This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
This document provides an overview of nemathelminthes, also known as roundworms. It discusses their classification into two classes: Aphasmidia and Phasmidia. Aphasmidia contains 6 orders including Enoploidea and Dorylaimoidea. Phasmidia contains 10 orders such as Rhabditoidea, Oxyuroidea, and Filarioidea. The document also outlines general characteristics of nemathelminthes such as their unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical body structure; organ system level organization; and reproduction through sexual methods.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate classification and examples. It discusses the main groups of invertebrates including porifera, cnidaria, worms, molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms. Key details provided include characteristics of each group, examples of animals within each group, and how they reproduce and breathe. Activities at the end test comprehension of the content through matching, ordering, true/false, and drawing exercises.
1. The document discusses various aspects of fungal genetics including the life cycles, modes of reproduction, and nuclear states of fungi.
2. It notes that fungi typically have haploid vegetative states and undergo plasmogamy and karyogamy during sexual reproduction, followed immediately by meiosis.
3. The document also discusses asexual reproduction in fungi through spores, as well as parasexual reproduction which involves nuclear fusion without meiosis.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate animals, describing their characteristics and examples from major phyla. It covers adaptations to the multicellular condition like cell specialization and tissue layers. Major phyla discussed include porifera (sponges), cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra), platyhelminthes (flatworms), nematoda (roundworms), annelida (earthworms, leeches), mollusca (clams, snails), arthropoda (insects, spiders), and echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins). Examples are given for most phyla along with key distinguishing features.
Evidences of evolution from patterns of developmentHimanshi Chauhan
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in plants and animals. It discusses several lines of evidence including homologous and analogous structures, vestigial organs, fossils showing transitions in horse evolution, and similarities seen in early plant and animal embryos which indicate common ancestry. For example, it notes the wing of a bird and insect serve the same function but have different structures, showing analogous not homologous evolution. Together, these various developmental patterns found across species provide strong support for the theory of evolution.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that were first discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. They exhibit a variety of life forms including free-living, symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic. Protozoa are microscopic in size, ranging from 0.002 mm to 16 mm. They have primitive cellular organization and perform all life activities within a single cell. Reproduction can occur asexually through binary fission or multiple fission, or sexually through conjugation of gametes.
Demosponges are the most diverse group of sponges, comprising over 90% of known sponge species. They have skeletons made of silica spicules and/or fibers and come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and habitats. Demosponge systematics is still being researched, but they can be divided into the subclasses Homoscleromorpha, Tetractinomorpha, and Ceractinomorpha based on characteristics like larval type, skeleton composition, and spicule structure. Demosponges originated in the Cambrian period and are found worldwide, though some orders have more limited distributions.
This document provides an overview of nemathelminthes, also known as roundworms. It discusses their classification into two classes: Aphasmidia and Phasmidia. Aphasmidia contains 6 orders including Enoploidea and Dorylaimoidea. Phasmidia contains 10 orders such as Rhabditoidea, Oxyuroidea, and Filarioidea. The document also outlines general characteristics of nemathelminthes such as their unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical body structure; organ system level organization; and reproduction through sexual methods.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate classification and examples. It discusses the main groups of invertebrates including porifera, cnidaria, worms, molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms. Key details provided include characteristics of each group, examples of animals within each group, and how they reproduce and breathe. Activities at the end test comprehension of the content through matching, ordering, true/false, and drawing exercises.
1. The document discusses various aspects of fungal genetics including the life cycles, modes of reproduction, and nuclear states of fungi.
2. It notes that fungi typically have haploid vegetative states and undergo plasmogamy and karyogamy during sexual reproduction, followed immediately by meiosis.
3. The document also discusses asexual reproduction in fungi through spores, as well as parasexual reproduction which involves nuclear fusion without meiosis.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate animals, describing their characteristics and examples from major phyla. It covers adaptations to the multicellular condition like cell specialization and tissue layers. Major phyla discussed include porifera (sponges), cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra), platyhelminthes (flatworms), nematoda (roundworms), annelida (earthworms, leeches), mollusca (clams, snails), arthropoda (insects, spiders), and echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins). Examples are given for most phyla along with key distinguishing features.
Evidences of evolution from patterns of developmentHimanshi Chauhan
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in plants and animals. It discusses several lines of evidence including homologous and analogous structures, vestigial organs, fossils showing transitions in horse evolution, and similarities seen in early plant and animal embryos which indicate common ancestry. For example, it notes the wing of a bird and insect serve the same function but have different structures, showing analogous not homologous evolution. Together, these various developmental patterns found across species provide strong support for the theory of evolution.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that were first discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. They exhibit a variety of life forms including free-living, symbiotic, commensal, and parasitic. Protozoa are microscopic in size, ranging from 0.002 mm to 16 mm. They have primitive cellular organization and perform all life activities within a single cell. Reproduction can occur asexually through binary fission or multiple fission, or sexually through conjugation of gametes.
Demosponges are the most diverse group of sponges, comprising over 90% of known sponge species. They have skeletons made of silica spicules and/or fibers and come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and habitats. Demosponge systematics is still being researched, but they can be divided into the subclasses Homoscleromorpha, Tetractinomorpha, and Ceractinomorpha based on characteristics like larval type, skeleton composition, and spicule structure. Demosponges originated in the Cambrian period and are found worldwide, though some orders have more limited distributions.
The document discusses various tools used in taxonomy to classify organisms, including morphometrics, meristics, anatomical traits, physiological differences, diet, color patterns, karyotypes, and biochemical methods. It then discusses several taxonomic characters used to classify animals in the kingdom Animalia, such as symmetry, segmentation, cell types, fate of the blastopore, germ layers, coelom formation, digestion, skeleton, sex, reproduction, and parity.
This document provides an overview of biological classification systems and taxonomy. It defines key terms like taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, and discusses how organisms are organized into a taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. Cladograms are introduced as a way to visually represent evolutionary relationships between species and identify monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups. The document also discusses how scientists use biological data and characteristics to reconstruct phylogenies and evolutionary trees.
Nematodes are a diverse phylum of roundworms found in nearly every environment. They range in size and can be free-living or parasitic. Their bodies are elongated and cylindrical with an outer cuticle layer and internal longitudinal muscles. They lack circulatory and respiratory systems. The phylum is divided into three main classes - Chromadorea, Enoplea, and Secernentea - which are differentiated based on sensory structures and anatomy. Chromadorea inhabit marine sediments and have complex pharynx. Enoplea include both free-living and parasitic forms like whipworms. Secernentea have numerous papillae and lateral excretory canals, and contain many parasitic species of medical importance.
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 3 prokaryotesRai University
This document discusses prokaryotes and their characteristics. It defines prokaryotes as single-celled organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. While they do not have organelles, some prokaryotes do contain protein-based microcompartments that may act as primitive organelles. The document describes prokaryote cell structure and some key components like the cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, and pili. It also discusses prokaryote reproduction through binary fission and different cellular morphologies among prokaryotes.
Phylum Nematoda (and Four Phyla of Likely Nematode Relatives)Jackson Reynolds
1. Nematodes, or roundworms, are a diverse phylum of small, unsegmented worms found in nearly every ecosystem. They include both free-living and parasitic species.
2. Four other phyla - Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, and Loricifera - are also discussed as they are considered close relatives of nematodes.
3. Important nematode model organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans are discussed in terms of their roles in research related to neuroscience, aging, and cryobiology.
locomotion and reproduction in bacteria by Saira Meharsairamehar
This document summarizes locomotion and reproduction in bacteria. It discusses three types of bacterial locomotion: flagellar motility which uses flagella for movement; spirochaetal movement where bacteria have axial filaments; and gliding movement where bacteria secrete substances and use fimbriae. Reproduction is discussed as vegetative reproduction through budding or fragmentation; asexual reproduction through binary fission; and sexual reproduction through transformation, transduction, or conjugation where bacteria exchange genetic material.
This document discusses the taxonomy of nematodes. It explains that nematodes were originally classified based primarily on morphological characteristics, but that modern taxonomy utilizes additional approaches such as numerical taxonomy, cytogenetics, physiological responses, biochemistry, and molecular analysis. Numerical taxonomy uses mathematical grouping methods to classify nematodes based on observable similarities and differences. Cytogenetics examines characteristics like chromosome number. Physiological responses analyze how nematodes affect different host plants. Biochemistry evaluates protein and enzyme profiles through techniques like gel electrophoresis. Molecular analysis employs techniques like polymerase chain reaction and DNA hybridization. Ranks within the nematode classification system are determined through evolutionary systematics, cladistics, and phenetics approaches.
This document discusses three phyla of worms: Platyhelminthes, Nematodes, and Annelids. It provides details about nematode characteristics like their cylindrical soft body and ability to cause diseases as parasites. Examples of parasitic nematodes that infect humans are described, such as pinworms and hookworms. Movement of nematodes is also discussed. The document then covers annelid characteristics, describing polychaetes, oligochaetes like earthworms, and leeches. Reproduction of oligochaetes is mentioned.
This document provides information about the protozoa phylum. It begins with an introduction that defines protozoa as unicellular organisms classified in the kingdom Animalia. It then presents the objectives and problems of the paper. The discussion section defines protozoa, describes their general characteristics, physiology, and various classification systems. It classifies protozoa into four groups based on their means of motion: rhizopoda, flagellata, ciliata, and sporozoa. The document concludes by summarizing the key points about protozoa and providing suggestions.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that exist as unicellular, colonial, or multicellular forms. They show characteristics of plants, animals, and fungi and have ancestry from multiple sources. Major protist groups include Archaezoa, Euglenozoa, Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhodophyta. The Kingdom Protista is considered polyphyletic due to its varying origins.
This document summarizes key characteristics of four phyla - Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca. It describes their defining features, classes, and examples of each class. Porifera includes sponges and has classes of Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae. Cnidaria includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones, with classes of Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa. Platyhelminthes includes flatworms divided into Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda. Mollusca covers snails, mussels, oct
Onychophora, also known as velvet worms, are soft-bodied invertebrates that resemble both worms and arthropods. They have a velvety texture and claws that allow them to grasp prey and climb surfaces. Velvet worms live in tropical and subtropical forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand, where they trap prey and consume their body fluids using a sticky saliva and teeth. With characteristics of both worms and arthropods, velvet worms are believed to represent an evolutionary link between these groups.
Arthropods emerged near the base of the Cambrian period based on early trace fossils and body fossils from the Cambrian. Molecular evidence indicates arthropods are monophyletic and part of the Ecdysozoa clade. Key insights include hexapods being crustaceans rather than allies of myriapods, and lobopodians representing stem lineages rather than relatives of onychophorans. The diversity of Cambrian lobopodians and anomalocaridids sheds light on the stem group leading to crown-group euarthropods.
This document provides an overview of the protist phylum, which includes the most primitive eukaryotic organisms. It describes four main classes of protists: Rhizopoda, which use pseudopodia for locomotion and have a single nucleus like Amoeba; Flagellata, which use ribbon-like flagella and may contain photosynthetic pigments like Euglena; Sporozoa, which are endoparasitic and lack locomotory structures like Plasmodium; and Ciliophora, which use multiple hair-like cilia for movement and have both a large meganucleus and small micronucleus.
Key Characteristics of Invertebrates Major Phyla | Dr.BGR PublicationsDrBGRPublications
This document lists and describes the 9 major phyla of invertebrates: Protozoa are unicellular, Porifera are the first multicellular organisms, Coelenterata are aquatic organisms that have nematocysts, Platyhelminthes are flatworms, Aschelminthes can be parasitic or free-living, Annelida are segmented, Arthropoda have jointed appendages, Mollusca are soft and unsegmented, and Echinodermata are marine organisms with an endoskeleton. It welcomes upcoming scientists to learn about the key characteristics of invertebrate major phyla.
This document discusses different types of biological variations that can occur in animals, including genetic, non-genetic, individual, social, ecological, traumatic, age-related, seasonal, and polyphenic variations. It provides examples of variations in appearance between juvenile and adult stages, between seasons, and in response to environmental conditions. It also summarizes variations that can occur between sexes, castes in social insects, populations in different habitats, in response to atypical environmental conditions, and those that involve allometric growth or neurogenic color changes.
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It outlines the key characteristics biologists use to classify animals, including specialized tissues, body symmetry, germ layers, embryonic development, and DNA. Animals are classified into major groups including deuterostomes, protostomes, radiata, and parazoa based on these traits. The document specifically focuses on 10 animal phyla that will be covered in lecture, including chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, and bacteria and archaea as outgroups.
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Energy sources can be classified into two types: nonrenewable and renewable. Nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels and nuclear material, are removed from the earth and can be depleted. These resources have been the most used type of energy in the modern era. The US, has less than 6% of world population consumes almost 33% of the world energy.
The document discusses various tools used in taxonomy to classify organisms, including morphometrics, meristics, anatomical traits, physiological differences, diet, color patterns, karyotypes, and biochemical methods. It then discusses several taxonomic characters used to classify animals in the kingdom Animalia, such as symmetry, segmentation, cell types, fate of the blastopore, germ layers, coelom formation, digestion, skeleton, sex, reproduction, and parity.
This document provides an overview of biological classification systems and taxonomy. It defines key terms like taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, and discusses how organisms are organized into a taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. Cladograms are introduced as a way to visually represent evolutionary relationships between species and identify monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups. The document also discusses how scientists use biological data and characteristics to reconstruct phylogenies and evolutionary trees.
Nematodes are a diverse phylum of roundworms found in nearly every environment. They range in size and can be free-living or parasitic. Their bodies are elongated and cylindrical with an outer cuticle layer and internal longitudinal muscles. They lack circulatory and respiratory systems. The phylum is divided into three main classes - Chromadorea, Enoplea, and Secernentea - which are differentiated based on sensory structures and anatomy. Chromadorea inhabit marine sediments and have complex pharynx. Enoplea include both free-living and parasitic forms like whipworms. Secernentea have numerous papillae and lateral excretory canals, and contain many parasitic species of medical importance.
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 3 prokaryotesRai University
This document discusses prokaryotes and their characteristics. It defines prokaryotes as single-celled organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. While they do not have organelles, some prokaryotes do contain protein-based microcompartments that may act as primitive organelles. The document describes prokaryote cell structure and some key components like the cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, and pili. It also discusses prokaryote reproduction through binary fission and different cellular morphologies among prokaryotes.
Phylum Nematoda (and Four Phyla of Likely Nematode Relatives)Jackson Reynolds
1. Nematodes, or roundworms, are a diverse phylum of small, unsegmented worms found in nearly every ecosystem. They include both free-living and parasitic species.
2. Four other phyla - Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, and Loricifera - are also discussed as they are considered close relatives of nematodes.
3. Important nematode model organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans are discussed in terms of their roles in research related to neuroscience, aging, and cryobiology.
locomotion and reproduction in bacteria by Saira Meharsairamehar
This document summarizes locomotion and reproduction in bacteria. It discusses three types of bacterial locomotion: flagellar motility which uses flagella for movement; spirochaetal movement where bacteria have axial filaments; and gliding movement where bacteria secrete substances and use fimbriae. Reproduction is discussed as vegetative reproduction through budding or fragmentation; asexual reproduction through binary fission; and sexual reproduction through transformation, transduction, or conjugation where bacteria exchange genetic material.
This document discusses the taxonomy of nematodes. It explains that nematodes were originally classified based primarily on morphological characteristics, but that modern taxonomy utilizes additional approaches such as numerical taxonomy, cytogenetics, physiological responses, biochemistry, and molecular analysis. Numerical taxonomy uses mathematical grouping methods to classify nematodes based on observable similarities and differences. Cytogenetics examines characteristics like chromosome number. Physiological responses analyze how nematodes affect different host plants. Biochemistry evaluates protein and enzyme profiles through techniques like gel electrophoresis. Molecular analysis employs techniques like polymerase chain reaction and DNA hybridization. Ranks within the nematode classification system are determined through evolutionary systematics, cladistics, and phenetics approaches.
This document discusses three phyla of worms: Platyhelminthes, Nematodes, and Annelids. It provides details about nematode characteristics like their cylindrical soft body and ability to cause diseases as parasites. Examples of parasitic nematodes that infect humans are described, such as pinworms and hookworms. Movement of nematodes is also discussed. The document then covers annelid characteristics, describing polychaetes, oligochaetes like earthworms, and leeches. Reproduction of oligochaetes is mentioned.
This document provides information about the protozoa phylum. It begins with an introduction that defines protozoa as unicellular organisms classified in the kingdom Animalia. It then presents the objectives and problems of the paper. The discussion section defines protozoa, describes their general characteristics, physiology, and various classification systems. It classifies protozoa into four groups based on their means of motion: rhizopoda, flagellata, ciliata, and sporozoa. The document concludes by summarizing the key points about protozoa and providing suggestions.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that exist as unicellular, colonial, or multicellular forms. They show characteristics of plants, animals, and fungi and have ancestry from multiple sources. Major protist groups include Archaezoa, Euglenozoa, Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhodophyta. The Kingdom Protista is considered polyphyletic due to its varying origins.
This document summarizes key characteristics of four phyla - Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca. It describes their defining features, classes, and examples of each class. Porifera includes sponges and has classes of Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae. Cnidaria includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones, with classes of Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa. Platyhelminthes includes flatworms divided into Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda. Mollusca covers snails, mussels, oct
Onychophora, also known as velvet worms, are soft-bodied invertebrates that resemble both worms and arthropods. They have a velvety texture and claws that allow them to grasp prey and climb surfaces. Velvet worms live in tropical and subtropical forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand, where they trap prey and consume their body fluids using a sticky saliva and teeth. With characteristics of both worms and arthropods, velvet worms are believed to represent an evolutionary link between these groups.
Arthropods emerged near the base of the Cambrian period based on early trace fossils and body fossils from the Cambrian. Molecular evidence indicates arthropods are monophyletic and part of the Ecdysozoa clade. Key insights include hexapods being crustaceans rather than allies of myriapods, and lobopodians representing stem lineages rather than relatives of onychophorans. The diversity of Cambrian lobopodians and anomalocaridids sheds light on the stem group leading to crown-group euarthropods.
This document provides an overview of the protist phylum, which includes the most primitive eukaryotic organisms. It describes four main classes of protists: Rhizopoda, which use pseudopodia for locomotion and have a single nucleus like Amoeba; Flagellata, which use ribbon-like flagella and may contain photosynthetic pigments like Euglena; Sporozoa, which are endoparasitic and lack locomotory structures like Plasmodium; and Ciliophora, which use multiple hair-like cilia for movement and have both a large meganucleus and small micronucleus.
Key Characteristics of Invertebrates Major Phyla | Dr.BGR PublicationsDrBGRPublications
This document lists and describes the 9 major phyla of invertebrates: Protozoa are unicellular, Porifera are the first multicellular organisms, Coelenterata are aquatic organisms that have nematocysts, Platyhelminthes are flatworms, Aschelminthes can be parasitic or free-living, Annelida are segmented, Arthropoda have jointed appendages, Mollusca are soft and unsegmented, and Echinodermata are marine organisms with an endoskeleton. It welcomes upcoming scientists to learn about the key characteristics of invertebrate major phyla.
This document discusses different types of biological variations that can occur in animals, including genetic, non-genetic, individual, social, ecological, traumatic, age-related, seasonal, and polyphenic variations. It provides examples of variations in appearance between juvenile and adult stages, between seasons, and in response to environmental conditions. It also summarizes variations that can occur between sexes, castes in social insects, populations in different habitats, in response to atypical environmental conditions, and those that involve allometric growth or neurogenic color changes.
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It outlines the key characteristics biologists use to classify animals, including specialized tissues, body symmetry, germ layers, embryonic development, and DNA. Animals are classified into major groups including deuterostomes, protostomes, radiata, and parazoa based on these traits. The document specifically focuses on 10 animal phyla that will be covered in lecture, including chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, and bacteria and archaea as outgroups.
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Energy sources can be classified into two types: nonrenewable and renewable. Nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels and nuclear material, are removed from the earth and can be depleted. These resources have been the most used type of energy in the modern era. The US, has less than 6% of world population consumes almost 33% of the world energy.
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Platyhelminthes. It is divided into 3 classes: Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda.
1) Turbellaria are free-living flatworms that are aquatic with sensory organs and an incomplete digestive system. Planaria is an example.
2) Trematoda are endoparasitic flukes found in organs like the liver with two suckers, including Fasciola hepatica or the liver fluke.
3) Cestoda are tapeworms with suckers and hooks that live parasitically in the intestines of vertebrates, including Taenia solium which can cause
Abstract:
It has envisaged to make available the information on a season-wise pooled data of the feeding habits of
Boleopthalmus dussumieri (Cuv. & Val) studied along the Ulhas river estuary using point method during the period of two years from July 2004 to June 2006,. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of stomach content were carried out to calculate percentage frequency of occurrence of food items
(F)
, feeding index
(IA)
and vacuity index
(VI).
. Electivity analysis showed that the fish is herbivorous feeding mainly on diatoms and other species of algae.
FYBSc course-I, semester-II, Ethology, question bank is for reference of B N Bandodkar college of Scince, Thane. Pl do not consider these question as IMP. This may help preparing for the forthcoming examination, All the best!!!
The percentage frequency of occurrence (F) revealed the
predominance of ‘P Wo’, and Mol in both the
water bodies, indicative of main food items.
Feeding index (IA) shows high percentage of ‘P Wo’, ‘Mol’ and ‘NF’ in food compositionof M. gulio which attributed to vacuity index (VI). Both ‘NF’ being compensatory food and
conspicuous VI in feeding of M. gulio ascribed to the higher pollution in TC as compared toURE. The food selection habit of M. gulio was corroborating with the pollution status of theambient water bodies
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I. For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
Food selection depends on the energy strategy of the feeder. The food size, quantity and quality varies with species to species and also depends on the ability of feeder, its body size etc.
Feeders are either specialists or opportunists. Food selection depends on competitive principle, learned aversion and food energy budget.
The document summarizes the respiratory systems of various chordates. It describes how skin, gills, and lungs have evolved for respiration in different vertebrates. Skin respiration occurs mainly in amphibians like salamanders through their thin skin. Cartilaginous and bony fishes respire using gills consisting of pouches and slits. Lungs evolved from the swim bladder of early fish and are present in tetrapods, with variations in structure between amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammalian lungs.
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
The document discusses the development and differentiation of the brain in vertebrates. It begins by explaining how the neural tube develops and differentiates into three primary brain vesicles - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. These later develop into five vesicles. It then describes the relationships between the early brain structures and the mature nervous system. The document also discusses the flexures of the brain, the evolution of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum across different vertebrates, and provides a comparative overview of brain anatomy in key vertebrate groups.
The document discusses the development and structure of the kidney and urogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by describing the development of the kidney from the intermediate mesoderm, including the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. It then discusses the structure and function of the pronephros, mesonephros, opisthonephros, and metanephros. The document also describes the structure of the nephron across vertebrates as well as the male and female urogenital ducts. Finally, it provides details on the structure of the mammalian kidney and nephron.
Resources are defined as matter, space and time utilized for the wellbeing of mankind is called as resources. The natural resources are materials, which living organisms can take from nature for sustaining their life or any components of the natural environment that can be utilized by man to promote his welfare is considered to be natural resources.
The document discusses key concepts relating to Protochordata and Chordata. It provides definitions and characteristics of Protochordata, noting they are the first chordates but lack features like a cranium. It also outlines the three subphyla under Chordata - Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata - and provides details about classification and characteristics of taxa within each subphylum, such as characteristics of Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, and Larvacea classes of Urochordata. Examples like Amphioxus are also mentioned.
1) The document proposes researching the evolutionary developmental biology of the seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus. It focuses on three questions: the genes involved in anterior-posterior body axis formation, the unique features of the prehensile tail, and the evolutionary explanation for male brooding structures.
2) Breeding Hippocampus hippocampus in the lab is challenging as seahorses require suitable tanks with controlled height, temperature, and water filtration to mimic their natural environment and behavior.
3) The proposal will explore candidate genes for body axis formation, the tail, and male brooding pouch, using other studied models as a starting point to experiment on seahorse development and evolution.
Dear all MBBS student ,
Myself Dr. Manish Tiwari department of microbiology (SMC Medical college unnao) this presentation only for you not for PG students, if any doubt contact me on mail address..
1. The document discusses Neurospora as an ideal organism for studying genetics such as recombination and mutation.
2. It notes that Neurospora has a haploid dominant lifecycle with the zygote being the only diploid stage, which then undergoes meiosis to form haploid ascospores.
3. The ordered arrangement of ascospores in the ascus reflects the geometry of meiotic and mitotic spindles, allowing analysis of recombination patterns that confirms recombination occurs at the four strand stage.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate animals, describing their main characteristics and classifying them into six groups: porifera, cnidaria, worms, molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms. It outlines key features of each group, including their anatomy, habitat, reproduction methods, and examples. The objectives are to learn about invertebrate characteristics, their main groups, and how they differ from one another.
Metamorphosis, Diapause and its types; immature stages of insectsMr. Suresh R. Jambagi
1. The document discusses metamorphosis, diapause, and immature stages in insects. It describes the different types of metamorphosis including ametamorphosis, hemimetabolous, and holometabolous.
2. It explains diapause as a period of arrested development and lists examples of diapause occurring in different insect life stages. Facultative and obligatory diapause are also described.
3. The types of eggs laid by insects are outlined, including singular eggs and egg masses. Different immature stages are also covered, such as larvae, nymphs, and their characteristics.
This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
- Animals are multi-cellular organisms that have specialized structures like nuclei and organelles. They are consumers that rely on their environment for food.
- Over time, animals have adapted to eating different types of food available in their environment through adaptations like camouflage, armor, and venom. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat other animals, and omnivores eat both.
- When classifying animals, characteristics like having a backbone (vertebrates vs invertebrates), symmetry, and protective structures are considered. Invertebrates make up 97% of all animal species.
The document discusses the characteristics of chordates and their classification. It notes that chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals that possess a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits. They are divided into three subphyla: urochordata, cephalochordata, and vertebrata. Vertebrates are further divided into 7 classes: cyclostomes, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves, and mammalia. Each class has distinct characteristics related to their anatomy, physiology, habitat, and life cycle.
This document provides an overview of animal reproductive systems, with a focus on human reproduction. It begins with an outline of the key topics, including the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. It then discusses the anatomy and functions of male and female reproductive systems in humans. For both sexes, it explains gamete production, hormonal regulation of reproduction, and processes like fertilization, gestation, and birth.
This document provides an overview of animal classification. It describes the six invertebrate phyla - Cnidaria, Flatworms, Nemates, Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods. It also describes the five vertebrate classes - Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. Key distinguishing characteristics are provided for each group, including their physical features, life cycles, and habitats. The document also discusses endothermy and exothermy in animals.
This document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, including the basis for classification. It discusses the 11 phyla of animals and provides the key characteristics of each phylum, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Examples are given for representative species from each phylum. Classification is based on levels of organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, segmentation, and presence of a notochord. Key terms are defined, such as asexual and sexual reproduction, indirect and direct development, and closed
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1. Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and motile stages. They exhibit a variety of nutrition modes including ingestion of food.
2. Protozoa display complex cellular organization with specialized organelles. Reproduction can occur asexually through mitosis or sexually through conjugation.
3. They are found in many environments and play important ecological roles. Many protozoa are parasites of medical and veterinary significance.
1. Amphibians show variations in temperature sensitivity and shed their skin periodically. They are found throughout the world except Antarctica and Greenland.
2. They have four limbs, loosely attached skin with warts, eyes with lids, tympani behind eyes, and morphology varies by species.
3. Their skin has mucus glands and is permeable. They are cold-blooded, detect low sounds, and communicate using signals. Some camouflage or use bright colors.
4. They have indirect development with larvae and metamorphosis to adults. Reproduction involves eggs laid in water with gel coats that swell. Fertilization varies between internal and external.
This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes. It also discusses the three types of pupae - obtect, exarate, and coarctate - and gives examples for each. The document emphasizes that the pupal stage lacks mobility so pupae have protective cocoons made of different materials.
This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
today final (2) - Copy.pptx of echinodermsMamilaTad
The document discusses the phylum Echinodermata. It describes echinoderms as marine invertebrates with radial symmetry and spiny skin. They have unique structures like a water vascular system and calcareous ossicles. The document outlines their characteristics, taxonomy, diversity with over 7,000 living species, fossil history dating back to the Precambrian, anatomy including their pentaradial symmetry and larval bilateral symmetry, and physiology such as their mesodermal skeleton and water vascular system.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms into taxonomic groups from the broadest domains down to specific species. It covers the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and modifications made by Woese. Key details are provided on classification within the plant and animal kingdoms, describing distinguishing characteristics of major groups like thallophytes, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, porifera, coelenterates, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, protochordates, and verte
This patent application is for a herbal topical composition to treat acne vulgaris. It contains an effective combination of chitosan nanoparticles and an alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia. A skin cream is prepared from this combination along with pharmaceutical excipients. Testing showed this composition effectively inhibits Propionibacterium acnes in amounts needed to treat acne. The ratios of chitosan nanoparticles and Tinospora cordifolia extract providing this inhibition were determined.
This patent application publication describes an eco-friendly and economical method for large-scale manufacturing of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles using an extract of lac. The application was filed on February 6, 2017 by 12 inventors including Mr. Nitin Prakash Koche, Dr. Kantilal Hiralal Nagare, and Dr. Dinesh Daujirao Wanule. The application contains 9 pages, 6 claims, and describes using an extract of lac to manufacture iron and iron oxide nanoparticles on a large scale in an eco-friendly and economical manner.
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) was founded by former Prime minister Indira Gandhi to save tiger. This body promotes the conservation on the basis of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
Project tiger was launched in 1973. Initially 9 suitable habitats were selected later it increased to 47.
Objective was to conserve forest and biodiversity, through intensified protection; conservational development and strengthening research activities
India has diverse biomes like tropical rain forest (jungles), alpine forest, desert, marsh land, islands, deltas, savannas, scrub lands etc.
Wildlife of India has been gifted by very diverse flora and fauna.
It is our prime duty to conserve and sustain it for forthcoming generations.
World is loosing one species everyday.
Science means ‘to know’.
To gain knowledge through the mode of thinking and experimenting with reasoning.
Ideas are tested and hypotheses are set and finally the concept is accepted or rejected.
Person involved in these activities is known as ‘scientist’.
Chordata is an assemblage of heterogeneous animals which differ widely in their characteristics but have a few common features like they have notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits and post-anal tail. The notochord is a cartilaginous skeletal rod present at some stage in their life cycle. Nerve cord is mid-dorsally placed and is hollow containing axial nerve canal. Pharynx is perforated containing several gill slits primarily were used for filter feeding but later evolved as respiratory in function in aquatic forms.However, in terrestrial forms they disappear in adults but are occurred in embryonic stages. The body extends beyond anal terminal to give rise to a balancing or important part in locomotion called as tail.
A hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull is the superstructure and/or deckhouse, where present. The line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline.
The gunwale is a nautical term describing the top edge of the side of a boat.
The bow is a nautical term for the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway.
The opposite to the bow of boat is called the stern.
A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull, which forms the 'roof' for the hull, which both strengthens the hull and serves as the primary working surface.
The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall, vertical or near vertical spar, or arrangement of spars, which supports the sails.
Organisms in the water, especially saltwater, attach to slick surfaces like a boat's hull. It doesn't take long for a boat hull to become slimy with algae. Algae pave the way for adherence of other organisms. The general term for organism on a boat hull is fouling. Fouling makes boats drag, use more fuel and harder to maneuver. Invasive organisms spread by hitching a ride on the underside of a boat. Common marine foulers include barnacles, algae, shellfish, tunicates, ship-
worms, gribbles etc.
Wood borers are highly specialised animals which penetrate wooden structures such as boats, wharves, jetties, driftwood and even living mangrove trees. Many can digest the wood owing to cellulose-digesting bacteria or protozoa living in their guts. Only a few species can actually produce their own cellulose-digesting enzymes (cellulases).Wood borers are insects that chew their way into the solid trunk of a living tree or into a wooden structure, such as an old boat or house. Healthy trees are rarely attacked by wood borers, but a diseased or dying specimen can often host these kinds of invaders. The same goes for old houses and boats, where rain-soaked or rotten wood is more susceptible to invasion.
Temperature, light, Oxygen, salinity, pH are important marine factors which impact the major life and physical properties of the oceans. These factors make the marine environment a dynamic entity and otherwise impacting on the terrestrial ecosystems too.
Gill net
Trawl
Purse seine net
Hooks and lines
TED (turtle exclusion devices)
Non-conventional fishing methods:
light fishing; hose pipe fishing; electric fishing.
Pelagic (surface/open ocean) gillnets are systems of netting with highly specific mesh sizes. Gillnets as long as 2.5km, are placed vertically in the water column with the use of buoys and weights. These nets may be anchored or allowed to drift with prevailing currents, intercepting migrating sharks and fishes such as tuna and mackeral. Large fish become entangled or gilled in the net (commonly around the gills), whilst smaller fish are able to pass through the designated mesh size.
This article includes Basics classification like binomial nomenclature, Taxa hierarchic, Five kingdoms of Robert H. Whittaker, Levels of Organization, and Classificationa and features of Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata
Temperature as ecological factor its impact on animal life.
Animals can tolerate temp. from -10 to 50 ⁰C
Praying mantis can survive at 62 ⁰C whereas certain bacteria can live at 90 ⁰C.
Animals tolerating diff. range of temperature.
Stenothermal and eurythermal organisms.
Enzymatic activity are controlled by certain temp ranges. E.g. Human 30 to 40 ⁰C.
Reproduction is controlled by temperature
Activities are controlled by temp. hibernation, aestivation and migration.
Morning lower temp. make animals sluggish.
Animals are distributed according to temp. tolerance in terrestrial and aquatic body (thermocline).
Visible light – Photosynthesis
Infra red light – Warmth of earth at high altitudes
Ultraviolet light – Ionosphere (Ozone layer)
Light reaching earth depends on angle of incidence, altitude, latitude, season, clouds, fog, suspended particles, dust, water drops, smog (pollution) and time of day.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Conservation involves maintenance of the natural environment of man including the infinite resources of air, water, soil and life forms. Conversation also involves the collective responsibility of governments, private organizations, industries and individuals and the setting aside of funds, finances for ecological research and execution of conservation projects.
Fundamentals of Aquarium Setting for Beginners. Historic
Social
Aesthetic and ornamental
Meditating
Commercial
Educational, Scientific and Research
Setting up of aquarium
Maintenance of aquarium
Accessories required
Decorative used
Types of fish
Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Val., 1837) is a mudskipper species inhabiting, in abundance on the intertidal
mudflats occurred on either banks of Ulhas River estuary. The present study scan and focal sampling method
implied to record the lagged immergence of B. dussumieri on the surface during ebb-tide. The study revealed
direct correlation with the declining water level and rate of exposure of the mudflat during the ebb-tide
occurred at Kolshet creek along the west bank of the Ulhas River estuary. PCO obtained with Euclidean
distance matrix represented 100% ordination of the samples depicting that the level of water defined the rate of
surficial emergence of individuals.
More from Dr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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1. Course I: First semester
PHYLUM - ASCHELMINTHES
CLASS NEMATODA
(Pseudocoelomate round worms)
1. Multicellular, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and pseudocoelomate worms.
2. Nematodes are endoparasitic or free living found in marine or freshwater.
3. Digestive system is simple but complete.
4. Body is cylindrical and un-segmented and protected with cuticle.
5. Ectoderm is syncytial.
6. Sexes are separate.
7. A typical example is Ascaris (round worm).
Ascaris (a common round worm):
1. Ascaris is endoparasitic found in the gut of
mammals.
2. Body is covered with cuticle.
3. The digestive system is complete with mouth and
anus at opposite ends.
4. Sexes are separate; females are larger than males
and are straight. Males are small and curved at
posterior end. They have genital papilla for
copulation.
5. Female lays about 15000 to 20000 eggs daily which
are passed through fecal matter.
6. Development is direct into rod like larva.
7. Ascaris causes the disease called as ascariasis.
A. M
ale B. Female
Morphology of Ascaris
1
Prof. S. D. Rathod Copy No. VI