Protozoa Biologi

1. i
“PAPER”
PROTOZOA
To meet the course Field of Taxonomy Animal Invertebrate
Group 1
Created by :
Novi Cahya C : 130210103037
Syarifatul Laili : 130210103063
STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION
MAJORS OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
JEMBER UNIVERSITY
2014

2. ii
FOREWARD
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim
All praise is to Allah, the Lord of hosts. Because of his grace and guidance
we can finish this paper. Blessings and greetings expressed best wishes to the
Prophet Mohammed PBUH. This paper we tell Professor of invertebrate Zoology
courses to fulfill a structured course of Zoology of invertebrates.
We thank Professor of invertebrate Zoology courses that have been guiding
and shed the science to us, so that we can finish this paper with just in time,
though in the process of our authors have suffered various difficulties, such as the
terbatasanya reference.
But it's very possible authors still many shortcomings, both in the
presentation of the material or in writing, to the criticisms and suggestions from
various parties so we expected.We look forward, hopefully this paper could be
useful for all of us. Amin.
Jember, 4 September 2014
Team

3. 1
TABLE OF CONTENT
PROTOZOA..................................................................................................................i
FOREWARD................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1
1.1Background ......................................................................................................1
2.1Formulation of The Problem ..............................................................................1
3.1The Purpose of the Writing ................................................................................1
CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION...............................................................................................3
2.1Definition Protozoa ...........................................................................................3
2.2Characteristic General of Animals that Belong to ThePhylum Protozoa ................3
2.3Physiology of Protozoa ......................................................................................3
2.4Classification of Protozoa ..................................................................................4
2.5The Classification Phylum Protozoa ...................................................................9
2.6The Advantage and Disadvantage of Protozoa................................................... 11
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION.......................................................................................... 14
3.1Conclusion...................................................................................................... 14
3.2Suggestion ...................................................................................................... 14
REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 15

4. 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Basically the science of taxonomy, all living beings are grouped into two
kingdoms (kingdom) is the kingdom of plants (kingdom plantae) and the Animal
Kingdom (kingdom animalia). These are based on the Group equation or
characteristics of the equation. The plant has had its chlorophyll and animals has
its own characteristics which can move.
In a study found some unicellular living creatures that have the
characteristics of plants and animals. Finally some experts argue that that these
living creatures are classified into in kingdom animalia, phylum protozoa. In this
description, we follow the opinion of the latter. We enter into the Protozoa
kingdom animalia, invertebrate groups.Protozoa can only live from organic
substances, is a consumer in the community, they wore other microorganisms or
bacteria or the remains of organisms.
2.1 Formulation of The Problem
1. What the definition of protozoa?
2. What the general characteristic of protozoa ?
3. What is the physiology of protozoa?
4. What the classification phylum protozoa ?
5. What is the classification of protozoa according motion?
6. What is the disadvantage and advantage of protozoa?
3.1 The Purpose of the Writing
1. For to know the definition of protozoa
2. For to know the general characteristic of protozoa
3. For to know the physiology of protozoa
4. For to know the classification of protozoa according motion
5. For to know the classification phylum protozoa

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6. For to know the disadvantage and advantage of protozoa

6. 3
CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION
2.1 Definition Protozoa
Phylum Protozoa are animals that his body is composed of a single cell
Protozoan. name comes from the latin word”first animal” (proto = first, zoon =
animal) (Kastawi, 2005).
Understanding protozoa in General can be explained that the protozoa of
Greece, namely the protos meaning first and zoon means animals. So, Protozoa
are animals first. The body is very simple, namely, protozoa consists of one single
cell (unisel). Nevertheless, the Protozoan is a versatile system. All tasks can be
performed by a single body cell undergo without overlap. His size between 3-
1000 microns. (E-jurnal, 2013)
2.2 Characteristic General of Animals that Belong to ThePhylum Protozoa
1. The animal's body is composed of a single cell, a few microns in size up to
several millimeters, so generally microscopic.
2. General life individually, but there is a lively by originate. There's a free life
in the water, local commensal and some are parasitic on other animals.
3. Generally breed with splitting, but there are also holding conjugation, and
some are forming spores.
4. Its form: bacteria, single-celled animals or remains of other organisms. How
to take food nothing saprozoik (feed/animal carcasses outlines) holofitik
(plant eating) and holozoik (animal feed)
5. Back in the way some use: flagella, Cilia or pseudopodia, some even do not
have the means of motion, especially at a time when adult (Kastawi, 2005).
2.3 Physiology of Protozoa
1. Motion: motion tools Tools on a variety of Protozoan simple be pseupodia
up flagella and Cilia. Pseudopod was formed from the reticulum
ektoplasma, then will follow suit. Flagella are the hallmark of the class
Mastogophora, and Cilia is the hallmark of ciliata and second the motion
tools have similar ultrastructure.

7. 4
2. Respiration: Respiration occurs by means of aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic
respiration occurs in oxidation with O2 that goes in the body by way of
diffusion and osmosis through the entire surface of the body, are anaerobic
pasaunravelling the complex substances into simpler substances by using
enzymes without requiring oxygen.
3. Digestion: There are several types in getting nutrients on Protozoa
Including: holozoik, holofitik and saprozoik. Amoeba da paramecium took a
relatively hard food that is caught with pseudopodia, vacuoles formed then
the food, how it is called holozoik.
4. Reproduction: development of the protozoa is generally by splitting; each
individual is split into two equal parts, starting from the bottom line
kemuadian followed by the cytoplasm is; multiple cleavage or sporulasi i.e.
core divide themselves repeatedly, then the cytoplasm will surround this
hemisphere tiapa, resulting in a number of offspring; plasmotomi are many
nucleated Protozoan cleavage without fission core, produce offspring that
are smaller and many nucleated; pertunasan is the new individuals arise as
shoots from stem cells that differentiate before or after free life (Kastawi,
2005).
2.4 Classification of Protozoa
Protozoa divided into 4 group based on the flagel :
1. Rhizopoda
All Protozoa Rhizopoda belongs to class Rhizopoda (Greece, rhizo =
root, podos = feet) or Sarcodina (Greece, sarco = meat) moving with
penjuluran cytoplasm of the cell which forms the pseupodia (artificial feet).
There are various forms of pseupodia, a thick rounded and there was a thin
tapered.

8. 5
Pseupodia serves as the tool motion and scavenge for food, these
animals there are shells, for example, there are bare and Globigerina, e.g.
Amoeba proteus.
Picture 1.1 (Amoeba proteus)
Ameba in active locomotion. Arrows indicate the direction ofstreaming
endoplasm. The fi rst sign of a new pseudopodium is thickening of the
ectoplasm to form a clear hyaline cap, into which the fluid endoplasm fl
ows. As the endoplasm reaches the forward tip, it fountains out and is
converted into ectoplasm, forming a stiff outer tube that lengthens as the
forward fl ow continues. Posteriorly the ectoplasm is converted into fl uid
endoplasm, replenishing the flow. Substratum is necessary for ameboid
movement (Hickman, 2008).
Rhizopoda has no fixed form. The cytoplasm is composed of
endoplasm and ectoplasm. Plasma cells are Ektoplasma outer bordering of
the plasma membrane. Reticulum cell plasma is on the inside of the cell.
Ektoplasma is more viscous than the reticulum. The flow of the reticulum
and ektoplasma was instrumental in penjuluranpseupodia and withdrawal.
On the process of feeding, pseupodia surround food and food vacuoles form.
Inside the vacuoles food, food is digested. Substances in the digestive
vacuole results food food entered into the cytoplasm by diffusion. While the
rest of the food vacuole to the outside are secreted from the cell through the
plasma membrane (Kastawi, 2005).

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2. Flagellata
Flagellates are Flagellated (Latin, flagell = whip) or Mastigophora
(Greece, mastig = whip, phora = movement) move by using a feather or
flagellum whip. Most of the Flagellate has two flagellum. Layout of the
flagellum is at the back (posterior) cells, or cells on the front (anterior).
Flagellated breed asexually by binary fission, for example in
longitudinal Trypanosoma. There is a free-living flagellates in aqueous
environment, both freshwater and marine life, or parasites, symbiotes in the
animal's body. Symbiotes that live flagellates, for example campanula
Trichonympha lives in the intestines of termites and cockroaches wood.
This helps the flagellated termites or cockroaches digest the insect devoured
wood (Pipit,2008).
Flagellates (Mastigophora), the tool has a single flagellum (fur whip).
Move with flagella (fur whip) used also as a tool of the senses and the tools
to catch food. Distinguished into 2 (two), namely:
1. Flagellated autotrofik (berkloroplas), in photosynthetic organisms can.
Examples: Euglena viridis, Volvoxglobator, MilliarisNoctiluca.
Picture 2.1(Euglena viridis)
Euglena viridis. Features shown are a combination of those visible in
living and stained preparations (Hickman, 2008).
2. Refer to heterotrophic Flagellates (not berkloroplas). For Example:
Trypanosoma, Leishmania. Divided into two groups, namely:
1. The phytonagellata:
a. Euglena viridis (living beings between protozoa and algae), his
body resembles that of the spindle and shrouded by felicle.

10. 7
His size 35-60 microns, the tip tapered body with a feather whips,
this animal has a stigma (a red eye spots) that are used to
distinguish dark and light.
b. Volvax globator (living organism transition between protozoa with
algae have a generally body shape cyrcle, colonies composed of
thousands of one-celled animals that each have two flagella, each
cell has a nucleus, contractile vacuoles, chloroplasts and stigma.
c. Noctiluca millaris ((living in the sea and can emit light when
exposed to mechanical stimuli). Her body has one flagella, one
long and one short, can perform certain types of symbiosis with
algae.
2. The Zooflagellata, for example:
a. Trypanosoma
Cause American Trypanosomiasis desease : Infectious in
human and other mammals. Insect vectors of transmission through
blood suction Triatominebugs, donor/transplantation, via food
contaminated by parasites, parent to child.
-Trypanosomaevansi causes disease surra against: camels, horses,
donkeys, cows, goats, pigs, dogs, elephants, wild animals,
animal lab.
-vector (mechanical): Tabanus, Stomoxys, Haematopota, Lyperosia
- habitat: blood and lymph.
b. Leishmania
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliense
3. Ciliata
Ciliata (latin for, cilia small hair =) or Ciliphora (Greece, phora =
movement) move using Cilia (hairs vibrating). Also called infusoriaCiliata
(Latin infusion = pouring) because this animal is found also in the
wastewater or water stream. Cilia present on the entire surface of the cell or
only on specific parts. In addition to functioning Cilia to move, is also a tool
for eating.The Cilia help move food into the cytoplasm. The food

11. 8
accumulated in the cytoplasm will be continued into sitofaring (esophagus
cells). When full, the food has been going into the cytoplasm by forming
vacuoles food (Pipit, 2008).
The cells have another special Ciliata, i.e. have two nuclei;
makronukleus and mikronukleus. Makronukleus is larger than
mikronukleus. Makronukleus has the function of reproduction, namely on
the conjugation. Makronukleus (large nuclei) is also in charge of regulating
the metabolic activity, and a small nucleus or directing cell division
mikronukleus. trikokis also had a Ciliata function for self-defense from
enemy. Ciliata in aqueous environments non life, either fresh water or sea
water.Ciliata also live inside the body of another animal in a symbiotic or
parasitic. Ciliata free-living in nature e.g. Paramecium caudatum, Stentor,
Didinium, Vorticella, and Balantidium.
Picture 3.1(Paramecium caudatum)
Enlarged section of a contractilevacuole (water expulsion vesicle) of
Paramecium. Water is apparently collected by endoplasmic reticulum,
emptied into feeder canals and theninto the vesicle. The vesicle contractsto
empty its contents to the outside, thus serving as an osmoregulatory
organelle. Right, Paramecium, showing cytopharynx, food vacuoles, and
nuclei (Hickman, 2008).
Other types of live animals with the symbiotes grazing and functioning
of these animals help digest the cellulose in the grass. Only a few species of

12. 9
Ciliata living as parasites.One of Balantidium coli.Ciliata lived in livestock
or human colon and can cause diarrhea (balantidiosis). Reproduce asexually
Ciliata and sexual. Asexual reproduction by binary fission, i.e. longitudinal
(transversal). Sexual reproduction is performed with the conjugate
(Pipit,2008).
4. Sporozoa
All members of thephylumsporozoahave no means
ofmotionandbeparasites, the bodyformedsphericalorelliptical.
Sporozoahavecomplexorganellestoinvasinationhostso it canattachitself
toother individuals. Morphologyorcharacteristicsofsporozoa, namely: Do
not havethe toolmotion. Liveasparasitesin animalsandhumans. Her
bodyelliptical, body sizeonlya fewmicronsofa
collectiontropozoidBodyelongatedandsometimesanteriorfasteninghooksorfil
amentsaresimpletoattach themselves tothe
host.Onlyhaveonecorewithroundandovalshapes.The
movementperformedbythe contraction ofthe entirecell. Food
isabsorbedfromthe host. Respirationandexcretionis doneby means
ofdiffusion. Reproduction inasexually byfissionandoccursinthe human
bodycalledschyzogoni(schyzogami). Sexual reproductionby means
ofmeetingsandmakrogametmikrogametthat occursinthe mosquito
bodycalledsporogoni(sporogami).
2.5 The Classification Phylum Protozoa
1) Phylum Apicomplexa
Kingdom Protozoa
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Conoidasida
Order Eucoccidiorida
Suborder Eimeriorina
Family Cryptosporidiidae
Genus Cryptosporidium tyzzer, 1907
Species Cryptosporidium andersoni

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Cryptosporidium baileyi
Cryptosporidium muris
Cryptosporidium parvum
2) Phylum Ciliophora
Kingdom Protozoa
Phylum Ciliophora
Class Ciliatea
Subclass Rhabdophorina
Family Amphileptidae
Genus Amphileptus
Species Amphileptus longicollis
Amphileptus viridis
Amphileptus claperedei
Amphileptus fasciola
3) Phylum Protozoa
4) Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Kingdom Protozoa
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Kingdom Protozoa
Phylum Ciliophora
Class Ciliatea
Subclass Rhabdophorina
Family Amphileptidae
Genus Amphileptus
Species Amphileptus longicollis
Amphileptus viridis
Amphileptus claperedei
Amphileptus fasciola

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Subphylum Mastigophora – flagellated protozoans
Class Zoomastigophora
Order Trichomonadida
Family Monocercomonadidae
Genus Dientamoeba
Species Dientamoeba fraqilis
2.6 The Advantage and Disadvantage of Protozoa
Sporozoid have a complex organelle organelle-on one end (apex) on the
site devoted to penetrate cells and tissues of the host. His parasite in humans
and animals. Example: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae,
Plasmodium vivax. Some of the species life cycle past the sporozoa is
complicated and requires different hosts at this stage of his life. For
example, species of Plasmodium vivax malaria-causing agent requires two
hosts: Anopheles mosquitoes and humans (Sa’adah,2010).
Animal called berspora and does not have the tool motion, contractile
vacuole as it does not have the direct absorption of protoplasm, parasites in
animals and humans.
There are fourtypes ofPlasmodiumspeciesthatcausemalaria. Eachspecies
of Plasmodiumcausesymptomsseparately inthe body ofthe sufferer.
a. Plasmodiumvivax, amalaria-causingtersianathat isnotmalignant,
symptomsarechillsbody temperaturechanges every2days (48 hours).
b. Plasmodiumovale,causesovaletertianmalaria(spleen), withsymptoms
offeverlighter thantertian malariacaused byPlasmodiumvivax. With
a48-hour period ofsporulation. Butplasmodiumisnot foundinIndonesia.
InPlasmodiumvivaxPlasmodiumovaleandcanremainalivealthough
notactiveinthemalarialiver cellsfor months-evenmanymonths-years. As
a result, in the futuremalariacangrowagain.
c. Plasmodiummalariae, whichcausesmalariakuartanaarenotmalignant,
symptomschillsbody temperatureonceevery3 days(72 hours).

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d. Plasmodium falciparum, the cause ofmalariakuartana(tropical) that
aremalignant, symptomsof coldbody temperature, irregular heat(during
sporulation) can1-3X24hours
Name of Plasmodium Sporulation Name of Desease
Plasmodium vivax 48 hours Malariae tertiana
Plasmodium malarie 72 hours Malariae quartana
Plasmodium falciparum 36-48 hours Malariae tropica
Plasmodium ovale 48 hours Like as malariae tertiana,
but easier than malariae
tertiana
(Kastawi, 2005)
Role Protozoa :
1) Foraminifera sp. Forming a layer of soil as an indicator of petroleum
Globigerina.
2) Radiolarians sp. Forming a layer of soil radiolarians as scourer /
smoothing.
3) Diflugia sp. Embedding sand
Loss Protozoa :
1. Entamoebaginggivalis. Tooth decay and mouth ulcer.
2. Entamoebahystolytica (dysentery).
3. Leismaniadonovani (kalaazar disease in humans).
4. Leismaniatropica and Leismaniabrasiliensis (skin disease in humans).
5. Trypanosomaevansi (sura disease in cattle).
6. Trypanosomabrucei(disease nagana).
7. Trypanosomagambiense and Trypanosomarhodosiensis (sleeping sickness
in humans).
8. Trypanosomacruzii (Chagas disease in mice and insects).
9. Plasmodium sp.
a. Falcifarum plasmodium (malaria, tropical diseases, the sporulation 24
hours)
b. Plasmodium vivax (tertian malaria, sporulation period of 48 hours)

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c. Plasmodium malariae (malaria kuartana, sporulation past 72 hours)
Vector of Plasmodium sp is the female Anopheles mosquito

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CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
a. Phylum Protozoa are animals that his body is composed of a single cell
Protozoan.
b. Characteristic of phylum Protozoa is the animal’s body is composed of a
single cell, they live individually, they have many kinds of bacteri, and
they have flagel.
c. Physiology of protozoa is Motion, respiration, digestion, and
reproduction.
d. Classification of protozoa is rhizopoda, flagella, ciliata, sporozoa.
e. Protozoan disease causedHis parasite in humans and animals.
Example: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium
vivax. Some of the species life cycle past the sporozoa is complicated and
requires different hosts at this stage of his life.
3.2 Suggestion
In the practicum the student must be look the kinds of protozoa so the
student can be imagine and know the real of protozoa.

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REFERENCES
Hickman, dkk. 2008. Integrated Principles of ZOOLOGY. New York : McGraw-
Hill.
Kastawi, Yusuf. 2005.Zoologi Avertebrata. Malang : UM PRESS
Pitriana, Pipit. 2008. Bioekspo;Menjelajah Alam dengan Biologi. Solo : Wangsa
Jatra Lestari.
Pratiwi, D.A. 2004. Buku Penuntun Biologi SMA. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Sumiati, Sa’adah. 2010.Materi Pokok Zologi Invertebrata. Bandung
(http://www.e-jurnal.com/2013/04/pengertian-protozoa.html)