This document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, including the basis for classification. It discusses the 11 phyla of animals and provides the key characteristics of each phylum, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Examples are given for representative species from each phylum. Classification is based on levels of organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, segmentation, and presence of a notochord. Key terms are defined, such as asexual and sexual reproduction, indirect and direct development, and closed
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
Top to bottom ANIMAL KINGDOM chapter from 11th biology textbook has been presented in power point slides to make the chapter easy to learn and understand.
Thanks to my biology teacher of Gulf Asian English School MRS.ALARMELU MAM.
It tells about the phylum porifera, ceolenerata, pltyhelminthes.......................................................................................................................!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Top to bottom ANIMAL KINGDOM chapter from 11th biology textbook has been presented in power point slides to make the chapter easy to learn and understand.
Thanks to my biology teacher of Gulf Asian English School MRS.ALARMELU MAM.
It tells about the phylum porifera, ceolenerata, pltyhelminthes.......................................................................................................................!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. BIOLOGY Instant Notes- for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27
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ZLGY-MM: XI 4. ANIMAL KINGDOM
The eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms (‘animals’ from animaL
= soul) lacking a cell wall is included in this kingdom.
Around 1.2 million animal species are classified into 11 phyla, according to some criteria for making taxonomic studies easier.
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
I-Levels of Organisation
4 levels (based on organization of cells):
a) Cellular level- The body is formed of loose cell aggregates.
b) Tissue level- Cells are arranged into tissues.
c) Organ level - Tissues are grouped to form organs.
d) Organ-system level -Organs have associated to form functional systems, carrying out a specific physiological function.
II-Body symmetry
It is the arrangement of similar body parts on the sides of the main axis of body.
Based on symmetry, animals are 2 types: Asymmetrical and Symmetrical.
a. Asymmetrical: Here, body cannot be divided into 2 similar halves through any
plane.
b. Symmetrical: Here, body can be divided into 2 similar halves. It is of 2 types.
Radial symmetry: Body can be divided into 2 similar halves by any plane along
central axis of body.
Bilateral symmetry: Body can be divided into 2 right and left halves through a
single plane along the longitudinal axis.
III- Germ Layer
These are layers of embryo from which all the body organs are formed. Based on the number of germ
layers, animals are 2 types-
a. Diploblastic animals: 2 germ layers at embryonic stage- outer ectoderm and inner endoderm. An
undifferentiated layer mesoglea, is present between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
b. Triploblastic animals: 3 germ layers- Outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm.
IV- Nature of coelom (Body cavity)
It is the space between body wall and gut wall (alimentary canal). On the basis of nature
of coelom animals are 3 types-
a. Coelomate: Here, the coelom arises from the mesoderm. Coelom is lined by peritoneal
layer and filled with coelomic fluid.
b. Pseudocoelomate: Here, blastocoel becomes the coelom. The mesoderm is present as
scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm.
c. Acoelomate: No coelom. The space between body wall and digestive cavity is filled
with matrix.
V-Presence of Metamerism (Segmentation)
In some animals, the body is formed of similar parts (segments or metameres). This segmentation is called metamerism.
VI- Presence of Notochord
It is a supporting rod formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called
chordates and those without notochord are called non-chordates.
Fundamental features of each phylum
N0.
Phylum Levels of
organization
Symmetry
Germ
layers
Coelom Segmentation
Noto-
chord
1 Porifera Cellular
Asymmetrical
/ Radial
Diploblastic Acoelomate
Absent
(Non-Chordata)
2 Cnidaria Tissue Radial “ “
3 Ctenophora “ “ “ “
4 Platyhelminthes Organ Bilateral Triploblastic “
5 Aschelminthes Organ-system “ “
Pseudo
coelomate
6 Annelida “ “ “ Coelomate Present
7 Arthropoda “ “ “ “ Present
8 Mollusca “ “ “ “
9 Echinodermata “ Radial “ “
10 Hemichordata “ Bilateral “ “
11 Chordata “ “ “ “
Present
(Internal)
Present
IUHSS
Parappur, Malappuram
2. BIOLOGY Instant Notes- for HSS LiVE.IN, by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27
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Features
Phylum
Habit and
habitat
Digestive system
Respiratory
system
Circulatory
system
Excretory
system
Nervous system Reproductive system Distinctive features Examples
Porifera
(Sponges)
5000 species
* Mostly marine (in
sea)
* Absent.
* Digestion is
intracellular.
* Canal system
gathers food.
Absent. Respiration
by canal system
Absent. Circulation
by canal system
Absent. Excretion
by canal system.
* Hermaphrodite.
* ARP by fragmentation.
* SRP by fertilisation of gametes
(sperms and ova).
* Fertilization internal.
* Development is indirect.
* Body-wall has numerous pores (ostia).
* Have Water transport or canal system.
* Spongocoel (body cavity) and canals are lined with
choanocytes (collar cells).
* Body is supported by spicules and spongin fibres.
1. Sycon (Scypha)
2. Spongilla (fresh water sponge)
3. Euspongia (Bath sponge)
Coelenterata
(Cnidaria)
9000 species
* Aquatic (mostly
marine).
* Sessile or free
swimming
* Incomplete.
* Intracellular and
extracellular
digestion.
* Polyp reproduces asexually
(budding) and medusa sexually.
* Tentacles with cnidoblasts (stinging cells).
* A central gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron)
with a single opening (mouth) on hypostome.
* Some ( e.g. corals) have a skeleton made up of
CaCO3.
* Have 2 kinds of body forms- Polyp & Medusa.
* Show alternation of generation.
1. Hydra
2. Obelia
3. Physalia (Portuguese man of war)
4. Aurelia (Jelly fish)
5. Adamsia (Sea anemone)
6. Pennatula (Sea pen)
7. Gorgonia (Sea fan)
8. Meandrina (Brain coral) etc.
Ctenophora
(Comb Jellies /
sea walnuts)
50 species
All are marine.
* Intracellular and
extracellular
digestion.
* Hermaphrodite
* Only SRP
* Fertilization external.
* Development is indirect.
* Locomotion is by 8 vertical external rows of
ciliated comb plates.
* Shows Bioluminescence.
1. Ctenoplana
2. Pleurobrachia
Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms)
13,000 species
Mostly
endoparasites.
Incomplete.
* Flame cells , also
for
osmoregulation.
* Hermaphrodite
* ARP (by fragmentation) and
SRP.
* Fertilization is internal.
* Development is indirect.
* Flattened body.
* Parasitic adaptations:
- Hooks and suckers are present.
- Absorb nutrients from the host through body
surface.
1. Taenia solium (Tape worm)
2. Fasciola (Liver fluke)
3. Planaria (shows high regeneration
capacity).
Aschelminthes
(Roundworms)
15,000 species
Free living, aquatic
and terrestrial or
parasitic in plants
and animals.
* Complete
alimentary canal
* Have muscular
pharynx
* Excretory tube
* Dioecious
* SRP
* Internal fertilization.
* Development is direct or
indirect.
* Body is circular in cross section.
* Females are longer than males
1. Ascaris (Roundworm)
2. Ancylostoma (Hookworm)
3. Wuchereria (Filarial worm)
Annelida
(Segmented worms)
9000 species
* Terrestrial, fresh
water or marine.
* Free living or
parasitic.
* Closed type
* Nephridia, also
for
osmoregulation.
* Paired ganglia
connected by
lateral nerves to
a double ventral
nerve cord.
* SRP.
* Earthworms & leeches are
monoecious.
- Neries is dioecious.
* Development is indirect.
* Segmented body.
* Possess longitudinal and circular muscles which
help in locomotion.
* Locomotory organs are setae (in earthworm) or
parapodia (in Neries).
1. Pheretima (Earthworm)
2. Hirudinaria (Blood sucking Leech)
3. Neries.
Arthropoda
(Joint-legged
animals)
9,00,000 species
* Terrestrial,
aquatic
Gills /
trachea/
book gills /
book lungs.
* Open type
* Malpighian
tubules
* Dioecious.
* Internal fertilization.
* Mostly oviparous.
* Development is direct or
indirect.
* Largest phylum.
* Jointed appendages.
* Body is covered by chitinous exoskeleton
* Body consists of:- Head, thorax & abdomen.
* Sensory organs (antennae, compound & simple
eyes, statocysts or balance organs) are present.
Economically important insects:
1. Apis, 2. Bombyx, 3. Laccifer.
Vectors:
Mosquitoes (4. Anopheles,
5. Culex & 6. Aedes).
Gregarious pest:-
7. Locusta.
Living fossil:
8. Limulus (King crab)
Mollusca
(Soft bodied
animals)
60,000 species
* Generaly aquatic.
Few are
terrestrial.
* Complete and well
developed.
* The mouth contain a
file like rasping
organ for feeding
called radula.
* Gills
( In mantle cavity,
Feather-like)
* Gills
* Dioecious.
* Oviparous.
* Development indirect.
* Second largest phylum.
* Body has head, visceral hump & muscular foot.
* Head region has sensory tentacles.
* Body is covered with calcareous shell.
* Mantle seen.
1. Pila (Apple Snail)
2. Pinctada (Pearl Oyster)
3. Sepia (Cuttlefish)
4. Loligo (Squid)
5. Octopus (Devil fish)
6. Aplysia (Sea Hare)
7. Dentalium (Tusk shell)
8. Chaetopleura (Chiton)
Echinodermata
(Spiny skinned
animals)
6000 species
* All are marine.
* Complete.
* Mouth on the lower
side and anus on the
upper side.
* Absent
* Dioecious.
* Fertilization external.
* Development indirect (with free
swimming larva).
* Body is covered with spines for protection.
* Calcareous endoskeleton (ossicles) present.
* Symmetry:- Adults-radial, Larvae-bilateral.
* Water vascular system for locomotion,
respiration & food capture & transport.
1. Asterias (Starfish)
2. Echinus (Sea Urchin)
3. Antedon (Sea Lily)
4. Cucumaria (Sea Cucumber)
5. Ophiura (Brittle Star).
Hemichordata
90 species
* Marine Gills * Open type * Proboscis gland
* Dioecious.
* Fertilization external.
* Development is indirect.
* Worm-like body.
* Body composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar
and a long trunk.
1. Balanoglossus
2. Saccoglossus
Chordata
45,000 species
* Aquatic &
terrestrial
* Possess a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord
and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
NB: Print this page in A3 for comfortable reading Distinctive features of each phylum
5. BIOLOGY Instant Notes- for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
Important Terms (Table)
1) Water canal system (water transport): A system in sponges. Here, water enters through ostia in the body wall into a central cavity
(spongocoel), from where it goes out through osculum. Canal system is used for food gathering, gas exchange and removal of
wastes.
2) Intracellular digestion: Digestion that takes place inside the cell.
Extracellular digestion: Digestion that takes place outside the cell (sometimes, in alimentary canal). The products are then absorbed
into the cell.
3) ARP- Asexual reproduction, SRP- Sexual reproduction
4) Hermaphrodite/Monoecious: Male and female sex organs are seen in same individual.
Dioecious -Sexes are separate.
5) Indirect development: Development having one or many larval stages.
Direct development: Development without larval stage (the young ones resemble the adult).
6) Incomplete digestive system: The digestive system having only a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus.
Complete digestive system: The digestive system has two openings, mouth and anus.
7) Tentacles: Finger-like structures which surrounds the mouth of coelenterates. Used for food capture & defence.
8) Cnidoblasts (Cnidocytes or Stinging cells): These are certain ectodermal defensive cells with a capsule containing poisonous fluid.
Mainly found in the tentacles. Cnidoblast is used for anchorage, defense and to capture prey.
9) Polyp & Medusa: 2 types of body forms in cnidarians.
10) Alternation of generation (Metagenesis): This means asexual polyp generation alternates with sexual medusa generation. E.g. Obelia.
11) Bioluminescence: It is the property to emit light from the body.
Polyp Medusa
a. Tubular shape.
b. Attached form
c. Upwardly directed
mouth & tentacles.
d. Represents the
asexual stage
a. Umbrella shape
b. Free-swimming form
c. Downwardly directed
mouth & tentacles.
d. Represents the sexual
stage.
6. BIOLOGY Instant Notes- for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27
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12) Osmoregulation: Salt-water balance.
13) Flame cells: Excretory system in Aschelminthes:
Nephridia of Annelida: Malpighian tubules in arthropoda:
14) Open type circulatory system: Blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it.
Closed type circulatory system: Blood is circulated through a series of vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries).
15) Oviparous- Young ones are hatched from eggs.
Viviparous- Giving birth to young ones.
16) Mantle: The membrane which covers visceral hump (visceral mass) of molluscan. The mantle encloses a cavity called mantle cavity.
Mantle secretes the shell.
A hypothetical body plan of Molluscs
17) Radula: File-like rasping organ with transverse rows of teeth present in the mouth of molluscan.
18) Notochord- It is a flexible rod located in the mid dorsal line between the alimentary canal and the nerve cord in the embryo. Chordata
possesses a notochord at some time in the life.
19) Pharyngeal gill slits- In lower chordates and fishes, they persist throughout their life. In the higher chordates, it present only at
embryonic period (i.e., lost in the adult).
20) Poikilotherms/ Cold-blooded- Have no capacity to regulate body temperature. It alters along with environmental temperature.
Homoiotherms/ Warm blooded-
21) 2-chambered heart- 1 auricle & 1 ventricle.
3-chambered heart- 2 auricles & 1 ventricle.
4-chambered heart- 2 auricles & 2 ventricles.
23) Heterodont –Different types of teeth.
7. for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27
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Differences between Chordata and Non-chordata
Chordata Non-Chordata
Notochord is found in the embryonic stage
Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single
Pharyngeal gill slits present
Ventral heart
A post-anal tail is present
Absent
Ventral, solid and double
Absent
Dorsal heart (if present)
Absent
Classification of Chordata-
o Phylum chordata is divided into 3 subphyla according to the fate of the notochord.
They are:-
Classification of Vertebrates-
o Vertebrata has 2 divisions- Agnatha and Gnathostomata
Agnatha (Jawless):
Includes 1 class: Cyclostomata:
All are ectoparasites on some fishes.
Have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits(for respiration).
Have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws
No scales and paired fins.
Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
Circulation is of closed type.
Marine, but migrate for spawning to fresh water after spawning,
within a few days, they die their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to
the ocean.
Ex: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).
Protochordata Vertebrata
Urochordata (Tunicata) Cephalochordata
* Notochord present only in
larval tail
* Body is covered by test
made up of tunicin
* Exclusively marine
Ex: Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum
* Notochord from head to tail
region and is persistent
throughout the life
* Exclusively marine
Eg: Branchiostoma
(Amphioxus or Lancelet)
* Possess notochord during the embryonic
period. It is replaced by a cartilaginous or
bony vertebral column in the adult.
* Ventral muscular heart
* Kidneys for excretion & osmoregulation.
* Paired appendages which may be fins or limbs
8. for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27
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General outlook of different Classes – Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata (bears jaw): 2 super classes (Pisces & Tetrapoda)
Pisces (Fishes- bears fins): 2 classes Tetrapoda (bear limbs): 4 classes
Chondricthyes
600 species
Osteichthyes
25,000 species
Amphibia
3000 species
Reptilia
6000 species
Aves (Birds)
9000 species
Mammals
4000 species
All are marine
Streamlined body
Ventral mouth.
Predaceous with powerful jaws.
Teeth are modified placoid
scales which are backwardly
directed.
Skin with placoid scales
Endoskeleton is cartilaginous.
Gill slits without operculum.
No air bladder. So they have to
swim constantly to avoid
sinking.
2 chambered heart
Poikilotherms
Sexes are separate.
In males pelvic fins bear
claspers (copulatory organ).
Internal fertilization.
Many of them viviparous.
Both marine & fresh water.
Streamlined body
Terminal mouth.
Scales are Cycloid/ctenoid.
Bony endoskeleton.
4 pairs of gills covered by an
operculum on each side.
Air bladder for buoyancy.
2 chambered heart.
Poikilotherms
Sexes are separate.
Claspers absent.
External fertilisation
Mostly oviparous.
Development direct.
Aquatic & terrestrial
Body is divisible into head &trunk
2 pair of limbs.
Tail may present in some
Eyes have eye-lid.
A tympanum represents ear.
Moist skin without scales.
Respiration is by gills, lungs & skin
Alimentary canal, urinary &
reproductive tracts open into a
Cloaca which opens to exterior.
3-chambered heart.
Poikilotherms
Sexes are separate.
External fertilisation.
Oviparous.
Development is indirect.
Mostly terrestrial
Limbs- 2 pairs (if present).
Tympanum represents ear.
Dry &cornified skin,epidermal
scales / scutes.
Snakes and lizards shed their
scales as skin cast.
3-chambered heart
(4 in crocodiles)
Poikilotherms.
Sexes are seperate
Internal fertilisation.
Oviparous.
Development is direct.
Terrestrial
Possess beak.
Hind limbs have scales and are
modified for walking, swimming, or
clasping tree branches.
Flight adaptation
1- Forelimbs are modified into wings.
2- Presence of feathers.
3- Skin is dry without glands except
the oil gland at the base of the tail.
4- Bones are hollow & air-filled
(pneumatic).
Respiration by lungs. Air sacs
connected to lungs supplement
respiration.
Digestive tract with additional
chambers, the crop and gizzard.
4-chambered heart
Homoiotherms
Sexes are seperate
Internal Fertilisation.
Oviparous
Development is direct.
Terrestrial & few aquatic
2 pairs of limbs
Mammalian characters
a. Presence of mammary
glands (milk producing
glands).
b. Skin with hair.
c. External ear (Pinnae)
d. Heterodont
Respiration by lungs.
4-chambered heart.
Homoiotherms.
Sexes are separate.
Internal Fertilisation.
Viviparous (except Echidna
& Platypus-they are
oviparous).
Development is direct.
Examples
1. Scoliodon (Dog fish)
2. Pristis (Saw fish)
3. Carcharodon (Great white
shark)
4. Torpedo (Electric ray- have
electric organ).
5. Trygon (Sting ray)
Examples
Marine:
1. Exocoetus (flying fish)
2. Hippocampus (sea horse)
Fresh water:
3. Labeo (Rohu),
4. Catla (Katla),
5. Clarias (Magur),
Aquarium:
6. Betta (Fighting fish)
7. Pterophyllum (Angel fish)
Examples
1. Bufo (Toad)
2. Rana (Frog)
3. Hyla (Tree frog)
4. Salamandra (Salamander)
5. Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia)
Examples
1. Chelone (Turtle)
2. Testudo (Tortoise)
3. Chameleon (Tree lizard)
4. Calotes (Garden lizard)
5. Crocodilus (Crocodile)
6. Alligator
7. Hemidactylus (Wall lizard)
Poisonous snakes:
8. Naja (Cobra)
9. Bangarus (Krait)
10. Vipera (Viper)
Examples
1. Corvus (Crow)
2. Columba (Pigeon)
3. Psittacula (Parrot)
4. Struthio (Ostrich- flightless bird)
5. Pavo (Peacock)
6. Aptenodytes (Penguin)
7. Neophron (Vulture)
Examples
1. Ornithorhynchus (Platypus)
2. Macropus (Kangaroo)
3. Pteropus (flying fox)
4. Camelus (Camel)
5. Macaca (Monkey)
6. Rattus (Rat)
7. Canis (dog)
8. Felis(Cat)
9. Elephas(Elephant)
10. Equus (Horse)
11. Delphinus (Dolphin)
12. Balaenoptera (blue whale)
13. Panthera tigris (Tiger)
14. Panthera leo(lion)
Differences between chodrichthyes & osteichthyes
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