.
• The rate expression for the reaction can be
written as
• This means that the rate of reaction will be
double if the concentration of any of the
two is doubled, e.g., the rate increases
when one of either OH- or CH3–Br is
increased.
17.1.8.1.0.4.2 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - SN2 mechanism - Kinetic
evidence
Nu-+R–X R–Nu + X-
Rate = k[Nu][R–X]
Where k = specific rate constant
CH3–Br+OH- CH3–OH + Br-
40. • A bimolecular nucleophilic substitution always occurs with inversion of
configuration.
• The carbon atom in transition state is sp2-hybridized and is planar.
• The attacking nucleophile and the leaving groups are present in the
transition state on opposite sides of electrophilic carbon atom.
17.1.8.1.0.4.3 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - SN2 mechanism - Stereo
chemical evidence
41. 17.1.8.1.0.5 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic
substitution reactions - Background - SN1 mechanism vs SN2
mechanism
Serial # SN1 SN2
1 It is a two step mechanism It is a one step mechanism
2 First step is slow and the second is
fast.
It has only one step and
that is slow.
3 It is a unimolecular reaction. It is a bimolecular reaction.
4 It is favored in polar solvents. It is favored in non-polar
solvents.
5 Mostly tertiary alkyl halides give
this reaction.
Mostly primary alkyl
halides give this reaction.
6 50% is inversion and 50% retention
of configuration takes place.
100% inversion of
configuration takes place.
7 Rate = K[R–X] Rate = K[Nu][R–X]
42. • Alkyl chlorides, bromides
and iodides are good
substrates for nucleophilic
substitution reactions.
• A variety of nucleophiles
can be used to generate a
range of new functional
groups.
• The diagram reflects some
of the more important
reactions you may
encounter.
17.1.8.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Nucleophilic substitution
reactions
43. • The chemical reaction in which two groups
are eliminated from two adjacent atoms is
called 1,2 elimination reaction.
• Since β-hydrogen is necessary for
eliminations, it is also called β-elimination.
• Β-hydrogen atom in alkyl halides is slightly
acidic due to electron withdrawing effect of
halogen.
• The attacking nucleophile can either attack
α-carbon to give substitution product or β-
hydrogen to give elimination reaction.
• Strong bases such as OH-, OR, NH2 cause
elimination in preferences to substitution.
• Highly polarizable nucleophile and weak
bases such as I-, RS- etc. give substitution
reaction.
17.1.8.2.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - 1,2 elimination reactions -
Introduction and explanation
44. • It is a unimolecular two step elimination reactions.
• The substrate undergoes slow ionization in the first step to
form carbonium ion.
• In the second step, the solvent or base pulls off a β-
hydrogen.
• Since only one molecule is undergoing a change in the
covalency in rate determining step, this is a two step
unimolecular elimination reaction.
• The E1 mechanism has been supported by the study of the
reaction.
• It follows first order kinetics in which rate of reaction
depends only on the concentration of substrate.
o Rate = k[R–X]
• The presence of carbonium ion as an intermediate has been
indicated by the presence of more than one kind of
elimination products.
• A relatively less stable carbonium ion rearranges to give
stabler carbonium before giving elimination product.
17.1.8.2.2 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - 1,2 elimination reactions -
E1 mechanism
45. • It is bimolecular one step elimination reaction.
• The attacking base removes a H atom from the β-carbon
simultaneously with the formation of double bond between
Cα and Cβ, and the loss of halide ions.
• This is rate determining step because bond breaking and
bond making processes are taking place simultaneously.
• Since two molecules are undergoing a change in transition
state, it is a bimolecular one step elimination reaction.
• Thus E2 is a one step process in which both the substrate and
the base participate.
• The observed rate law for E2 reaction is
o Rate = K[R–X][B]
• The rate of E2 reaction depends upon the concentration of
substrate and the base, e.g., for the reaction, the rate of
reaction follows second order kinetics.
o Rate = K[CH3CH2Br][OH-]
17.1.8.2.2 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - 1,2 elimination reactions -
E2 mechanism
46. • Though substitution and elimination reaction lead to different products, there is
always a competition between them because of close resemblance in their
mechanism.
• Since substitution is more favorable energetically, it is the dominant reaction in
the substitution-elimination reaction.
• Elimination occurs only in the presence of β-hydrogen whereas substitution does
not require this condition to be satisfied.
• The following factors help to compare these two pathways.
o Structure of substrate
o Nature of base
o The nature of leaving group
o Nature of solvent
o Effect of temperature
17.1.8.3.0 - Alkyl halides - Reactions - Substitution vs.
elimination reactions - Introduction
47. • Crowding within the
substrate favors
elimination over
substitution because
the approach of the
nucleophile to α-
carbon is difficult
for substitution.
• However, the
elimination is
favored because the
removal of β-H
atom by base from
tertiary planar
carbonium ion is
easy.
17.1.8.3.1 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Substitution vs.
elimination reactions - Structure of substrate
CH3–CH2X + C2H5O-Na+ CH3CH2OC2H5 + CH2 CH2 + NaX
C2H5OH
Substitution = 88% Elimination = 12%
Diethyl ether ethene Sodium
halide
H–C–X + C2H5O-Na+ CH3–C–O–C2H5 + CH3–CH CH2 + NaX
C2H5OH
H
CH3
Substitution = 39% Elimination = 61%
ethyl isopropyl ether propene Sodium
halide
CH3
CH3
48. • When the electron pair donor
is a strong base, e.g., OH-,
OR- etc., the dominant
reaction is E2. The SN2
reaction is a side reaction.
• However when the
nucleophile is weak base like
X-, RS- etc., the main reaction
will be substitution. E2 will
be minor side reaction.
17.1.8.3.2 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Substitution vs.
elimination reactions - Nature of base
Main product
(Strong
base)
ethene halide
H–C–C–H + O-H CH CH2 + X- + H2O
E2
H
H X
H
Alkyl
halide
β
Main product
(weak
base)
Methyl
propanoate
halideAlkyl
halide
α
H–C–C–H + CH3CO- CH3–CH2–C–O–CH3 + X-
H
H X
H
β α
O O
49. • The role of leaving groups in elimination reactions is similar to that in
substitution reactions.
• In unimolecular reactions it does not affect the mechanism because both the
elimination and substitution products are decided with carbonium ion.
• However, in bimolecular reactions, the nature of product greatly depends
upon the nature of leaving group.
17.1.8.3.3 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Substitution vs.
elimination reactions - Nature of leaving group
n–C18H37–X + (CH3)3COK nC16H33CH CH2 + nC18H37OC(CH3)3
(CH3)3COH
X = Br 85% 15%
X = OTS 1% 99%
n-octadecyl halide Potassium tertiary
butoxide
n-octadecene Iso-butyl n-
octadecyl ether
50. • Elimination is favored more than substitution by decreasing the solvent
polarity.
• The alcoholic KOH affects elimination while more polar aqueous KOH is
used for substitution.
• E1 is favored by polar solvents like SN1 reaction.
• In non-polar solvents the reaction will follow E2 mechanism.
17.1.8.3.4 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Substitution vs.
elimination reactions - Nature of solvent
51. • An increase in temperature will favor elimination more than substitution
because substitution reactions require less reorganization of bonds as
compared to elimination
17.1.8.3.5 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Substitution vs.
elimination reactions - Effect of temperature
CH3–CH–CH3 + NaOH CH3CH CH2 + (CH3)2CHOH + NaBr
H2O
At 45 °C 53% 47%
At 100 °C 64% 36%
iso-propyl bromide Sodium hydroxide propene 2-propanol
Br
Bimolecular
52. 17.1.8.4 – Alkyl halides - Reactions - Substitution vs. elimination
reactions: Which reaction will it be?
Is the substrate primary, secondary or tertiary
Is the leaving group good
AND the solvent have a high
dielectric constant
Is the nucleophile good? Is the nucleophile good?
secondary
No reaction Is the nucleophile
basic?
Is the base
concentration
high?
N
o
Yes
E1 E2
SN1Does the substrate
have a hydrogen on
the adjacent carbon
Yes No
SN1
N
o
Yes
SN2
Yes No
Is the nucleophile
highly basic?
N
o
Does the substrate
have a hydrogen on
the adjacent carbon
Yes
Yes
E2
Slow
SN2
No reaction Or
slow E2 + SN2
Is the nucleophile
highly basic?
Is the substrate
sterically hindered?
N
o
Yes
N
o
Yes
No
Does the substrate
have a hydrogen on
the adjacent carbon
High dielectric
solvent
Slow SN1 + SN2Slow SN2
High dielectric
solvent
N
o
Yes
E2 Is the base
concentration
high?
N
o
Yes
E2E1 + E2
N
o
Yes
N
o
Yes
SN2
54. • What are monohaloalkanes?
• What are primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms?
• What is carbonium ion?
• What is leaving group?
• What is sp3 hybridization?
• Define bond polarity.
• Define bond energy.
• What is nucleophile?
• What is electrophile?
• Define inductive effect.
• Define resonating effect.
• What is racemization?
• Define transition state.
17.1.9 - Quick quiz
56. Dr. Hashim Ali
Post-Doc Uppsala University, Sweden.
PhD Computational Biology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
17.2 – Organometallic compounds - Grignards Reagents
Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary
Education (FBISE)
Chemistry F.Sc
II
57. • Organometallic chemistry is the study of chemical
compounds containing at least one chemical bond
between a carbon atom of an organic compound
and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth,
transition metal, and other cases.
• The field of organometallic chemistry combines
aspects of traditional inorganic and organic
chemistry.
• Organometallic compounds are widely used both
stoichiometrically in research and industrial
chemical reactions, as well as in the role of
catalysts to increase the rates of such reactions
(e.g., as in uses of homogeneous catalysis), where
target molecules include polymers,
pharmaceuticals, and many other types of
practical products.
17.2 - Organometallic chemistry
58. • Grignard reactions and reagents were discovered by and are named after the
French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, who published it in 1900
and was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.
• The Grignard reaction (pronounced /ɡriɲar/) is an organometallic chemical
reaction in which alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard
reagents) add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone.
• A Grignard reagent has a formula RMgX where X is a halogen, and R is an
alkyl or aryl (based on a benzene ring) group.
• Grignard reagents are similar to organolithium reagents because both are
strong nucleophiles that can form new carbon–carbon bonds.
• For the purposes of this lecture, we shall take R to be an alkyl group.
• A typical Grignard reagent might be CH3CH2MgBr.
17.2.0 - Organometallic chemistry - Grignard reaction and
reagent
59. • Magnesium metal cut into small pieces is
added to a solution of an alkyl halide in
only dry (termed anhydrous) ether.
• The reaction mixture is heated with
electric heater in a round bottom flask
fitted with condenser and other
arrangement to avoid the contact of
moisture or oxygen.
• Alkyl bromide is generally used in the
preparation of Grignard’s reagent because
of its intermediate reactivity. When alkyl
halides are used, the solvent is a high
boiling solvent such as ether.
• Alkyl magnesium halide is separated by
the evaporation of ether.
Alkyl halide
Alkyl magnesium
halide
heat
Ether
+ MgR X RMgX
17.2.1 – Grignard’s reagent - Preparation
60. • Organometallic compounds are
nucleophile because of partial negative
charge on the carbon of alkyl group.
• Carbon atom is more electronegative
than metals such as Mg, Li etc.
• The alkyl group as a whole bears
partial negative charge and organo
metallic compounds act as a source of
nucleophile, e.g., the following
reactions supports the electrophilic
character of organic metallic
compounds.
17.2.2 – Grignard’s reagent - Reactivity
Rδ- Liδ+ Rδ- Mgδ+ X
H3Cδ- Liδ+ H3Cδ- Mgδ+ Br
H3Cδ- Mgδ+ Br + Hδ+ Oδ-H CH4 + Mg
OH
Br
61. • Monohydric alcohols are classified into the following
three families.
o Primary alcohol
o Secondary alcohol
o Tertiary alcohol
• This is done in the following three steps to produce
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
o Reaction with methanal (aldehyde) to form primary
alcohol.
o Reaction with ethanal (aldehyde) to form secondary
alcohol.
o Reaction with propanone (ketone) to form tertiary alcohol.
• These reactions are carried out in the presence of
ether followed by H3O+.
• First two reactions are with aldehydes while third
belongs to ketones.
• The reaction is classified as nucleophilic acyl
substitution followed by nucleophilic addition.
17.2.3.1 – Grignard’s reagent - Reactions - With aldehydes and
ketones
methanal Primary
alcohol
H–C + CH3–Mg–Br CH3–CH2–O–Mg–Br
H
δ+
O
CH3–CH2–OH + Mg
OH
Br
δ-
δ+
H–OH
δ-
63. • Carboxylic esters, R’CO2R’’, react with two equivalent of organolithium or
Grignard’s reagents to give tertiary alcohols.
• The tertiary alcohol contains 2 identical alkyl groups.
• The reaction proceeds via a ketone intermediate which then reacts with the
second equivalent of the organometallic reagent.
• Since the ketone is more reactive than the ester, the reaction can not be used
as a preparation of ketones.
17.2.3.2 – Grignard’s reagent - Reactions – Of RMgX or RLi with
an ester
64. • The nucleophilic C in the organometallic
reagent adds to the electrophilic C in the
polar carbonyl group of the ester.
• Electrons from the C=O move to the
electronegative O creating an
intermediate metal alkoxide complex.
17.2.3.2.1 - Grignard’s reagent - Reactions - Of RMgX or RLi with
an ester - Step1
65. • The tetrahedral intermediate
collapses and displaces the alcohol
portion of the ester as a leaving
group.
• This produces ketone as an
intermediate.
17.2.3.2.2 - Grignard’s reagent - Reactions - Of RMgX or RLi with
an ester - Step2
66. • The nucleophilic C in the organometallic
reagent adds to the electrophilic C in the
polar carbonyl group of the ketone.
• Electrons from the C=O move to the
electronegative O creating an
intermediate metal alkoxide complex.
17.2.3.2.3 – Grignard’s reagent - Reactions - Of RMgX or RLi
with an ester - Step3
67. • This is the work up step, a simple
acid/base reaction.
• Protonation of the alkoxide oxygen
creates the alcohol product from
the intermediate complex.
17.2.3.2.4 – Grignard’s reagent - Reactions - Of RMgX or RLi
with an ester - Step4
68. • This is a nucleophilic addition of RMgX to
carbon dioxide and takes place in two
steps.
• Step1:
o The nucleophilic C in the Grignard’s reagent
adds to the electrophilic C in the polar
carbonyl group.
o Electrons from the C=O move to the
electronegative O creating an intermediate
magnesium carboxylate complex.
• Step2:
o This is the work-up step, a simple acid/base
reaction.
o Protonation of the carboxylate oxygen creates
the carboxylic acid product from the
17.2.3.3 – Grignard’s reagent - Reactions - With carbon dioxide
(carbonation)
69. • What are organometallic compounds?
• Define protonation.
• What is formula of organolithium?
• How does RMgX react with CO2?
• Write the formula of Grignard reagent.
17.2.4 - Quick quiz
71. Dr. Hashim Ali
Post-Doc Uppsala University, Sweden.
PhD Computational Biology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
17.3 – Amines
Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary
Education (FBISE)
Chemistry F.Sc
II
72. 1. The common names of amines are written by adding the suffix ‘-amine’ to the name
of alkyl or aryl radicals.
17.3.1.1 – Amines - Nomenclature - Common system rules
CH3CH2NH2
Ethyl amine
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHNH2
Sec-hexyl amine
CH3
CH3 N H
CH3
Dimethyl amine (a sec-amine)
CH3 N CH3
CH3
Trimethyl amine (a ter-amine)
N
Pyridine(a ter-amine)
73. 2. Aniline, C6H5NH2 containing methyl group on the ring is called Toluidine.
3. If there is some alkyl group substituted in –NH2, its name is represented by writing
N-(alkyl group). It indicates that alkyl group is located on N-atom and not on the
ring.
4. If there are two substituents on N, it is mentioned twice.
17.3.1.1 – Amines - Nomenclature - Common system
NH2
aniline
NH2
o-toluidine
CH3
H3C–N–H
N-methyl-o-toluidine
CH3
N,N-dimethyl-o-toluidine
H3C–N–CH3
CH3
74. 1. In this system, amino group is indicated by a prefix ‘-amino’ followed by the name
of hydrocarbon.
17.3.1.2 – Amines - Nomenclature - IUPAC system
2. The position of amino group is indicated by a number obtained by numbering the
chain of hydrocarbon.
3. Secondary and tertiary amines are named by using a compound prefix that includes
the names of all but the largest alkyl group.
CH3CH2NH2
Amino ethane
CH3–CH2–CH–CH2
2-Aminobutane
–
NH2
CH3–CH2–NH
Methyl amino ethane
–CH3
CH3
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–N
Dimethyl amino butane
CH3
75. • The polar nature of the N-H bond (due
to the electronegativity difference of the
two atoms results in the formation of
hydrogen bonds with other amine
molecules.
• The applications of this are:
o High melting and boiling points as
compared to analogous alkanes.
o High solubility in aqueous media.
17.3.2 – Amines - Physical properties
δ+H N:δ-
Intermolecular H-bonding in amines
δ+H Nδ-
HH
76. • In amines, nitrogen atom is sp3 hybridized
and has nearly tetrahedral structure.
• It forms three sigma bonds with its three
sp3-hybrid orbitals while the fourth non-
bonding sp3-hybrid carries a pair of
electrons.
• The non-bonding electron pair is extremely
important in explaining the chemical
behavior of amines because it is responsible
for the basic and nucleophilic properties of
these compounds.
• An amine with three different groups is
optically active.
17.3.3 – Amines - Structure
77. • Amines may act as bases towards
acids and as nucleophiles towards
electrophile.
• They are more basic than alcohols
and ethers and they are also more
nucleophilic, e.g., ether does not
react whereas at the same
temperature amines gives addition
product with CH3–I.
17.3.4 – Amines - Basicity
C2H5OC2H5 + CH3I No reaction
diethyl ether
(C2H5)3N + CH3I [(C2H5)3NCH3]+I-
triethyl amine
78. • Amines can be prepared by the following methods.
o Alkylation of ammonia by alkyl halides.
o Reduction of nitrogen containing functional groups, i.e., reduction of nitriles, nitro
compounds or amides.
17.3.5 – Amines - Preparation
79. • When an alcoholic or aqueous solution of
ammonia is heated with an alkyl halide, a
mixture of prim-, sec-, ter- amines and a
quaternary ammonium salt is obtained.
• The reaction occurs with nucleophilic
displacement of halide by ammonia of
amines.
• This reaction is further alkylated, e.g.,
accompanied by the following reactions.
• At the end of the reaction, addition of
strong alkali such as KOH liberates free
amines from their salts but the quaternary
salts is unaffected.
• The three amines are separated by
fractional distillation.
• Over alkylation can be avoided by using
access of ammonia but the yield is low.
17.3.5.1 – Amines - Preparation - Alkylation of ammonia by alkyl
halide
R–X + 2NH3 R–NH2 + NH+
4X-
Alkyl halide Primary alkyl amine
NH3 + R–X (R–NH3)+X- R–NH2 + HX
Alkyl halide Primary alkyl amine
C2H5–I + NH3 C2H5–NH2 + HI
Ethyl iodide Primary ethyl amine
(C2H5)3N + C2H5I (C2H5)4N+ + I-
Ethyl iodide diethylamine
C2H5–I + C2H5–NH2 C2H5–N–C2H5 + HI
H
Ethyl amine
Ethyl iodide triethylamine
C2H5–I + C2H5–N–C2H5 (C2H5)3N + HI
Diethyl amine
H
80. • Reduction of alkyl or aryl nitriles
gives primary amines.
• The reduction may be brought
about by Lithium aluminum
hydride (LiAlH4) or sodium (Na)
in ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
• Catalytic hydrogenation with Rh-
Al2O3, Pt or Raney nickel may
also be employed to get primary
amines.
17.3.5.2.1 – Amines - Preparation - Reduction of nitrogen
containing groups - Nitriles
CH3CN + 2H2 CH3CH2NH2
Rh. Al2O3
ethane nitrile Primary ethyl amine
Phenylacetonitrile
CH2CN
H2
Ni , 300°C
CH2CH2NH2
Phenethylamine
81. • Nitro compounds on
chemical reduction produce
primary amines.
o Nitroarenes can be reduced
to primary aryl amines.
o Typical reducing agents
include Fe/H+, Sn/H+, or
catalytic hydrogenation (e.g.,
H2/Pd).
o Lithium aluminum hydride
(LiAlH4) is a famous
reducing agent in organic
synthesis that reduces
amides to primary alkyl
amine.
17.3.5.2.2 – Amines - Preparation - Reduction of nitrogen
containing groups - Nitro compounds
Ar – NO2 Ar–NH2
[R]
Nitroarene Primary aryl amine
C6H5NO2 C6H5NH2
Sn + HCl
[H]
4-nitrobenzenamine
NH2
NO2
Fe
H2SO4 , [H]
NH2
NH2
Benzene-1,4-diamine
LiAlH4 + C H C NH2
R NH2
O
H
R
Alkyl Carboxamide Primary alkyl
amine
Lithium aluminum
hydride
82. • An amide on treatment with
Bromine in the presence of KOH
yields primary amines.
• The reaction occurs through
rearrangement (called Hoffman
rearrangement).
17.3.5.2.3 – Amines - Preparation - Reduction of nitrogen
containing groups - Amides
CH3–C–NH2 CH3NH2 + CO2
KOH
O
Br2
Ethanamide Methanamine
83. • Amines are basic and nucleophiles because of
non-bonding pairs of electrons on nitrogen.
• The relative availability of this pair of electron
and the relative stability of corresponding
ammonium ion is responsible for basicity of
different amines.
• Consider the following reactions.
• The strength of a base is expressed in terms of
pkb i.e. pkb = -log kb.
• For ammonia and methyl amine, the pkb
values are PKNH3 = 4.76; PKCH3NH2=3.38.
• Since PKNH3 > PKCH3NH2, methyl amine is a
stronger base than ammonia.
• It can be explained as under.
17.3.6 – Amines - Reactivity
Ammonium cation
NH3 + H+ N+H4
KNH3
CH2–NH2 + H+ CH3–N+H3
KNH3
KCH3NH2
Methyl amine cation
84. • In ammonia, the pair of electrons is attracted by s orbitals
of hydrogen atoms whereas in CH3NH2, sp2–orbital of
carbon pushes electrons towards nitrogen.
• Therefore the pair of electrons on nitrogen is relatively more
available in methyl amine than in ammonia.
• The methyl ammonium ion, CH3-NH3
+, is stabilized due to
electron donating inductive effect of the methyl group.
• On the other hand, NH4
+ ion is not stabilized by hydrogen
atoms.
• Both these factors favor methylamine to a stronger base
than ammonia.
• Higher members show deviation to these arguments.
• It is because the stabilization of a positive ion also depends
upon the extent of solvation, hydrogen bonding and
resonance stabilization.
• Moreover, the availability of non-bonding pair of electrons is
also affected by steric factor in addition to these aspects.
17.3.6 – Amines - Reactivity
85. • The important organic reaction of
amines (nucleophiles) are with the
common electrophiles.
o Alkyl halides via nucleophilic
substitution.
o Aldehydes or ketones via
nucleophilic addition.
o Carboxylic acid derivatives
especially acid chlorides via
nucleophilic acyl substitution.
17.3.7.0 – Amines - Reactions - Overview
R–C–Cl R– C –NR2+ HCl
R2NH
O
base
O
Acid chlorides
R–C–O–C–R R– C –NHR2
R2NH2
O
base
O O
Anhydrides Amide
86. • The transfer of an alkyl group from one
molecule to an amine is called alkylation
of amine or amine alkylation.
• It produces secondary or tertiary amine.
• R2NH2
+ loses a proton with a base to give a
free amine.
• The reaction is called nucleophilic aliphatic
substitution (of the halide), and the reaction
product is a higher substituted amine.
• The method is widely used in the laboratory,
but is less important industrially, where
alkyl halides are not preferred alkylating
agents.
17.3.7.1 – Amines - Reactions - Alkylation by alkyl halides
RNH2 + 2Rδ+–Xδ- [R–N–R]+ + X
Nucleophile Electrophile
––
H
H
87. • Aldehydes and ketones
react with primary amines
to form Schiff’s base.
• A Schiff’s base (named
after Hugo Schiff) is a
compound with the
general structure
o R1R2–C=N–R3 (R3 ≠ H).
17.3.7.2 – Amines - Reactions - primary amines with aldehydes
and ketones
Schiff’s base
Schiff’s base
CH3CH2 NH2 + CH3CHO C2 H5–N CH–CH3
AcetaldehydeEthanamine
88. • When amines react with nitrous acid,
diazonium compounds are formed.
• The diazonium group is rather
unstable. In case of ethyldiazonium
ion, it decomposes at once.
• When the diazonium group is
attached to a benzene ring, the ion is
stabilized to some extent by the
delocalized electron of the ring.
• The benzenediazonium ion is
therefore much more stable than its
aliphatic counterparts.
• Nevertheless, it decomposes readily
above 10 °C.
17.3.7.3 – Amines - Reactions - With nitrous acid and formation
of diazonium salts
diazonium ion
RNH2 + HNO2 R–N+ N + OH- + H2O
diazonium ion
CH3CH2–N+ N N2 + [CH3C+H2]
CH3CH2OH + H+
CH2 CH2 + H+
89. • Define hydration.
• What is the difference between alicyclic and aromatic compounds?
• Define IUPAC.
• Write the equation for the preparation of mustard gas.
• Define polymers.
• What is polymerization?
• What is Markownikov’s rule?
• What are amines?
• Why halogen of vinyl chloride is inert?
o Vinyl halide has an unsaturated carbon center, which is very reactive due to
unsaturation and easily undergoes addition reactions. The electrons in the double
bond repel the approaching nucleophile. That means reactions like nucleophilic
substitution can not occur with halogen atom.
17.3.8 - Quick quiz
91. • Organometallic compounds in medicines
o Cisplatin (C5H5)2TiCl2 displays anti-cancer activity in chemotherapy.
o Arene- and cyclopentadienyl- complexes are kinetically inert platforms for the development of
new radiopharmaceuticals.
o Mercurochrome (mercurobromin) is an over the counter topical antiseptic.
o Merthiolate (Thiomersal) has applications as an antifungal and antiseptic agent. The compound
is also used as a vaccine preservative, in immunoglobulin preparation of nasal products.
o Salvarsan (arsphenamine in the States) is an anti-syphilis medication.
o Titanocene dichloride, Cp2TiCl2 has shown significant anticancer attributes.
o Tamoxifen is an anticancer compound.
o Ferrocenyl derivatives chloroquine is an antimalarial compound.
o Titanocene dichloride (Cp)2V(NCSe)2 1 and carboplatin are anticancer drugs.
o Ferroquine, a combination of ferrocene and chloroquinine, is antimalarial drug.
o Vanadocene acetylacetonate has potential in preventing HIV transmission.
o Ru(n-C6H6)Cl2(DMSO) has been shown to inhibit topoisomerase II, an important factor in
chemotherapy.
Society, Technology and Science
92. • Comparison between hemoglobin and
chlorophyll
o Hemoglobin and chlorophyll both are natural
organo-metallic compounds. Both consist of a
substituted porphyrin ring coordinated with a
metal ion.
o Hemoglobin is a porphyrin ring with iron while
chlorophyll is a porphyrin ring with magnesium.
o Hemoglobin is the red pigment in the blood while
chlorophyll is the green pigment in green plants,
algae and certain organism.
o Hemoglobin is involved in oxygen transport while
chlorophyll functions as a receptor of energy
during photosynthesis.
Society, Technology and Science
93. Mono halo derivatives of alkanes are called alkyl halides.
The general formula for alkyl halides is CnH2n+1X.
The best method for the preparation of alkyl halides is by the reaction of alcohols with
inorganic halides such as SOCL2, PX3 and PX5.
Alkyl halides are very reactive class of organic compounds. They undergo nucleophilic
substitution reactions and elimination reaction in the presence of nucleophile or a
base.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions can take place in two distinct ways. A one step
mechanism is called SN2 while a two step mechanism is called SN1. SN1 reaction show
first order kinetics whereas SN2 reaction show second order kinetics.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions take place simultaneously with elimination reaction
and often compete with them.
Elimination of two atoms or groups from adjacent carbon atoms in the presence of a
nucleophile or a base is called elimination reaction. Like nucleophile substitution, β-
elimination reactions also take place in two distinct ways E2 and D1.
Key Points
94. A nucleophile is an electron rich species that will react with an electron poor species.
A substitution implies that one group replaces another.
Grignard reagent can be prepared by adding alkyl halide in a stirred suspension of
magnesium metal in diethyl ether.
Grignard reagent has a reactive nucleophilic carbon atom which can react with
electrophilic centers to give the products in high yields. Primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols can be best prepared by reacting Grignard reagent with formaldehyde,
any other aldehydes and ketones respectively.
The polar nature of the N-H bond (due to the electronegativity difference of the two
atoms) results in the formation of hydrogen bonds with other amine molecules.
Primary amines R-NH2 or ArNH2 undergo nucleophilic addition with aldehydes or
ketones to give carbinolamines which then dehydrate to give substituted imines.
Primary alkyl or aryl amines yield diazonium salts.
Key Points
95. 1. In primary alkyl halides, the halogen
atom is attached to a carbon atom
which is further attached to how many
carbon atoms?
a. Two
b. Three.
c. One.
d. Four.
2. SN2 reactions can be best carried out
with:
1. Primary alkyl halides
2. Secondary alkyl halides
3. Tertiary alkyl halides
4. All the three
1. Select the right answer from the choices given
3. For which mechanisms, the first
step involved is the same.
a. E1 and E2.
b. E2 and SN2.
c. E1 and SN2.
d. E1 and SN1.
4. The rate of E1 reaction depends
upon.
1. The concentration of substrate.
2. The concentration of nucleophile.
3. The concentration of substrate as
well as nucleophile.
4. None of the above.
96. 5. Alkyl halides are considered to be very
reactive compounds towards
nucleophiles because
a. They have an electrophilic carbon.
b. They have an electrophilic carbon and a
good leaving group.
c. They have an electrophilic carbon and a
bad leaving group.
d. They have a nucleophilic carbon and a
good leaving group.
6. Which one of the following is not a
nucleophile
a. H2O
b. H2S
c. BF3
d. NH3
1. Select the right answer from the choices given
7. Double bond is formed as a result
of
a. Substitution reactions
b. Elimination reactions
c. Addition reactions
d. Rearrangement reactions
8. Which of the following alkyl
halides can not be formed by direct
reaction of alkanes with halogen
a. RBr
b. RCl
c. RF
d. RI
97. 9. CH3CH2Br on treatment with
alcoholic KOH gives
a. Propanal
b. Propene
c. Propane
d. None of these
10.Grignard’s reagent gives alkane
with
a. Water
b. Ethylamine
c. Ethanol
d. All of the above
1. Select the right answer from the choices given
11. Action of alkyl halides with Na
metal yield
a. Alkanes
b. Alcohols
c. Alkenes
d. Phenols
12.Alkyl halides react with excess of
ammonia to give
a. 1°-amine.
b. 2°-amine.
c. 3°-amine.
d. All of the above.
98. 13. Among the alkyl halides, the
primary alkyl halides always follow
the mechanism
a. SN1
b. SN2
c. SN3
d. SN4
14. Grignard’s reagent on treatment
with chloramines gives
a. Acetamide
b. Primary amine
c. Secondary amine
d. Urea
1. Select the right answer from the choices given
15. Nucleophilic addition of a
primary amine gives
a. Imine
b. Urea
c. Ammonia
d. Nitrobenzene
99. 1. What are primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides? (17.1.2)
2. Why alkyl iodides can not be prepared by directly heating iodine with
alkene? (17.1.8.3.5) Effect of temperature
3. What are the nucleophilic substitution reactions or SN reaction?
Substitution reactions involving nucleophile and leaving group.
4. Tertiary alkyl halides show SN1 reaction mostly. Why? (17.1.8.3.1)
5. What are elimination reactions? (17.1.8.2.1)
6. Which factor decides the reactivity of alkyl halides? (17.1.7)
7. What are the diazonium salt? (17.3.7.3)
8. How can nucleophilic addition of a primary amine give an imine? (17.3.7.2)
9. Amines are more basic than analogous alcohols. Why? (17.3.4)
10.How tertiary alcohols are obtained from R-Mg-X? (17.2.3.1)
2. Give brief answers to the following questions
100. 1. Discuss the reactivity of alkyl halides. (17.1.7)
2. Give three methods for the preparation of alkyl halides. (17.1.6)
3. Explain in detail SN1 and SN2 reactions with mechanism. (17.1.8.1.0.1)
4. What are the β-elimination reactions? Explain them with detail. (17.1.8.2)
5. How will you convert ethyl chloride to the
i. Ethyl cyanide (17.1.8.1)
ii. Ethanol (17.1.8.1)
iii. Propane (R’X+R”MgX->R”-R’ + X2) cross coupling
iv. n-butane (2R’X+2Na->R’-R’ + 2NaX)
v. Tetraethyl lead (4 NaPb + 4 CH3CH2Cl → (CH3CH2)4Pb + 4 NaCl + 3 Pb)
6. Discuss the preparation and reactivity of Grignard’s reagent. (17.2.1 + 17.2.2)
7. What are the amines? Give its nomenclature. (17.3.1)
8. What are the main features which increase the basicity of amine? (17.3.4)
9. Amides are reduced by LiAlH4. Give mechanism. (17.3.5.2.2)
10. What are the diazonium salts? How can they be prepared? Give their reaction. (17.3.7.3)
3. Give detailed answers to the following questions
101. 17 – Alkyl halides and amines
Dr. Hashim Ali
Post-Doc Uppsala University, Sweden.
PhD Computational Biology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary
Education (FBISE)
Chemistry F.Sc
II
Editor's Notes
This template can be used as a starter file to give updates for project milestones.
Sections
Right-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.
Notes
Use the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation.
Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)
Coordinated colors
Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.
Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.
Graphics, tables, and graphs
Keep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.
Label all graphs and tables.
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
Dr. Barbie Panther
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings