This is for FYBSc students of University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, studying in course one semester I.
For further query you may email at sudesh_rathod@yahoo.co.in
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its functionsana sana
This document discusses the five main types of taxonomic characters used to classify organisms: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. It provides examples of characters under each type, such as external features, anatomy, genetics, metabolism, behavior, habitat preferences, and geographic distributions. The document emphasizes that taxonomic characters should be evaluated together to properly identify and relate different species.
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal systemSoniaBajaj10
The document describes the internal structure and canal system of sponges. It discusses the key components of the canal system including incurrent canals, radial canals, and choanocytes. It describes the four main types of canal systems: Ascon, Sycon, Leucon, and Rhagon. The Ascon type has a simple structure with incurrent pores leading directly to the spongocoel. The Sycon type features incurrent and radial canals. The Leucon type has further folded chambers. The canal systems serve functions like nutrient acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal for the sponge.
This document discusses different types of taxonomic characters that can be used to distinguish between taxa. There are 5 main kinds of characters: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. Morphological characters include external features, internal structures, larval stages, and karyology. Physiological characters include growth rates and temperature tolerances. Ecological characters include habitat preferences, food sources, and host specificity. Ethological characters include behavioral traits like mating calls. Geographical characters include biogeographic patterns and whether populations are allopatric or sympatric. These various character types provide taxonomic information to differentiate between taxa.
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
There are several types of species recognized, including:
- Species, which are groups of similar organisms capable of reproduction;
- Semi-species, which are transitional between species and subspecies and have some but not all species attributes;
- Allopatric species, which are related species with non-overlapping geographical ranges, such as the Indian and African lions.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature articles 1-9Kishor6460
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) establishes standard rules for naming animals. It has been updated through various international conferences since the 1830s. The current 4th edition from 1999 contains 6 principles, 18 chapters, and 90 articles that govern scientific naming. Key principles include binominal nomenclature, priority, coordination, first reviser, homonymy, and typification. The code defines valid publication and establishes 1 January 1758 as the starting point of zoological nomenclature. Interpolated names and qualifying abbreviations are also addressed.
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its functionsana sana
This document discusses the five main types of taxonomic characters used to classify organisms: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. It provides examples of characters under each type, such as external features, anatomy, genetics, metabolism, behavior, habitat preferences, and geographic distributions. The document emphasizes that taxonomic characters should be evaluated together to properly identify and relate different species.
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal systemSoniaBajaj10
The document describes the internal structure and canal system of sponges. It discusses the key components of the canal system including incurrent canals, radial canals, and choanocytes. It describes the four main types of canal systems: Ascon, Sycon, Leucon, and Rhagon. The Ascon type has a simple structure with incurrent pores leading directly to the spongocoel. The Sycon type features incurrent and radial canals. The Leucon type has further folded chambers. The canal systems serve functions like nutrient acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal for the sponge.
This document discusses different types of taxonomic characters that can be used to distinguish between taxa. There are 5 main kinds of characters: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. Morphological characters include external features, internal structures, larval stages, and karyology. Physiological characters include growth rates and temperature tolerances. Ecological characters include habitat preferences, food sources, and host specificity. Ethological characters include behavioral traits like mating calls. Geographical characters include biogeographic patterns and whether populations are allopatric or sympatric. These various character types provide taxonomic information to differentiate between taxa.
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
There are several types of species recognized, including:
- Species, which are groups of similar organisms capable of reproduction;
- Semi-species, which are transitional between species and subspecies and have some but not all species attributes;
- Allopatric species, which are related species with non-overlapping geographical ranges, such as the Indian and African lions.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature articles 1-9Kishor6460
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) establishes standard rules for naming animals. It has been updated through various international conferences since the 1830s. The current 4th edition from 1999 contains 6 principles, 18 chapters, and 90 articles that govern scientific naming. Key principles include binominal nomenclature, priority, coordination, first reviser, homonymy, and typification. The code defines valid publication and establishes 1 January 1758 as the starting point of zoological nomenclature. Interpolated names and qualifying abbreviations are also addressed.
This document provides information about coral reefs and the process of coral reef formation. It defines coral reefs as underwater structures made of calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. It then describes the main type of fringing reef, noting that it is distinguished from barrier reefs and atolls by having a shallow backreef zone or none at all, and growing directly from the shoreline or extending hundreds of yards from shore with potential backreef areas.
This document discusses taxonomic characters which are attributes used to classify organisms based on similarities and differences. It covers the importance of characters in classification, their characteristics, types including morphological, physiological, behavioral, ecological and geographic. It also discusses the role of characters in modern taxonomy, character weighting, and inadmissible characters that are excluded from classification like meaningless, logically correlated, partially correlated and invariant characters.
Obelia is a colonial marine cnidarian that exists in both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. It has a branching structure made of hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza that support gastrozooids for feeding and gonozooids for asexual reproduction. Gonozooids bud numerous small medusae that detach and transition Obelia to its sexual medusa phase, where it reproduces sexually to complete its life cycle.
Classical and molecular taxonomic parameters, species concept, systematic gradation of animals, nomenclature, modern scheme of animal classification into sub-Kingdom, division, section, phyla and minor phyla
Taxonomic collection and identificationAftab Badshah
Biological collections are valuable for preserving extinct species and rare specimens. They allow researchers to verify original data and study specimens that are otherwise inaccessible. Effective collections involve sampling populations across species' ranges and variations, including larvae and parasites. Specimens are collected using various methods and preserved appropriately through methods like alcohol, stuffing, or formalin depending on the taxon. Proper long-term labeling with data like location, date, life stage, and collector is critical for research.
Historical resume of systematics by VISHAL BHOJYAWALVISHALGUPTA1111
This document provides a historical overview of the development of systematic classification in biology. Some of the key points covered include:
- Systematics has been practiced since ancient civilizations to categorize organisms.
- Early Indian scholars like Charaka and Susruta developed systems to classify plants and animals.
- Aristotle is considered the father of biological classification, studying taxonomy based on anatomy, habits and ecology.
- Linnaeus introduced the hierarchical system of classification that is still used today, with categories of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. He also established the binomial nomenclature system of naming species.
This document summarizes isolating mechanisms - factors that prevent gene exchange between populations. There are prezygotic mechanisms, which act before fertilization, including habitat isolation where species occupy different habitats, seasonal isolation with differences in breeding times, and behavioral isolation from variations in courtship displays. Postzygotic mechanisms occur after fertilization, such as gametic mortality where sperm are killed before reaching eggs, hybrid inviability where zygotes do not develop, and hybrid sterility where offspring are viable but infertile. Isolating mechanisms have a genetic basis and act together to maintain species boundaries where populations meet.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
The document discusses the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) which provides rules for formally naming animal species. It is published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and aims to ensure every animal has a unique and universally accepted scientific name. The ICZN has six main principles including binomial nomenclature, priority, coordination, and typification to determine the correct scientific name of animal taxa. It also outlines how names are structured at different taxonomic ranks from species to orders.
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
Malphigian tubules are excretory organs found in insects like cockroaches and crabs. They are located between the foregut and hindgut and excrete waste in the form of uric acid while also helping with osmoregulation. The tubules have a fine, sometimes coiled tubular structure consisting of three regions - a distal region that is small and contractile, a middle region that is the largest and contains two cell types, and a proximal region that drains pre-urine to the hindgut.
Protozoans exhibit a variety of locomotory methods including amoeboid movement using pseudopodia, swimming movement using flagella or cilia, gliding movement using contractile myonemes, and metabolic movement through changes in body shape. Locomotion allows protozoans to search for food, mates, shelter and escape from predators. The document discusses the structures and mechanisms involved in each type of locomotion.
Basic concepts in systamatics,taxonomy and phylogenetic treeBansari Patel
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biological systematics, taxonomy, and phylogeny. It discusses how systematics involves classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and representing these relationships visually with phylogenetic trees. Taxonomy is the naming and classification of organisms according to a standardized hierarchical system, from kingdom to species. Phylogenetics studies evolutionary histories and relationships between organisms through phylogenetic analysis methods that evaluate heritable traits under an evolutionary model to produce phylogenetic trees depicting these relationships.
Cytotaxonomy, And it's Procedure with special reference to evolution in primates.
This PPT is free for all..
Students can download it easily
It comprises of Cytotaxonomy, It's Procedure
And it's Significance with special reference to evolution in primates (Man and Chimpanzee).
For my Doc's, Material on Zoology..
Click on my website and download all Material easily..
Regards:
Ishtiyaq Mir
MSc Zoology
Kashmir,193201.
My specialization is on Biodiversity and Conservation, It's Management
Ecology and Environment
Invertebrates Diversity
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
This document discusses the taxonomic procedures for collecting, preserving, and identifying specimens. It outlines the key steps as collection, preservation, curetting, and identification. For collection, it describes various techniques like nets, traps, and digging. Preservation methods include wet preservation in formalin or alcohol and dry preservation for some specimens. Curetting involves cataloging and storing specimens. Identification determines the species of each organism based on morphology. The overall goal of these taxonomic procedures is to systematically classify organisms.
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
According to the Succession or Replace¬ment of Teeth:
This document provides information about taxonomic keys, which are tools used in taxonomy to identify unknown organisms. It defines taxonomic keys and their purpose of using diagnostic characteristics to lead to the identification of a species or genus. It then describes different types of single access keys, including dichotomous, bracket, indented, serial, and grouped keys. It also discusses multi-access keys and styles of presenting keys, as well as advantages and disadvantages of using taxonomic keys.
This document provides an overview of several phyla within the kingdom Animalia. It begins by describing key characteristics of multicellular animals (Metazoa) including multicellularity, mobility, collagen possession, and heterotrophic feeding. It then summarizes important traits of sponges (Porifera), including their lack of tissues and organs and water canal systems. It also briefly outlines cnidarians, ctenophores, bilateral animals, and several protostome and pseudocoelomate phyla.
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms into taxonomic groups from the broadest domains down to specific species. It covers the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and modifications made by Woese. Key details are provided on classification within the plant and animal kingdoms, describing distinguishing characteristics of major groups like thallophytes, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, porifera, coelenterates, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, protochordates, and verte
This document provides information about coral reefs and the process of coral reef formation. It defines coral reefs as underwater structures made of calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. It then describes the main type of fringing reef, noting that it is distinguished from barrier reefs and atolls by having a shallow backreef zone or none at all, and growing directly from the shoreline or extending hundreds of yards from shore with potential backreef areas.
This document discusses taxonomic characters which are attributes used to classify organisms based on similarities and differences. It covers the importance of characters in classification, their characteristics, types including morphological, physiological, behavioral, ecological and geographic. It also discusses the role of characters in modern taxonomy, character weighting, and inadmissible characters that are excluded from classification like meaningless, logically correlated, partially correlated and invariant characters.
Obelia is a colonial marine cnidarian that exists in both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. It has a branching structure made of hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza that support gastrozooids for feeding and gonozooids for asexual reproduction. Gonozooids bud numerous small medusae that detach and transition Obelia to its sexual medusa phase, where it reproduces sexually to complete its life cycle.
Classical and molecular taxonomic parameters, species concept, systematic gradation of animals, nomenclature, modern scheme of animal classification into sub-Kingdom, division, section, phyla and minor phyla
Taxonomic collection and identificationAftab Badshah
Biological collections are valuable for preserving extinct species and rare specimens. They allow researchers to verify original data and study specimens that are otherwise inaccessible. Effective collections involve sampling populations across species' ranges and variations, including larvae and parasites. Specimens are collected using various methods and preserved appropriately through methods like alcohol, stuffing, or formalin depending on the taxon. Proper long-term labeling with data like location, date, life stage, and collector is critical for research.
Historical resume of systematics by VISHAL BHOJYAWALVISHALGUPTA1111
This document provides a historical overview of the development of systematic classification in biology. Some of the key points covered include:
- Systematics has been practiced since ancient civilizations to categorize organisms.
- Early Indian scholars like Charaka and Susruta developed systems to classify plants and animals.
- Aristotle is considered the father of biological classification, studying taxonomy based on anatomy, habits and ecology.
- Linnaeus introduced the hierarchical system of classification that is still used today, with categories of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. He also established the binomial nomenclature system of naming species.
This document summarizes isolating mechanisms - factors that prevent gene exchange between populations. There are prezygotic mechanisms, which act before fertilization, including habitat isolation where species occupy different habitats, seasonal isolation with differences in breeding times, and behavioral isolation from variations in courtship displays. Postzygotic mechanisms occur after fertilization, such as gametic mortality where sperm are killed before reaching eggs, hybrid inviability where zygotes do not develop, and hybrid sterility where offspring are viable but infertile. Isolating mechanisms have a genetic basis and act together to maintain species boundaries where populations meet.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
The document discusses the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) which provides rules for formally naming animal species. It is published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and aims to ensure every animal has a unique and universally accepted scientific name. The ICZN has six main principles including binomial nomenclature, priority, coordination, and typification to determine the correct scientific name of animal taxa. It also outlines how names are structured at different taxonomic ranks from species to orders.
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
Malphigian tubules are excretory organs found in insects like cockroaches and crabs. They are located between the foregut and hindgut and excrete waste in the form of uric acid while also helping with osmoregulation. The tubules have a fine, sometimes coiled tubular structure consisting of three regions - a distal region that is small and contractile, a middle region that is the largest and contains two cell types, and a proximal region that drains pre-urine to the hindgut.
Protozoans exhibit a variety of locomotory methods including amoeboid movement using pseudopodia, swimming movement using flagella or cilia, gliding movement using contractile myonemes, and metabolic movement through changes in body shape. Locomotion allows protozoans to search for food, mates, shelter and escape from predators. The document discusses the structures and mechanisms involved in each type of locomotion.
Basic concepts in systamatics,taxonomy and phylogenetic treeBansari Patel
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biological systematics, taxonomy, and phylogeny. It discusses how systematics involves classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and representing these relationships visually with phylogenetic trees. Taxonomy is the naming and classification of organisms according to a standardized hierarchical system, from kingdom to species. Phylogenetics studies evolutionary histories and relationships between organisms through phylogenetic analysis methods that evaluate heritable traits under an evolutionary model to produce phylogenetic trees depicting these relationships.
Cytotaxonomy, And it's Procedure with special reference to evolution in primates.
This PPT is free for all..
Students can download it easily
It comprises of Cytotaxonomy, It's Procedure
And it's Significance with special reference to evolution in primates (Man and Chimpanzee).
For my Doc's, Material on Zoology..
Click on my website and download all Material easily..
Regards:
Ishtiyaq Mir
MSc Zoology
Kashmir,193201.
My specialization is on Biodiversity and Conservation, It's Management
Ecology and Environment
Invertebrates Diversity
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
This document discusses the taxonomic procedures for collecting, preserving, and identifying specimens. It outlines the key steps as collection, preservation, curetting, and identification. For collection, it describes various techniques like nets, traps, and digging. Preservation methods include wet preservation in formalin or alcohol and dry preservation for some specimens. Curetting involves cataloging and storing specimens. Identification determines the species of each organism based on morphology. The overall goal of these taxonomic procedures is to systematically classify organisms.
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
According to the Succession or Replace¬ment of Teeth:
This document provides information about taxonomic keys, which are tools used in taxonomy to identify unknown organisms. It defines taxonomic keys and their purpose of using diagnostic characteristics to lead to the identification of a species or genus. It then describes different types of single access keys, including dichotomous, bracket, indented, serial, and grouped keys. It also discusses multi-access keys and styles of presenting keys, as well as advantages and disadvantages of using taxonomic keys.
This document provides an overview of several phyla within the kingdom Animalia. It begins by describing key characteristics of multicellular animals (Metazoa) including multicellularity, mobility, collagen possession, and heterotrophic feeding. It then summarizes important traits of sponges (Porifera), including their lack of tissues and organs and water canal systems. It also briefly outlines cnidarians, ctenophores, bilateral animals, and several protostome and pseudocoelomate phyla.
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
This document discusses the classification of living organisms into taxonomic groups from the broadest domains down to specific species. It covers the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and modifications made by Woese. Key details are provided on classification within the plant and animal kingdoms, describing distinguishing characteristics of major groups like thallophytes, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, porifera, coelenterates, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, protochordates, and verte
This document summarizes key characteristics of animals. It discusses that animals are heterotrophs that move to find food which is digested inside the body. Animals are also multicellular and diploid, and almost all reproduce sexually. During embryonic development, the zygote forms a blastula and then three germ layers that give rise to tissues and organ systems. Animals display a variety of body plans ranging from radial to bilateral symmetry.
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics used to classify members of the animal kingdom, including their:
1) Level of organization (cellular to organ system);
2) Symmetry (asymmetrical, radial, bilateral);
3) Embryonic germ layers (diploblastic, triploblastic);
4) Presence of coelom or pseudocoelom;
5) Segmentation and metamerism in some animals;
6) Presence or absence of a notochord in chordates.
The types of digestive and circulatory systems are also discussed.
The document summarizes key characteristics and evolutionary trends of the animal kingdom. It describes six major characteristics of animals including being multicellular, heterotrophs, diploid, motile, having embryonic development, and lacking cell walls. It then discusses major evolutionary trends including increasing tissue complexity, symmetry, presence of gut/body cavities, and whether organisms are protostomes or deuterostomes. The document concludes by classifying the major phyla in the kingdom Animalia.
This document provides an overview of animal classification. It discusses that animals are classified based on fundamental features like cell arrangement, body symmetry, presence of coelom, and patterns of organ systems. The key levels of organization from cellular to organ systems are described. Important characteristics used for classification, like symmetry, diploblastic/triploblastic nature, presence of coelom, segmentation, and notochord, are defined. Finally, the major animal phyla are introduced, with 1-2 defining features provided for each.
This document provides an overview of invertebrate animals, describing their main characteristics and classifying them into six groups: porifera, cnidaria, worms, molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms. It outlines key features of each group, including their anatomy, habitat, reproduction methods, and examples. The objectives are to learn about invertebrate characteristics, their main groups, and how they differ from one another.
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It covers the key characteristics used for classification, including level of organization, symmetry, germ layer, coelom, segmentation, and notochord. It provides examples of different phyla to illustrate each characteristic, such as sponges exhibiting a cellular level of organization and echinoderms and chordates exhibiting an organ system level. The basis of classification establishes a framework for understanding the diversity of life in the animal kingdom.
Protists and animals share some characteristics. Protists are classified into three main groups - plantlike, animal-like, and funguslike - based on their traits. Plantlike protists, called algae, contain chlorophyll and can photosynthesize. They include diverse organisms like diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, red algae, green algae, and brown algae. Algae are a primary food source in aquatic ecosystems and are important in producing oxygen.
This document provides information about animal classification and systems in the 9th grade science curriculum. It begins by defining zoology as the study of animals and describing key differences between animals and plants. The rest of the document is divided into four sections: 1) animal systems, 2) animal classification, 3) protozoa as a type of one-celled animal, and 4) sponges. It provides descriptions of different animal body systems and how animals are classified based on their cells, tissues, organs, and phylogeny. Examples are given of protozoan and sponge anatomy and systems.
Living things, the cell and the 5 kingdomsisamadero79
This document outlines the key characteristics that define living things and describes their internal organization and classification. It explains that all living things share seven main characteristics - movement, reproduction, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, respiration, and growth. These are often remembered using the mnemonic "MRS NERG". The document also describes the hierarchical organization of living things from cells to tissues to organs to systems and organisms. Finally, it categorizes all living things into five kingdoms - bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals - providing examples of each.
The document discusses classification systems used to organize living things into taxonomic groups based on similarities and evolutionary relationships. It describes the five-kingdom system and binomial naming convention. Key groups covered include animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses. Characteristics used to classify vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are also outlined.
The document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It describes how animals are classified based on their level of organization (cellular vs multicellular), symmetry (radial vs bilateral), germ layers (diploblastic vs triploblastic), presence of coelom, and presence of a notochord. The key groups discussed include sponges, cnidarians, platyhelminths, aschelminths, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates. Binomial nomenclature with genus and species names is also introduced.
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system of life proposed by R.H. Whittaker. It describes the five kingdoms as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes. Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are multicellular organisms that cannot produce their own food. Plantae are multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis. Animalia includes all multicellular animals.
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system of life proposed by R.H. Whittaker. It divides life into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes. Protista consists of unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are multicellular organisms that cannot produce their own food. Plantae includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms. Animalia includes multicellular organisms that consume other organisms for food.
Animals are made of cells that form tissues and organs. They obtain food by eating other organisms as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. Most animals reproduce sexually but some can reproduce asexually. There are three main types of food eaters: carnivores which eat meat, herbivores which eat plants, and omnivores which eat both plants and meat. Animals have either bilateral or radial symmetry and are divided into several phyla based on their characteristics. Some of the main phyla discussed include porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora, and platyhelminthes.
This document provides an overview of key biology concepts covered in IGCSE Biology. It discusses the seven characteristics of living things: movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition. It also covers cell structure, including differences between plant and animal cells. Additionally, it summarizes the five kingdoms of classification (Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plants, Animals) and mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, such as diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
This document discusses meristematic tissue in plants. It begins by defining meristematic tissue as a group of cells that remain in a continuous state of division and growth. It then lists the key characteristics of meristematic cells, such as being immature, thin-walled, and having abundant cytoplasm and nuclei. The document goes on to explain that meristems allow for continuous growth throughout a plant's life, unlike in animals where growth stops once adult size is reached. It classifies meristems based on development stage, origin, position in the plant, and function. Apical, intercalary, and lateral meristems are described based on their position. The role of meristems in primary and secondary
Diversity IN Living Organisms Class 9 Biology (1).pptxMaxiHalim
This document provides information on classifying living organisms. It discusses the five kingdoms of life proposed by Whitaker: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized based on cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. Within kingdoms, organisms are further classified into taxa such as phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Examples of different phyla are described for plants, fungi, protists, animals, including their key distinguishing characteristics. The document also covers classification of seed plants and discusses characteristics of major groups like porifera, cnidaria, nematodes, annelids, and arthropods.
Cellular processes occur within distinct regions or compartments of cells and interact with each other. Each compartment functions with other parts to create specialized cellular machines. Multicellular organisms have different levels of organization, from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems, with cells becoming dependent on each other. The basic characteristics of life include being made of cells, having different levels of organization, using energy, responding to the environment, growing, reproducing, and adapting.
This patent application is for a herbal topical composition to treat acne vulgaris. It contains an effective combination of chitosan nanoparticles and an alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia. A skin cream is prepared from this combination along with pharmaceutical excipients. Testing showed this composition effectively inhibits Propionibacterium acnes in amounts needed to treat acne. The ratios of chitosan nanoparticles and Tinospora cordifolia extract providing this inhibition were determined.
This patent application publication describes an eco-friendly and economical method for large-scale manufacturing of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles using an extract of lac. The application was filed on February 6, 2017 by 12 inventors including Mr. Nitin Prakash Koche, Dr. Kantilal Hiralal Nagare, and Dr. Dinesh Daujirao Wanule. The application contains 9 pages, 6 claims, and describes using an extract of lac to manufacture iron and iron oxide nanoparticles on a large scale in an eco-friendly and economical manner.
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) was founded by former Prime minister Indira Gandhi to save tiger. This body promotes the conservation on the basis of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
Project tiger was launched in 1973. Initially 9 suitable habitats were selected later it increased to 47.
Objective was to conserve forest and biodiversity, through intensified protection; conservational development and strengthening research activities
India has diverse biomes like tropical rain forest (jungles), alpine forest, desert, marsh land, islands, deltas, savannas, scrub lands etc.
Wildlife of India has been gifted by very diverse flora and fauna.
It is our prime duty to conserve and sustain it for forthcoming generations.
World is loosing one species everyday.
Science means ‘to know’.
To gain knowledge through the mode of thinking and experimenting with reasoning.
Ideas are tested and hypotheses are set and finally the concept is accepted or rejected.
Person involved in these activities is known as ‘scientist’.
Chordata is an assemblage of heterogeneous animals which differ widely in their characteristics but have a few common features like they have notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits and post-anal tail. The notochord is a cartilaginous skeletal rod present at some stage in their life cycle. Nerve cord is mid-dorsally placed and is hollow containing axial nerve canal. Pharynx is perforated containing several gill slits primarily were used for filter feeding but later evolved as respiratory in function in aquatic forms.However, in terrestrial forms they disappear in adults but are occurred in embryonic stages. The body extends beyond anal terminal to give rise to a balancing or important part in locomotion called as tail.
A hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull is the superstructure and/or deckhouse, where present. The line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline.
The gunwale is a nautical term describing the top edge of the side of a boat.
The bow is a nautical term for the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway.
The opposite to the bow of boat is called the stern.
A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull, which forms the 'roof' for the hull, which both strengthens the hull and serves as the primary working surface.
The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall, vertical or near vertical spar, or arrangement of spars, which supports the sails.
Organisms in the water, especially saltwater, attach to slick surfaces like a boat's hull. It doesn't take long for a boat hull to become slimy with algae. Algae pave the way for adherence of other organisms. The general term for organism on a boat hull is fouling. Fouling makes boats drag, use more fuel and harder to maneuver. Invasive organisms spread by hitching a ride on the underside of a boat. Common marine foulers include barnacles, algae, shellfish, tunicates, ship-
worms, gribbles etc.
Wood borers are highly specialised animals which penetrate wooden structures such as boats, wharves, jetties, driftwood and even living mangrove trees. Many can digest the wood owing to cellulose-digesting bacteria or protozoa living in their guts. Only a few species can actually produce their own cellulose-digesting enzymes (cellulases).Wood borers are insects that chew their way into the solid trunk of a living tree or into a wooden structure, such as an old boat or house. Healthy trees are rarely attacked by wood borers, but a diseased or dying specimen can often host these kinds of invaders. The same goes for old houses and boats, where rain-soaked or rotten wood is more susceptible to invasion.
Temperature, light, Oxygen, salinity, pH are important marine factors which impact the major life and physical properties of the oceans. These factors make the marine environment a dynamic entity and otherwise impacting on the terrestrial ecosystems too.
Gill net
Trawl
Purse seine net
Hooks and lines
TED (turtle exclusion devices)
Non-conventional fishing methods:
light fishing; hose pipe fishing; electric fishing.
Pelagic (surface/open ocean) gillnets are systems of netting with highly specific mesh sizes. Gillnets as long as 2.5km, are placed vertically in the water column with the use of buoys and weights. These nets may be anchored or allowed to drift with prevailing currents, intercepting migrating sharks and fishes such as tuna and mackeral. Large fish become entangled or gilled in the net (commonly around the gills), whilst smaller fish are able to pass through the designated mesh size.
This article includes Basics classification like binomial nomenclature, Taxa hierarchic, Five kingdoms of Robert H. Whittaker, Levels of Organization, and Classificationa and features of Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata
Temperature as ecological factor its impact on animal life.
Animals can tolerate temp. from -10 to 50 ⁰C
Praying mantis can survive at 62 ⁰C whereas certain bacteria can live at 90 ⁰C.
Animals tolerating diff. range of temperature.
Stenothermal and eurythermal organisms.
Enzymatic activity are controlled by certain temp ranges. E.g. Human 30 to 40 ⁰C.
Reproduction is controlled by temperature
Activities are controlled by temp. hibernation, aestivation and migration.
Morning lower temp. make animals sluggish.
Animals are distributed according to temp. tolerance in terrestrial and aquatic body (thermocline).
Visible light – Photosynthesis
Infra red light – Warmth of earth at high altitudes
Ultraviolet light – Ionosphere (Ozone layer)
Light reaching earth depends on angle of incidence, altitude, latitude, season, clouds, fog, suspended particles, dust, water drops, smog (pollution) and time of day.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Conservation involves maintenance of the natural environment of man including the infinite resources of air, water, soil and life forms. Conversation also involves the collective responsibility of governments, private organizations, industries and individuals and the setting aside of funds, finances for ecological research and execution of conservation projects.
Fundamentals of Aquarium Setting for Beginners. Historic
Social
Aesthetic and ornamental
Meditating
Commercial
Educational, Scientific and Research
Setting up of aquarium
Maintenance of aquarium
Accessories required
Decorative used
Types of fish
Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Val., 1837) is a mudskipper species inhabiting, in abundance on the intertidal
mudflats occurred on either banks of Ulhas River estuary. The present study scan and focal sampling method
implied to record the lagged immergence of B. dussumieri on the surface during ebb-tide. The study revealed
direct correlation with the declining water level and rate of exposure of the mudflat during the ebb-tide
occurred at Kolshet creek along the west bank of the Ulhas River estuary. PCO obtained with Euclidean
distance matrix represented 100% ordination of the samples depicting that the level of water defined the rate of
surficial emergence of individuals.
More from Dr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science (20)
Surficial emergence of boleophthalmus dussumieri sdr
Levels of organization
1. Course I: First semester
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Levels of organizations are important in animal classification.
2. Different characters such as cellularity, symmetry, germ layers, segmentation,
cephalization etc. Different levels of organization are used to place animals in either;
lower or higher categories or groups called as Taxa.
3. The Taxa such as phylum, class, order, family, genus and species are of descending
order.
I. Unicellularity vs. Multicellularity:
Sr. Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms
No.
1. They are single celled Many celled
2. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Only eukaryotic
3. Protoplasmic grade organization Cellular, tissue and organ level organization
4. Single cell performs all function of life Single cell can’t perform all function of life.
as metabolism, growth and reproduction
5. Example: Protozoans Example: Poriferans to Vertebrates
II. Colonization:
1. Colony means an aggregation of the similar type of individuals.
2. When individuals are identical in a colony then it is called as monomorphic colony
e.g. Volvox colony.
3. In some colonies the individuals are of different structures known as polymorphic
colony e.g. Physalia colony.
Volvox colony. Physalia colony.
When there is a physiological connection between the members of the colony then it is
called as a true colony e.g. Volvox, sponges etc.
III. Organization of Germ Layers: Diploblastic and
triploblastic organisms
1. In Multicellular organisms at the time of formation
of embryo the zygote undergoes cellular division
called as cleavage.
2. Further multiplication of the cells forms a hollow
single layered blastula.
3. Blastula then invaginates to give rise to double
layered gastrula. The outer germ layer is known
1
Prof. S. D. Rathod Copy No. I
2. Course I: First semester
as ectoderm and the inner one called endoderm.
4. When animals develop from such double layered
gastrula are known as diploblastic organisms.
5. All lower organisms are diploblastic in nature.
6. In higher animals the gastrula develops an additional
layer between the ectoderm and endoderm called as
mesoderm.
7. Thus they are made up of three germ layers called as
triploblastic organisms.
Triploblastic body plan
IV. Development of Coelom:
1. Coelom is a body cavity.
2. It is developed in triploblastic animals. In very
lower triploblastic organisms there is no body
cavity developed therefore they are called as
acolomates. E.g. Planaria.
3. In sac worms the cavity which is developed is not
lined by mesodermal lining called as
pseudocoelomate condition. E.g. Ascaris.
4. In higher animals the Coelom is lined by
mesodermal lining called as peritoneum and
These are called as coelomates e.g. earthworm,
frog, lizard, man etc.
Gut
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
V. Symmetry:
1. Organisms have basically three types of body symmetry namely 1) Asymmetry; 2) Radial
symmetry and 3) Bilateral symmetry.
2. Asymmetry: the animals having body which never divides into two equal halves on any
plane of their body are asymmetrical animals. E.g. the lower animals like Amoeba, and
sponges.
3. Radial symmetry: the animals whose body can be divided into two equal halves which are
mirror image of each other when cut along any radial plane of body are called as radially
symmetrical animals.
2
Prof. S. D. Rathod Copy No. I
3. Course I: First semester
4. Bilateral symmetry: the animals whose body is divisible into two identical halves which are
mirror image of each other are known as bilaterally symmetrical animals.
5. But the body is divisible along only a single plane.
Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry
VI. Segmentation:
1. Animal body may be divided or not.
2. When body is divided horizontally into
segments is called as segmentation.
3. A segment is called as mere.
4. The segment may be true or false types.
5. False segments are superficial, incomplete and
non-identical. Phenomenon of false
segmentation is called as pseudo-segmentation
e.g. tapeworm.
6. True segments are typical, complete and
identical.
7. Each true segment contains part of all the
systems like reproductive, digestive, excretory,
circulatory, nervous etc. and internally divided
by septa.
8. Phenomenon of true segmentation is called as
metamerism e.g. earthworm to vertebrates.
3
Prof. S. D. Rathod Copy No. I
4. Course I: First semester
VII. Cephalization:
1. Cephalization means development of head.
2. In higher animals all important sensory organs are concentrated towards anterior side as
they are highly active.
3. Active animals move, run, find food, capture prey or attack enemy antriorwards. Therefore
they require the sensory organs to locate the objects, enemy, food, or prey which are
accumulated at anterior part of the body called as head.
4. Head is movable, capable of attacking or capturing prey, eating food, smelling odors or
looking for danger.
5. Head contains sensory organs like eyes, antennae, mouth, nose, ears etc. to perform above
functions. In higher animals like insects have head which is basically made up of six
segments.
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Beetle
4
Prof. S. D. Rathod Copy No. I