Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances , including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances , including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
This maybe of help for UG+PG Botany students studying mycology. It's about the general account of class Chytridiomycetes. Good for quick revision and information.
*Critics are very welcomed*
Organisms are classified by humans for convenience of reference. In the scheme of classification, mycologists may not give equal importance to the criteria available. And therefore, we find different schemes of classification
This video is about sexual reproduction in fungi. Sexual reproduction methods like Gametic copulation, Gamete-Gametangial copulation, Gametangial copulation, Somatic copulation and Spermatization are detailed well. Different sexual spores like ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores and oospores, their formation and properties are explained.
Aspergillus is commonly found in soil, with a saprophytic mode of nutrition, obtaining its nutrients from dead and decaying matter.The saprophytic nature of Aspergillus spp means they fully depend on environmental materials, which allows them to produce enzymes such as amylase that breaks down compounds into simple products that can be absorbed by the vegetative hyphae. food materials for utilization during reproduction and growth.
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdfaptelecom16999
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
This maybe of help for UG+PG Botany students studying mycology. It's about the general account of class Chytridiomycetes. Good for quick revision and information.
*Critics are very welcomed*
Organisms are classified by humans for convenience of reference. In the scheme of classification, mycologists may not give equal importance to the criteria available. And therefore, we find different schemes of classification
This video is about sexual reproduction in fungi. Sexual reproduction methods like Gametic copulation, Gamete-Gametangial copulation, Gametangial copulation, Somatic copulation and Spermatization are detailed well. Different sexual spores like ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores and oospores, their formation and properties are explained.
Aspergillus is commonly found in soil, with a saprophytic mode of nutrition, obtaining its nutrients from dead and decaying matter.The saprophytic nature of Aspergillus spp means they fully depend on environmental materials, which allows them to produce enzymes such as amylase that breaks down compounds into simple products that can be absorbed by the vegetative hyphae. food materials for utilization during reproduction and growth.
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdfaptelecom16999
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.
The word 'myco' is derived from the Greek word mýkēs meaning “mushroom, fungus”.
Heinrich Anton de Bary is the father of Mycology.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi.
Fungi are diverse and widespread.
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
This comprehensive data resolve the status of pupil IQ by several easiest note and standard reference sources will help to create their better onward environment regarding the National Education Policy 2020 From Karnataka University Dharwad India.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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Bioenergetics is an important domain in biology. This presentation has explored ATP production and its optimum utilization in biological systems along with certain theories and experiments to give a bird's eye view of this important issue.
This presentation offers the bird's eye view of the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It also addresses the origin of eukaryotic cells from the prokaryotic cell by the endosymbiotic theory.
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This presentation has been designed to give the foundation of taxonomy in general and Plant Taxonomy in particular as a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of the plant world.
Sex and sexuality are very common words in biology but para-sexuality is a little bit uncommon, several organisms in general and fungi in particular have the pleasure of sexuality to bring variations by beside sex. This PPT explores the beauty of para-sexuality for the academic fraternity.
Sex life in fungi is not less fascinating than in other organisms. Heterosexuality is a matter of pleasure to explore the diversity of sex in fungi along with its cause and consequences. You can find a pleasure to go through the content.
This PowerPoint wants to explore the bird's eye view of the reproduction of bacteria in general and the genetic recombination of bacteria in particular.
This presentation gives the bird's eye view of bacterial nutrition along with some other issues required to understand bacterial diversity as far as nutrition is concerned.
This presentation explores the food value of mushrooms along with the long-term and short-term storage procedures. It also offers a detailed account of the nutrients that remain present in the edible mushrooms.
If you want to explore the role of Cyanobacteria in soil fertility in general & Azolla-Anabena association in particular, you can visit this PowerPoint Presentation.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
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spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
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z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
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solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
1. MYCOLOGY
Welcome to Fungal World: General
Characteristics & Classification
By
N.Sannigrahi, Associate Professor
Department of Botany
Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
3. WHITAKER’S FIVE KINGDOM CONCEPT
Biodiversity of the world is an awesome treasure of knowledge in
general and biologists in particular. Attempts have been taken to
assess this hidden treasure Whitaker(1969) proposed that organisms
should be broadly divided into kingdoms, based on certain
characters like the structure of the cell, mode of nutrition, the source
of nutrition, interrelationship, body organization, and reproduction.
The kingdoms include:
Bacteria and Achaea are in the Kingdom Prokaryotae (or Monera)
Algae and protozoa are in the Kingdom Protista (organisms in this
kingdom are referred to as protists)
Fungi are in the Kingdom Fungi
Plants are in the Kingdom Plantae
Animals are in the Kingdom Animalia
4. WHAT IS FUNGI?
Heterotrophic, Multicellular and Eukaryotic organisms are
grouped under Kingdom Fungi.
May be unicellular or multicellular- septate or non-septate hyphae
Eukaryotic in nature with all cell organelles except chloroplastids
Their mode of nutrition is saprophytic as they use decaying
organic matter as food.
They have cell walls, which are made up of a substance called
Chitin.
Fungi also form a symbiotic association with some blue-green
algae; Lichen(Algae-Fungi) and Mycorrhizae (Root-Fungus
association)
Yeast, Mushroom, Aspergillus are examples of Fungi.
5. CHARACTERISTICS
1.Fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution i.e., they can grow in
any place where life is possible.
2. They are heterotrophic in nature due to the absence of
chlorophyll. On the basis of their mode of nutrition, they may
be parasite, saprophyte or symbionts.
3. The plant body may be unicellular (Synchytrium,
Saccharomyces) or filamentous (Mucor, Aspergillus). The
filament is known as hypha (plural, hyphae) and its entangled
mass is known as mycelium.
4. The hypha may be aseptate i.e., coenocytic (without septa
and containing many nuclei) or septate. The septate mycelium
in its cell may contain only one (monokaryotic), two
(dikaryotic) or more nuclei.
5. The septa between the cell may have different types of
pores: micropore (Geotrichum), simple pore (most of the
Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina) or dolipore
7. CHARACTERISTICS
The cells are surrounded by distinct cell wall (except slime
molds), composed of fungal cellulose i.e., chitin; but in
some lower fungi (members of Oomycetes), the cell wall is
composed of cellulose or glucan.
7. The cells generally contain colorless protoplasm due to
absence of chlorophyll, containing nucleus, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vesicle, micro bodies,
etc.
8. The cells are haploid, dikaryotic or diploid. The diploid
phase is ephemeral (short-lived).
9. In lower fungi like Mastigomycotina, the reproductive
cells (zoospores and gametes) may be uni or biflagellate,
having whiplash and/or tinsel type of flagella. But in higher
fungi like Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina
and Deuteromycotina, motile cells never form at any stage.
8. CHARACTERISTICS
In response to functional need, the fungal mycelia are modified into
different types such as: Plectenchyma, Stroma, Rhizomorph,
Sclerotium, Hyphal trap, Appresorium, Haustorium, etc.
The unicellular fungi, where entire plant body becomes converted
into reproductive unit, are known as holocarpic fungi (e.g.,
Synchytrium). However, in many others, only a part of the mycelial
plant body is converted into reproductive unit, thus they are called
eucarpic fungi (e.g., Pythium, Phytophthora).
They reproduce by three means: Vegetative, asexual and sexual.
(a) Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation (Mucor,
Penicillium, Fusarium), budding (Saccharomyces, Ustilago) and
fission (Saccharomyces).
(b) Asexual reproduction takes place by different types of spores.
These are zoospores (Synchytrium), conidia (Pythium, Aspergillus),
oidia (Rhizopus), chlamydospore (Fusarium), etc. The spores may
be unicellular (Aspergillus) or multicellular (Alternaria).
10. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction involves three subsequent
stages- Plasmogamy, Karyogamy & Meiosis
Fungi have monoecious mycelia being
homothallic & dioecious called heterothallic.
Fusion of sex cells by gametes borne in
gametangia.
Plasmogamy is the fusion of protoplasts to
produce dikaryon cells. It involves five processes-
A. Gametangial contact,
B. Gametangial copulation,
C. Spermatization,
D. Somatogamy,
E. Gametic union,
11. STEPS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Karyogamy is the union of the nuclei to form diploid
nucleus or a synkaryon. In lower group of fungi like
Phycomycetes karyogamy immediately follows
plasmogamy whereas the advanced members like
Ascomycetes and Basidiomyctes, it is delayed having a
long durable dikaryon stage and then karyogamy.
Meiosis is the last stage where the diploid nucleus
divides by meiosis and produce haploid spores called
meiospores that are the foundation of haploid mycelia
or thalli.
The life cycle is haplobiontic
The sexual reproduction of two types-Isogamous found
in the lower groups having the union of two
morphologically similar sex cells called isogametes.
13. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
In Olpidium, Catneria, the gametes are motile called
planogametes and fusion makes zygospores but in Rhizopus,
the mature gametangia fuses to form zygospores.
Heterogamous of two types-Anisogamous where two
morphologically dissimilar unite.
Oogamous types-the advanced type of sexual reproduction
where distinct gametangia for male(antheridium) and female
( Oogonium) forms. Both the gametes are non-motile. Very
often female ascogonium forms (Ascomycetes).
Other type like spermatization may take place.
Plasmogamy leads to dikaryotic secondary mycelium
formation,
After dikariotic mycelium(n+n), diplodization (2n) takes
place and then zygotic meiosis to form haploid spores(n)
16. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Google –open sources for images and information
Mycology & Phytopathology-B.K.Mishra
Botany for degree students: Fungi- Vasistha & Sinha
College Botany- Kar, Ganguly ----
A text book of Botany-Hait, Bhattacharya & Ghosh
Declaration:
This content has been uploaded only for the academic interest of
college students of India & aboard.
