The document discusses the potential of a new solar cell material called perovskite. Perovskite solar cells can be produced at low cost using simple solution-based methods. Research suggests perovskite solar cells could eventually reach efficiencies over 20%, comparable to existing thin-film technologies. Perovskite absorbs light strongly and transports electrical charges well. Its properties may allow solar cells that convert over half of sunlight to electricity. Researchers are working to improve efficiency and stability through material modifications. Perovskite solar cells could eventually lead to much lower cost solar power compared to current technologies.
Perovskites-based Solar Cells: The challenge of material choice for p-i-n per...Akinola Oyedele
Perovskite-based PV have triggered widespread interest in the scientific community because these materials offer the attractive combinations of low cost and theoretically high efficiency. However, several challenges must be overcome for these relatively new PV materials. Among the many important challenges, one is the choice of materials to be used in thin film PV devices..
Based on fundamental principles of solar photovoltaics, this problem focuses on two aspects of the perovskite system:
1) Based on a planar p-i-n device structure, a potential list of p- and n-type charge collecting layers as well as the conductive contacts that could be used with a promising perovskite absorber material was identified, and a proper justification for the selection of each material in the device was given.
2) Three theoretical p-i-n type solar cells were made with the chosen materials and appropriate conductive contacts.
Use of conventional sources of energy to generate electricity is
increasing rapidly due to growing energy demands. This is a
major cause of pollution as well and also is an environmental
concern for future. Considering this, there is lot of R&D going on in the field of alternate energy sources with recent advancements in technology. One of the most recent advancement is the perovskite solar technology in the photovoltaics industry. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been improved from 9.7 to 20.1% within 4 years which is the fastest advancement ever in the photovoltaic industry. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics of the hybrid lead perovskite materials. In this review, different perovskite materials are breifly discussed along with the fundamental details of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. The fabrication techniques, stability, device structure and the chemistry of the perovskite structure are also briefly described aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient perovskite solar cell devices. The main focus of this resarch is to understand possible methods to reduce toxicity due to lead and to improve Perovskite stability.
This presentation summarizes history and recent development of perovskite solar cells. If you have any questions or comments, you can reach me at agassifeng@gmail.com
Perovskites-based Solar Cells: The challenge of material choice for p-i-n per...Akinola Oyedele
Perovskite-based PV have triggered widespread interest in the scientific community because these materials offer the attractive combinations of low cost and theoretically high efficiency. However, several challenges must be overcome for these relatively new PV materials. Among the many important challenges, one is the choice of materials to be used in thin film PV devices..
Based on fundamental principles of solar photovoltaics, this problem focuses on two aspects of the perovskite system:
1) Based on a planar p-i-n device structure, a potential list of p- and n-type charge collecting layers as well as the conductive contacts that could be used with a promising perovskite absorber material was identified, and a proper justification for the selection of each material in the device was given.
2) Three theoretical p-i-n type solar cells were made with the chosen materials and appropriate conductive contacts.
Use of conventional sources of energy to generate electricity is
increasing rapidly due to growing energy demands. This is a
major cause of pollution as well and also is an environmental
concern for future. Considering this, there is lot of R&D going on in the field of alternate energy sources with recent advancements in technology. One of the most recent advancement is the perovskite solar technology in the photovoltaics industry. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been improved from 9.7 to 20.1% within 4 years which is the fastest advancement ever in the photovoltaic industry. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics of the hybrid lead perovskite materials. In this review, different perovskite materials are breifly discussed along with the fundamental details of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. The fabrication techniques, stability, device structure and the chemistry of the perovskite structure are also briefly described aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient perovskite solar cell devices. The main focus of this resarch is to understand possible methods to reduce toxicity due to lead and to improve Perovskite stability.
This presentation summarizes history and recent development of perovskite solar cells. If you have any questions or comments, you can reach me at agassifeng@gmail.com
Perovskite Solar Cells
a short general overview presentation
hadi maghsoudi
device structure
crystal structure
preparation synthesis method
review papers
Progress in all inorganic perovskite solar cellMd Ataul Mamun
Since their first introduction in the research arena, the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite photovoltaic cells have been showing frequent record breaking power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Despite the rapid increase in PCE by engaging new perovskite materials as active layers as well as new fabrication techniques, their stability remains too poor to go for a mass production. Mainly the organic materials in the hybrid PSCs are responsible for this instability. Consequently, very recently, different approaches are taken to replace these organic components by inorganic ones to fabricate all-inorganic PSCs. Though these first-generation all-inorganic PSCs are yet to produce competitive PCEs like their counterparts, they have already demonstrated superb stability to be a propitious bidder for solar cell energy yielding. The state-of-the-art quantum dots based cells shown efficiency as high as 10.77% and intact stability for months.
Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
An introduction of perovskite solar cellsalfachemistry
This article introduces the development, structure and work mechanism of perovskite solar cells. Visit https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/perovskite-solar-cells-139.htm for more information.
Research proposal on organic-inorganic halide perovskite light harvesting mat...Rajan K. Singh
Organic-Inorganic perovskite materials has many applications in the field of opto-electronics such as photo-voltaic cells, LEDs, sensors, memory devices etc. due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. Presence of Pb in such type of perovskite is the biggest challenge for researchers.
introduction,advantage and disadvantage of solar energy,Generation of solar cell: 1st 2nd 3rd generation solar cell , I-V characteristics, working,application, efficiency data and advantage solar cell.
Band gap engineering of hybrid perovskites for solar cellsKiriPo
The research was conducted in summer 2014 under supervision of professor David Cahen at Optoelectronics Materials Group in Department of Materials and Interfaces at Weizmann Institute of Science (Rehovot, Israel).
New oxide structures using lone pairs cations as "chemical scissors"Joke Hadermann
New oxide structure types were created by using lone pair cations as "chemical scissors" to cut perovskite blocks in novel ways. The compounds show magnetic frustration.
Perovskite Solar Cells
a short general overview presentation
hadi maghsoudi
device structure
crystal structure
preparation synthesis method
review papers
Progress in all inorganic perovskite solar cellMd Ataul Mamun
Since their first introduction in the research arena, the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite photovoltaic cells have been showing frequent record breaking power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Despite the rapid increase in PCE by engaging new perovskite materials as active layers as well as new fabrication techniques, their stability remains too poor to go for a mass production. Mainly the organic materials in the hybrid PSCs are responsible for this instability. Consequently, very recently, different approaches are taken to replace these organic components by inorganic ones to fabricate all-inorganic PSCs. Though these first-generation all-inorganic PSCs are yet to produce competitive PCEs like their counterparts, they have already demonstrated superb stability to be a propitious bidder for solar cell energy yielding. The state-of-the-art quantum dots based cells shown efficiency as high as 10.77% and intact stability for months.
Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
An introduction of perovskite solar cellsalfachemistry
This article introduces the development, structure and work mechanism of perovskite solar cells. Visit https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/products/perovskite-solar-cells-139.htm for more information.
Research proposal on organic-inorganic halide perovskite light harvesting mat...Rajan K. Singh
Organic-Inorganic perovskite materials has many applications in the field of opto-electronics such as photo-voltaic cells, LEDs, sensors, memory devices etc. due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. Presence of Pb in such type of perovskite is the biggest challenge for researchers.
introduction,advantage and disadvantage of solar energy,Generation of solar cell: 1st 2nd 3rd generation solar cell , I-V characteristics, working,application, efficiency data and advantage solar cell.
Band gap engineering of hybrid perovskites for solar cellsKiriPo
The research was conducted in summer 2014 under supervision of professor David Cahen at Optoelectronics Materials Group in Department of Materials and Interfaces at Weizmann Institute of Science (Rehovot, Israel).
New oxide structures using lone pairs cations as "chemical scissors"Joke Hadermann
New oxide structure types were created by using lone pair cations as "chemical scissors" to cut perovskite blocks in novel ways. The compounds show magnetic frustration.
Synthesis and charaterization of la1 x srxmno3 perovskite nanoparticlesMai Trần
In recent times perovskite materials are extensively studied and have attracted much attention because they exhibit interesting the properties, showing potential applications in commercial, technical and biomedical. In Vietnam, perovskite materials be of interest research and applications are strong but with major research direction is to go deep into the electrical properties and the magnetic properties. The Lanthanum Strontium manganite is a perovskite-based crystal-structured ceramic material with the formula of La1-xSrxMnO3, where x describes the doping ratio. It has attracted much attention due to its good magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties and is becoming an attractive possibility material in several biomedical applications, particularly with nano-size. In industry, this material is commonly used in as a cathode material in commercially produced solid oxide fuel cells. In this thesis, we present the Perovskite nanoparticles La1-xSrxMnO3 were successfully synthesized of the nanosize La1-xSrxMnO3 at x = 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 which prepared by a modified sol-gel method. Structure and magnetic properties of them were systematically investigated in dependence on doped Sr ratio x. The structure was investigated by XRD and show slightly changed but magnetic properties varied strongly with changing the doping ratio x. Magnetic properties of samples were studied by Vibrating Sample Mode of Physical Properties Measurement System show at the room temperature, the samples show superparamagnetic properties with high saturated magnetization MS of 57 emu/g which strongly dependents on the doped Sr ratio x.
Newly designed 3D highly ordered macro/mesoporous multifunctional La1–xCexCoO3 nanohybrid frameworks with a 2D hexagonal mesostructure were fabricated via facile meso-molding in a three-dimensionally macroporous perovskite (MTMP) route. The nanohybrid framework exhibited excellent catalytic activity for methane combustion, which derived from the MTMP providing a larger surface area and pore volume, uniform pore sizes, higher accessible surface oxygen concentration, better low-temperature reducibility, and a unique nanovoid 3D structure.
Visit our website, http://www.pcrg.unsw.edu.au , for the latest news, publications, and research from our group.
Au-Pd Supported on 3D Hybrid Strontium-Substituted Lanthanum Manganite Perovs...Hamid Arandiyan
Bimetallic Au–Pd nanoparticles dispersed on a nanohybrid three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) perovskite support exhibit a synergy for catalytic methane oxidation. The large support surface area, high Au–Pd dispersion, strong noble metal–support interaction, and an enrichment of adsorbed oxygen species (invoked by the Au inclusion) combine to boost catalytic performance.
Visit our website, http://www.pcrg.unsw.edu.au , for the latest news, publications, and research from our group.
ACETYLATION OF BENZYLIC ALCOHOLS OVER BiFeO3 (BFO), Bi0.86Sm0.07Eu0.07FeO3 (B...EDITOR IJCRCPS
BiFeO3 (BFO), Bi0.86Sm0.07Eu0.07FeO3 (BSEFO), and Bi0.86Sm0.07Cd0.07FeO3 (BSCFO) nanopowders were prepared by the sol-gel
combustion method and the catalytic performances were evaluated in acetylation reaction of benzyl alcohol. The physical chemical
properties of catalysts were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDX and BET surface.
Efficient acetylation of benzyl alcohol was carried out over all the nano powders using acetyl chloride/ acetonitrile at room
temperature. Among the nanopowders, BSCFO showed the highest catalytic performance and the yield of benzyl acetate was 89,
45, and 69 percent over BSCFO, BFO, and BSEFO, respectively. Partial substitution of Sm-Eu and Sm-Cd in bismuth ferrite
improved the catalytic performance and increased the specific surface area of the catalysts. A direct relationship was resulted
between catalytic performance and surface of catalysts, where BSCFO with the highest surface area (111m2/g) exhibited the
superior catalytic performance. The quantitative yield for acetate product was also resulted for acetylation of p-methyl benzyl
alcohol, p-nitro benzyl alcohol and p-chloro benzyl alcohol on BSCFO. The catalysts showed good reusability in the process. The
study confirmed the catalysts could be promising catalyst for acetylation of alcohols.
Keywords: Europium, Samarium, Bismuth ferrites, nano perovskite, doping, Acetylation, benzylic alcohols.
Solar Cells: when will they become economically feasibleJeffrey Funk
The cost of solar cells are rapidly falling through increases in efficiency and reductions in cost per area. But the installation costs have become the largest part of solar cells costs and their costs are not falling. How can these costs be reduced. These slides discuss the potentially installation costs for perovskite and organic cells, along with a general discussion of costs and efficiency. this general discussion covers roll to roll printing and a wide number of solar cells (e.g., quantum dots, cadmium telluride, cadmium indium gallium selenide).
Advance Solar Cells and Printed Solar Cell A Reviewijtsrd
Solar cell technology begin with first generation and third generation solar cells is discussed here by considering different advanced materials on which these technologies are based. The efficiencies attained with different new age solar cell technologies, limitations in their commercial application is overcome with the new technology used in solar cell. This paper is an overview of the advances technology used in solar cell and printed solar cell. Sukhjinder Singh | Nitish Palial | Rohit Kumar "Advance Solar Cells and Printed Solar Cell: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59981.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/59981/advance-solar-cells-and-printed-solar-cell-a-review/sukhjinder-singh
This presentation covers following points:-
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Flexible Solar Cell
3. Flexible Photovoltaic Technology
4. Different types of Flexible Solar Cell
5. Manufacturing Process
6. Testing Method
7. Advantages
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. Future Scope
Infrared plastic solar cell @1000KV Technologies 90308448771000kv technologies
electronics engineering live projects abstracts
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Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
engineers are encouraged to take up new initiative under my mentorship to learn new things and do something good for the world.pl do encourage young engineers from colleges and adopt them for better future.
A game called taboo which emphasizes on solar technology. It is a power point presentation which basically is made more interactive using the game called taboo.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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2. A New Solar Material Shows
Its Potential
A new material described in Nature adds to the
momentum suggesting a new path to high-efficiency,
inexpensive solar cells.
By: Kevin Bullis
November 10, 2013
3. “The sun will be the fuel
of the future”
-Anonymous, 1876, Popular Science
4.
5.
6. Solar Power, along with
wind, hydroelectric,
wave, biomass account
for most of the
renewable energy source
available to use.
It can be collected by
human through
photovoltaics and heat
engines (concentrating
heat panel ).
7. Or solar cell, is the direct conversion of
light into electricity at the atomic level.
A photovoltaic cell (PV) is a device that
converts sun light into direct current
through photoelectric effect.
The photoelectric effect causes some
materials to absorb light photons and
convert them into electrons.
8. Individual PV cells are electricity-producing
devices that are made of semiconductor
materials.
The photoelectric effect is first noted by
French physicist Edmund Bequerel in 1839.
The first PV cell was constructed by Charles
Fritts in 1880.
The first major usage of PV cell is on the
Vanguard I satellite in 1958.
9. PV cells come in different shapes and
sizes. It can be the size of a stape, or
several inches.
Depending on the level of need, the
PV cells can be put together to form a
field or a single module for residential
usage.
In general, photovoltaic modules
and arrays produce DC electricity.
12. Concentrating Solar Power or (CSP) is
another way of collecting energy from
sun.
Concentrating Solar Power system is
made up of lenses, mirrors, and
tracking systems focusing a large
amount of sunlight into a smaller beam.
The concentrated light heat up a
working fluid and is then used as the
heat source for power generation or
energy storage.
13. The most developed methods for
CSP are solar trough, parabolic
dish, and solar power tower.
Unlike photovoltaics, CSP can be
used at a larger scale and is more
energy efficient. Unlike PV which
converts solar ray directly into
electricity, CSP system use heat
to generate a motor in order to
create energy.
14. A diagram of a parabolic trough solar farm (top), and an end view of how a parabolic
collector focuses sunlight onto its focal point.
15.
16.
17. Lets watch this video…
SCI 101VIDEOEnergy 101- Solar Power.FLV
18. Improve efficiency
Improve overall cost and cost-per-kWh
Reduce impact of materials used
Improve viability in less sunny
conditions
19. NEWER TECHNOLOGIES
Solar Thermal Vacuum Tubes
Solar Thermal Troughs
Solar Stirling Engines
Tracking Solar Heliostats
Thin-film Flexible Photovoltaics
Multi-junction Photovoltaics
Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies
Space-based Photovoltaics
25. Improving Photovoltaics
First-generation (silicon)
Thin c-Si via epitaxial growth
Crystallized polysilicon layers
Nanoscale silicon
Second-generation (“thin film”)
Less efficient, more flexible and less
expensive than 1st gen
CdTe and CIGS
Third-generation
Solar ink, solar dye, conductive plastic
26.
27.
28. Solar cells that use the
material “can be made
with very simple and
potentially very cheap
technology, and the
efficiency is rising very
dramatically,” Martin
Green says.
29. An article in the
journal Nature describes the
materials—a modified form
of a class of compounds
called PEROVSKITES, which
have a particular crystalline
structure.
33. Perovskites are a plentiful
mineral that have been
interesting to material scientists
in the exploration of
superconductivity,
magnetoresistance, ionic
conductivity, and a multitude of
dielectric properties, which are of
great importance in
microelectronics and
telecommunication.
34. PEROVSKITE is very good at
absorbing light.
PEROVSKITE use less than one
micrometer of material to
capture the same amount of
sunlight.
PEROVSKITE is a
semiconductor, thus good at
transporting the electric charge
created when light hits it.
35. A team of physicists working at
Oxford University in the UK has
found that it's possible to use
some types of perovskite as a
replacement for thin film silicon
cells using the same basic
processing technique and still
get power efficiencies of 15
percent.
36. Prof Subodh Mhaisalkar (left) and Dr Nripan Mathews (right) are holding
the new Perosvkite solar cells made in NTU labs and hopes to develop into a
solar cell module, as held by Prof Sum Tze Chien (centre).
37. In their paper published in the
journal Nature, the researchers
report that they have discovered
that using a bubble-like
nanostructure, or an insulating
scaffold to create thin film solar
cells is unnecessary—the new
kind of cell is able to serve as a
semiconductor on its own.
38. FACTS IN PEROVSKITE
Organometal halide perovskites have
recently emerged as a promising material
for high-efficiency nanostructured
devices.
A simple planar heterojunction solar cell
incorporating vapour-deposited
perovskite as the absorbing layer can
have solar-to-electrical power conversion
efficiencies of over 15 percent.
Perovskite absorbers can function at the
highest efficiencies in simplified device
architectures, without the need for
complex nanostructures.
39. Generation solar cell,
made from organicinorganic hybrid
perovskite materials, is
about five times cheaper
than current thin-film
solar cells, due to a
simpler solution-based
manufacturing process.
40. These perovskites tend to
have high charge-carrier
mobilities. High mobility is
important because, together
with high charge carrier
lifetimes, it means that the
light-generated electrons
and holes can move large
enough distances to be
extracted as current, instead
of losing their energy as heat
within the cell.
41. The team of eight researchers led by
Assistant Professor Sum Tze Chien
and Dr Nripan Mathews had worked
closely with NTU Visiting Professor
Michael Grätzel, who currently
holds the record for perovskite solar
cell efficiency of 15 per cent, and is
a co-author of the paper. Prof
Grätzel, who is based at the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology in
Lausanne (EPFL), has won multiple
awards for his invention of dyesensitised solar cells.
42. The high sunlight-toelectricity efficiency of
perovskite solar cells
places it in direct
competition with thin
film solar cells which are
already in the market
and have efficiencies
close to 20 per cent.
43. "In our work, we utilize ultrafast lasers to
study the perovskite materials. We tracked
how fast these materials react to light in
quadrillionths of a second (roughly 100
billion times faster than a camera flash),"
said the Singaporean photophysics expert
from NTU's School of Physical and
Mathematical Sciences.
44. The NTU physicist added that
this unique characteristic of
perovskite is quite remarkable
since it is made from a simple
solution method that normally
produces low quality materials.
45. "Now that we know exactly how
perovskite materials behave and
work, we will be able to tweak the
performance of the new solar cells
and improve its efficiency, hopefully
reaching or even exceeding the
performance of today's thin-film
solar cells," said Dr Mathews.
46. • "The excellent properties of
these materials, allow us to make
light weight, flexible solar cells
on plastic using cheap processes
without sacrificing the good
sunlight conversion efficiency,“
said Professor Subodh Mhaisalkar.
47. Researchers developing the
technology say that it could lead to
solar panels that cost just 10 to 20
cents per watt. Solar panels now
typically cost about 75 cents a watt,
and the U.S. Department of Energy
says 50 cents per watt will allow solar
power to compete with fossil fuel.
48. “The material is dirt cheap,” says
Michael Grätzel, who is famous within
the solar industry for inventing a type
of solar.
His group has produced the most
efficient perovskite solar cells so far—
they convert 15 percent of the energy
in sunlight into electricity, far more
than other cheap-to-make solar cells.
49. Based on its performance so far, and
on its known light-conversion
properties, researchers say its
efficiency could easily rise as high as
20 to 25 percent, which is as good as
the record efficiencies (typically
achieved in labs) of the most common
types of solar cells today.
50.
51. Perovskite solar cells
can be made by
spreading the pigment
on a sheet of glass or
metal foil, along with a
few other layers of
material that facilitate
the movement of
electrons through the
cell.
52. The manufacturing process
for perovskite solar cells—
which can be as simple as
spreading a liquid over a
surface or can involve vapor
deposition, another largescale manufacturing
process—is expected to be
easy.
53. • The researchers also showed that
it is relatively easy to modify the
material so that it efficiently
converts different wavelengths of
light into electricity. It could be
possible to form a solar cell with
different layers, each designed for
a specific part of the solar
spectrum, something that could
greatly improve efficiency
compared to conventional solar
cells
54. Dr. Henry Snaith from Oxford University holding
a perovskite solar cell
55. When perovskites were
first tried in solar cells in
2009, efficiencies were
low—they only converted
about 3.5 percent of the
energy in sunlight into
electricity.
Why do you think?
56. The cells also didn’t last very
long, since a liquid electrolyte
dissolved the perovskite.
But last year a couple of
technical innovations—ways
to replace a liquid electrolyte
with solid materials—solved
those problems and started
researchers on a race to
produce ever-more-efficient
solar cells.
57. Lets watch this video…
SCI 101VIDEOMaking a perovskite solar cell.FLV
58. “Between 2009 and 2012 there was
only one paper. Then in the end of
the summer of 2012 it all kicked
off,” Snaith says. Efficiencies quickly
doubled and then doubled again.
And the efficiency is expected to
keep growing as researchers apply
techniques that have been
demonstrated to improve the
efficiency of other solar cells.
59. • The perovskite material described
in Nature has properties that
could lead to solar cells that can
convert over half of the energy in
sunlight directly into electricity,
says Andrew Rappe, co-director of
Pennergy, a center for energy
innovation at the University of
Pennsylvania, and one of the new
report’s authors.
60. • That’s more than twice as efficient as
conventional solar cells. Such high
efficiency would cut in half the
number of solar cells needed to
produce a given amount of power.
Besides reducing the cost of solar
panels, this would greatly reduce
installation costs, which now account
for most of the cost of a new solar
system.
61. Unlike conventional solar cell materials,
the new material doesn’t require an
electric field to produce an electrical
current.
This reduces the amount of material
needed and produces higher voltages,
which can help increase power output.
While other materials have been shown
to produce current without the aid of
an electric field, the new material is the
first to also respond well to visible light,
making it relevant for solar cells
62.
63. Solar power helps to slow/stop global warming.
Solar power is a completely renewable resource.
Solar power saves society billions or trillions of
dollars.
Solar power saves you money.
Solar power provides energy reliability.
Solar power provides energy security.
Solar power provides energy independence.
Solar power creates absolutely no noise at all
64. Solar power cannot be harnessed
during a storm, on a cloudy day or at
night. This limits how much power can
be saved for future days. Some days
you may still need to rely on oil to
power your home.
A clear glass tube surrounds a dark tube. A vacuum exists between the dark tube and the clear glass, reducing heat transfer and energy loss. The dark tube contains a fluid that is pumped to a heat exchanger to heat water.
Parabolic trough systems are expensive. Current research lies in the following areas:Improved reflectivity of parabolic mirrorsReduced manufacturing cost of troughsSelf-cleaning (coatings)Replacing two-tank systems with one-tank thermocline systemsReducing costs of production and integration to be competitive with other energy sources
Concentrated photovoltaics focus light onto PV cells with lenses or mirrors. The PV cells used are high-efficiency and typically much more expensive than conventional PV systems. However, because the light is focused on the PV cell, a smaller cell or array can be used, keeping costs down. Concentrating photovoltaic technology offers the following advantages:Potential for solar cell efficiencies greater than 40%No moving partsNo intervening heat transfer surfaceNear-ambient temperature operationNo thermal mass; fast responseReduction in costs of cells relative to opticsScalable to a range of sizes.
Focusing solar radiation onto a stirling engine will cause it to rotate the fly wheel, and connecting it to a turbine will generate electricity.
Tracking PV heliostats move on two axes to accommodate both the tilt of the earth throughout the year as well as the rotation of the earth throughout the day. The angles are adjusted to ensure the maximum intensity of insolation is achieved.The major benefit of tracking photovoltaics is that they can generate more energy per acre than fixed-angle photovoltaics. Even though they cost more to manufacture and install, the increased amount of energy they can produce reduces the payback period.
Silicon crystal photovoltaics continue to be the primary materials used in PV systems installed today. Research at NREL and other facilities is focusing on three major areas:Thin crystalline silicon acquired via epitaxial growth. Gaseous silicon compounds are passed over a very hot substrate and the crystals that form are in a controlled orientation. Finding high efficiency and low-cost substrates for thin film applications are key.Crystallized polysilicon layersNanoscale siliconScientists at NREL are also studying new, non-crystalline materials for manufacturing photovoltaics. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells have an extremely broad application potential because of their flexibility, ability to absorb in different colors, and make efficient transparent devices. These properties make OPV attractive for integration into building design.