Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
Abstract: Different kinds of fishing gears used along the Ulhas River estuary (URE) were studied for their make and methods of operation. Most of the gears were designed indigenously to suit the availability of the amenable fishery species. The overall chronospatial pattern of frequency of gears operation was obtained using PRIMER v6 software. The use of gears was most frequent and diverse towards the lower reaches of the estuary. Late post-monsoon season was the most affluent in gear frequency. The important fishing methods used along the URE was ‘vana’ (barrier net), ‘busa’ (surface gill-net), ‘dol’ (stationary bag net) and ‘malli’ (basin method for capturing mudskippers on mud-flats). The fishing was carried for subsistence or artisanal levels at major while commercial fishing was highly reduced in URE. The reduced mesh sizes of the ambient gears portray the size of the species sought which depicted the threatening status of overall condition of fisheries in URE and requires a special attention for its rejuvenation.
Book chapter on fish by Ankita (kinka) MitraAbhijit Mitra
This document analyzes the condition factor of 14 commercially important fish species collected from two estuaries in the lower Gangetic delta region of India - the Hooghly estuary and Matla estuary. The Hooghly estuary has lower salinity due to freshwater discharge, while the Matla estuary is hyper saline with no freshwater input. Condition factors were higher for all fish species collected from the Hooghly estuary, indicating that higher salinity adversely affects fish growth and condition. Long-term changes in salinity due to climate change and other factors could significantly impact the fisheries of this region.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document provides an overview of hydropower development in the Mekong River basin and the role of strategic environmental assessments (SEAs). It describes the importance of the Mekong River ecosystem for biodiversity and livelihoods. Hydropower development since 1960 has increased, with plans for 12 mainstem dams by 2030 that could transform over half the river. While these dams may provide economic benefits, they are also expected to negatively impact fisheries and agriculture in critical ways. Effective SEAs are needed to better understand these tradeoffs and inform sustainable development.
1) The document summarizes key baseline findings from an environmental study of the Lancang-Mekong River, including descriptions of three zones along the river with differing geomorphological characteristics.
2) Major findings include the identification of deep pools that are dry season fish habitats, changes to hydrology and sediment levels from Chinese dams, declines in the status of aquatic ecology indicators, and high fish diversity including endangered species that use deep pools.
3) Key drivers of environmental changes in the region include dams in the upper Mekong, land use changes, development activities, and increased pressures from activities like fishing, hunting, and agriculture.
By Md. Rezaul Hasan, Md. Shamsuddin, Md. Sohel Masud, Dr. AFM Afzal Hossain (Institute of Water Modelling)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
The document discusses the Indus River watershed and the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. It provides background on the watershed and then summarizes the key points of the treaty, including:
1) The treaty divided control of the Indus river system between the two countries, giving the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan.
2) It was brokered by the World Bank in 1960 to resolve disputes over sharing the river's waters.
3) The treaty allowed India to build projects on western rivers subject to constraints to ensure Pakistan's interests, but disputes have arisen such as over the Baglihar and Kishanganga projects.
4) Critics argue the
Abstract: Different kinds of fishing gears used along the Ulhas River estuary (URE) were studied for their make and methods of operation. Most of the gears were designed indigenously to suit the availability of the amenable fishery species. The overall chronospatial pattern of frequency of gears operation was obtained using PRIMER v6 software. The use of gears was most frequent and diverse towards the lower reaches of the estuary. Late post-monsoon season was the most affluent in gear frequency. The important fishing methods used along the URE was ‘vana’ (barrier net), ‘busa’ (surface gill-net), ‘dol’ (stationary bag net) and ‘malli’ (basin method for capturing mudskippers on mud-flats). The fishing was carried for subsistence or artisanal levels at major while commercial fishing was highly reduced in URE. The reduced mesh sizes of the ambient gears portray the size of the species sought which depicted the threatening status of overall condition of fisheries in URE and requires a special attention for its rejuvenation.
Book chapter on fish by Ankita (kinka) MitraAbhijit Mitra
This document analyzes the condition factor of 14 commercially important fish species collected from two estuaries in the lower Gangetic delta region of India - the Hooghly estuary and Matla estuary. The Hooghly estuary has lower salinity due to freshwater discharge, while the Matla estuary is hyper saline with no freshwater input. Condition factors were higher for all fish species collected from the Hooghly estuary, indicating that higher salinity adversely affects fish growth and condition. Long-term changes in salinity due to climate change and other factors could significantly impact the fisheries of this region.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document provides an overview of hydropower development in the Mekong River basin and the role of strategic environmental assessments (SEAs). It describes the importance of the Mekong River ecosystem for biodiversity and livelihoods. Hydropower development since 1960 has increased, with plans for 12 mainstem dams by 2030 that could transform over half the river. While these dams may provide economic benefits, they are also expected to negatively impact fisheries and agriculture in critical ways. Effective SEAs are needed to better understand these tradeoffs and inform sustainable development.
1) The document summarizes key baseline findings from an environmental study of the Lancang-Mekong River, including descriptions of three zones along the river with differing geomorphological characteristics.
2) Major findings include the identification of deep pools that are dry season fish habitats, changes to hydrology and sediment levels from Chinese dams, declines in the status of aquatic ecology indicators, and high fish diversity including endangered species that use deep pools.
3) Key drivers of environmental changes in the region include dams in the upper Mekong, land use changes, development activities, and increased pressures from activities like fishing, hunting, and agriculture.
By Md. Rezaul Hasan, Md. Shamsuddin, Md. Sohel Masud, Dr. AFM Afzal Hossain (Institute of Water Modelling)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
The document discusses the Indus River watershed and the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. It provides background on the watershed and then summarizes the key points of the treaty, including:
1) The treaty divided control of the Indus river system between the two countries, giving the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan.
2) It was brokered by the World Bank in 1960 to resolve disputes over sharing the river's waters.
3) The treaty allowed India to build projects on western rivers subject to constraints to ensure Pakistan's interests, but disputes have arisen such as over the Baglihar and Kishanganga projects.
4) Critics argue the
This document provides acknowledgements for a report on the hydrogeology of the Dry Zone in Central Myanmar. It thanks various individuals and organizations who assisted and supported the work. The report was prepared by Dr. Len Drury with assistance from government departments in Myanmar. Figures and maps were prepared by ICEM and text was peer reviewed by IWMI. Funding was provided by the Australian Water Partnership. The report aims to improve understanding of groundwater resources in the Dry Zone to aid development and management.
Concerns regarding a large mall project along Ira Needles next to the Erb St. landfill. Impacts to a large wetland complex and concerns for local water risks. Shared with City of Waterloo and Regional council.
A watershed is the area of land that drains into a body of water such as a river or lake. Watershed management involves implementing land and water practices to protect water quality and other natural resources within the watershed. The key steps in watershed management planning are to familiarize yourself with the watershed boundaries and resources, build local partnerships among stakeholders, and determine priorities for action to reduce pollution and address environmental issues.
IRJET - Underground Water Recharge through Rainwater Harvesting using Rem...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS technologies to identify suitable locations for underground water recharge through rainwater harvesting. It identifies five major factors that influence groundwater recharge potential: lithology, land use/cover, lineaments, drainage, and slope.
2) GIS is used to spatially analyze these factors, assign weights to each, and demarcate zones in the basin according to groundwater recharge potential. Direct surface recharge techniques like infiltration basins are discussed as the most widely used method to enhance natural percolation of water into subsurface aquifers.
3) Literature on previous studies of groundwater issues in the local region is reviewed, covering topics like seasonal water
watershed management by remote sensing
PPT contains basic remote sensing, need, and objective,concept of watershed management, benefits,application and conclusion.
This document summarizes the salinity risk assessment in Bangladesh. It finds that salinity is a major issue for the coastal region of Bangladesh, affecting over 35 million people in 19 districts. Salinity has increased the amount of affected land area from 8,330 square km in 1973 to 10,560 square km in 2009. This salinity is damaging agriculture and increasing costs of crop production. The government of Bangladesh is taking steps to address salinity through projects, but some projects have failed or been completed slowly. Overall salinity poses serious economic and infrastructure risks for Bangladesh.
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
This document discusses urban watershed management. It begins by defining a watershed and watershed management. It then describes some of the challenges of urban watersheds, including increased impervious surfaces and changes to the terrain. The document outlines the steps to manage urban watersheds, which include delineating boundaries, inventorying resources, mapping drainage and land use, identifying pollution sources, and setting priorities. Building local partnerships and determining action priorities to reduce pollution and improve habitats are also discussed.
This document discusses the concepts, objectives, planning, and measures of watershed management. It defines a watershed as a drainage area that contributes surface water runoff to a common point. The key objectives of watershed management are to conserve and utilize water resources within the watershed for the benefit of local communities through practices like water harvesting, soil conservation, and flood control. Effective watershed management requires assessing hydrological and socioeconomic factors and developing a comprehensive plan that identifies problems, proposed solutions, costs/benefits, and responsibilities of various stakeholders. The plan should aim to balance environmental protection, water management, and land use. Common watershed management measures include both non-structural practices like altered cropping patterns and structural practices like
Interesting project observed. Louisette Lanteigne assumes no liability for any inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information, nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon. All information should be verified independently before being used and relied on.
Aquatic ecosystems are hot spots of most terrestrial biodiversity. They interact with their surrounding terrestrial area through food webs and habitat resources. The aquatic ecosystems also attract a wide range of other fauna including wading and migrating birds, amphibians, riparian mammals and insects. Furthermore, aquatic ecosystems have ability to recycle nutrients of wastewater. Despite many benefits they have, their potentiality in the rehabilitation of quarries is not well recognized. The recent effort on the rehabilitation of quarry site is mostly focused on terrestrial plants despite the fact that quarries life are heterogeneous ecosystems. Owing to this reason, there is a need of using the potential of aquatic ecosystems to enhance the rehabilitation of quarries sites. The present project is therefore focused on establishing the aquatic ecosystem at Wazo hill quarry.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2014 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/potential-use-aquatic-ecosystems-enhancement-rehabilitation-mining-sites
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document analyzes water quality of the Mohand Rao river in Doon Valley by measuring levels of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions at different sampling stations along the river from 2004-2006. The study found that calcium levels were highest during the monsoon season at the first sampling station. Magnesium levels were also higher during monsoon season compared to summer and winter. Overall, both calcium and magnesium ion levels increased from 2004 to 2006 according to water quality analysis results. The water quality index was calculated to determine the status of water quality.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
This document examines factors affecting fish entrainment at the massive water diversions of the State Water Project and Central Valley Project in the San Francisco Bay Delta estuary. It analyzes 13 years of data on fish salvage counts, pumping operations, and environmental characteristics to determine what factors influence entrainment of different fish species. Entrainment of migratory pelagic species like delta smelt, longfin smelt, and striped bass was found to correlate with their seasonal occurrence near the export facilities. Flow patterns through the estuary also predicted pelagic fish entrainment. Entrainment of resident demersal species and littoral species was not clearly linked to diversion flows. The study suggests manipulating hydrodynamics
This research aims to identify the most cost-effective combination of upland, riparian, and in-stream conservation practices to reduce sediment loads in the Fort Cobb watershed. Research includes modeling erosion under different land management scenarios and surveying stakeholders. Preliminary results show streambank erosion contributes significantly to sediment loads. Field studies quantified streambank erodibility, which varies within the watershed. Process-based models are being used to predict streambank erosion at site and reach scales. Landowner surveys found enrollment in conservation programs increases with farm revenue, education, and stewardship mindsets.
Rain Water Harvesting - Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering D6Z
Rain water harvesting is an important way to conserve water resources for the future. As populations and water usage increase, groundwater levels are declining due to overuse. Rain water harvesting helps replenish groundwater by collecting rainwater and allowing it to percolate back into the water table. It has many benefits like increasing water availability, reducing soil erosion and flood risks. While all rainwater cannot be captured, understanding factors like catchment area, rainfall patterns, and runoff coefficients can help estimate the potential for rain water harvesting in a given location. Rain water harvesting is vital for ensuring adequate water resources for the future.
Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari Distri...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the impact of aquaculture ponds on soil quality in the Godavari Western Delta region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Soil samples were collected from 0-50 meters around four different types of ponds and analyzed for parameters like pH, salinity, nutrients, and texture. Results showed that soil salinization decreased with distance from ponds and was more severe near ponds without trenches compared to those with trenches. Salinization was also found to extend farther in sandy soils compared to clayey soils. More acidification was observed in surface soils within 10cm of the surface. The study concluded that seepage from aquaculture ponds can negatively impact nearby agricultural soils through
“You don't learn from successes; you don't learn from awards; you don't learn from celebrity; you only learn from wounds and scares and mistakes and failures. And that's the truth.”
~ Jane Fonda
Abstract : Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
The document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal pollution in the Panchganga River in India and biomagnification of heavy metals in molluscs. The study found alarming levels of heavy metal contamination in the river, with some metal concentrations exceeding legal limits. Several heavy metals accumulated in high levels in the tissues of mollusc species collected from the river. Continuous monitoring is needed to limit further pollution in the river, which affects the health of the entire river ecosystem.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Mapping showed that 61% of the region has high vulnerability to pollution, 20% has very high vulnerability, and 15% has medium vulnerability. Areas of very high vulnerability are located in the western coastal area. Groundwater flow is generally from southeast to northwest, influenced by the regional geology. The aquifers provide drinking water and irrigation but are threatened by overuse, seawater intrusion, and potential pollution from development.
This document provides acknowledgements for a report on the hydrogeology of the Dry Zone in Central Myanmar. It thanks various individuals and organizations who assisted and supported the work. The report was prepared by Dr. Len Drury with assistance from government departments in Myanmar. Figures and maps were prepared by ICEM and text was peer reviewed by IWMI. Funding was provided by the Australian Water Partnership. The report aims to improve understanding of groundwater resources in the Dry Zone to aid development and management.
Concerns regarding a large mall project along Ira Needles next to the Erb St. landfill. Impacts to a large wetland complex and concerns for local water risks. Shared with City of Waterloo and Regional council.
A watershed is the area of land that drains into a body of water such as a river or lake. Watershed management involves implementing land and water practices to protect water quality and other natural resources within the watershed. The key steps in watershed management planning are to familiarize yourself with the watershed boundaries and resources, build local partnerships among stakeholders, and determine priorities for action to reduce pollution and address environmental issues.
IRJET - Underground Water Recharge through Rainwater Harvesting using Rem...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS technologies to identify suitable locations for underground water recharge through rainwater harvesting. It identifies five major factors that influence groundwater recharge potential: lithology, land use/cover, lineaments, drainage, and slope.
2) GIS is used to spatially analyze these factors, assign weights to each, and demarcate zones in the basin according to groundwater recharge potential. Direct surface recharge techniques like infiltration basins are discussed as the most widely used method to enhance natural percolation of water into subsurface aquifers.
3) Literature on previous studies of groundwater issues in the local region is reviewed, covering topics like seasonal water
watershed management by remote sensing
PPT contains basic remote sensing, need, and objective,concept of watershed management, benefits,application and conclusion.
This document summarizes the salinity risk assessment in Bangladesh. It finds that salinity is a major issue for the coastal region of Bangladesh, affecting over 35 million people in 19 districts. Salinity has increased the amount of affected land area from 8,330 square km in 1973 to 10,560 square km in 2009. This salinity is damaging agriculture and increasing costs of crop production. The government of Bangladesh is taking steps to address salinity through projects, but some projects have failed or been completed slowly. Overall salinity poses serious economic and infrastructure risks for Bangladesh.
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
This document discusses urban watershed management. It begins by defining a watershed and watershed management. It then describes some of the challenges of urban watersheds, including increased impervious surfaces and changes to the terrain. The document outlines the steps to manage urban watersheds, which include delineating boundaries, inventorying resources, mapping drainage and land use, identifying pollution sources, and setting priorities. Building local partnerships and determining action priorities to reduce pollution and improve habitats are also discussed.
This document discusses the concepts, objectives, planning, and measures of watershed management. It defines a watershed as a drainage area that contributes surface water runoff to a common point. The key objectives of watershed management are to conserve and utilize water resources within the watershed for the benefit of local communities through practices like water harvesting, soil conservation, and flood control. Effective watershed management requires assessing hydrological and socioeconomic factors and developing a comprehensive plan that identifies problems, proposed solutions, costs/benefits, and responsibilities of various stakeholders. The plan should aim to balance environmental protection, water management, and land use. Common watershed management measures include both non-structural practices like altered cropping patterns and structural practices like
Interesting project observed. Louisette Lanteigne assumes no liability for any inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information, nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon. All information should be verified independently before being used and relied on.
Aquatic ecosystems are hot spots of most terrestrial biodiversity. They interact with their surrounding terrestrial area through food webs and habitat resources. The aquatic ecosystems also attract a wide range of other fauna including wading and migrating birds, amphibians, riparian mammals and insects. Furthermore, aquatic ecosystems have ability to recycle nutrients of wastewater. Despite many benefits they have, their potentiality in the rehabilitation of quarries is not well recognized. The recent effort on the rehabilitation of quarry site is mostly focused on terrestrial plants despite the fact that quarries life are heterogeneous ecosystems. Owing to this reason, there is a need of using the potential of aquatic ecosystems to enhance the rehabilitation of quarries sites. The present project is therefore focused on establishing the aquatic ecosystem at Wazo hill quarry.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2014 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/potential-use-aquatic-ecosystems-enhancement-rehabilitation-mining-sites
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document analyzes water quality of the Mohand Rao river in Doon Valley by measuring levels of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions at different sampling stations along the river from 2004-2006. The study found that calcium levels were highest during the monsoon season at the first sampling station. Magnesium levels were also higher during monsoon season compared to summer and winter. Overall, both calcium and magnesium ion levels increased from 2004 to 2006 according to water quality analysis results. The water quality index was calculated to determine the status of water quality.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
This document examines factors affecting fish entrainment at the massive water diversions of the State Water Project and Central Valley Project in the San Francisco Bay Delta estuary. It analyzes 13 years of data on fish salvage counts, pumping operations, and environmental characteristics to determine what factors influence entrainment of different fish species. Entrainment of migratory pelagic species like delta smelt, longfin smelt, and striped bass was found to correlate with their seasonal occurrence near the export facilities. Flow patterns through the estuary also predicted pelagic fish entrainment. Entrainment of resident demersal species and littoral species was not clearly linked to diversion flows. The study suggests manipulating hydrodynamics
This research aims to identify the most cost-effective combination of upland, riparian, and in-stream conservation practices to reduce sediment loads in the Fort Cobb watershed. Research includes modeling erosion under different land management scenarios and surveying stakeholders. Preliminary results show streambank erosion contributes significantly to sediment loads. Field studies quantified streambank erodibility, which varies within the watershed. Process-based models are being used to predict streambank erosion at site and reach scales. Landowner surveys found enrollment in conservation programs increases with farm revenue, education, and stewardship mindsets.
Rain Water Harvesting - Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering D6Z
Rain water harvesting is an important way to conserve water resources for the future. As populations and water usage increase, groundwater levels are declining due to overuse. Rain water harvesting helps replenish groundwater by collecting rainwater and allowing it to percolate back into the water table. It has many benefits like increasing water availability, reducing soil erosion and flood risks. While all rainwater cannot be captured, understanding factors like catchment area, rainfall patterns, and runoff coefficients can help estimate the potential for rain water harvesting in a given location. Rain water harvesting is vital for ensuring adequate water resources for the future.
Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari Distri...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the impact of aquaculture ponds on soil quality in the Godavari Western Delta region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Soil samples were collected from 0-50 meters around four different types of ponds and analyzed for parameters like pH, salinity, nutrients, and texture. Results showed that soil salinization decreased with distance from ponds and was more severe near ponds without trenches compared to those with trenches. Salinization was also found to extend farther in sandy soils compared to clayey soils. More acidification was observed in surface soils within 10cm of the surface. The study concluded that seepage from aquaculture ponds can negatively impact nearby agricultural soils through
“You don't learn from successes; you don't learn from awards; you don't learn from celebrity; you only learn from wounds and scares and mistakes and failures. And that's the truth.”
~ Jane Fonda
Abstract : Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
The document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal pollution in the Panchganga River in India and biomagnification of heavy metals in molluscs. The study found alarming levels of heavy metal contamination in the river, with some metal concentrations exceeding legal limits. Several heavy metals accumulated in high levels in the tissues of mollusc species collected from the river. Continuous monitoring is needed to limit further pollution in the river, which affects the health of the entire river ecosystem.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Mapping showed that 61% of the region has high vulnerability to pollution, 20% has very high vulnerability, and 15% has medium vulnerability. Areas of very high vulnerability are located in the western coastal area. Groundwater flow is generally from southeast to northwest, influenced by the regional geology. The aquifers provide drinking water and irrigation but are threatened by overuse, seawater intrusion, and potential pollution from development.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Analysis found the aquifers highly vulnerable to pollution, with 61% highly vulnerable and 20% very highly vulnerable. Vulnerability was highest in the western coastal area and decreased moving eastward. Water quality analysis found the Plio-Quaternary groundwater to be of varying salinity, dominated by sodium and chloride ions, indicating vulnerability to seawater intrusion if overexploited.
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Sirsa watershed region of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 32 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that parameters like chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate were within desirable limits, but pH, total hardness and magnesium exceeded limits at some locations. 50% of samples exceeded desirable limits for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and calcium. Classification of samples revealed calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water types. Most samples fell into normal categories for chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Analysis indicated majority of samples were sodium
Ground Water Quality Assessment using Geo Spatial Technology in Part of Lower...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in the lower Vaigai river basin in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India using geospatial technology. Water samples were collected from 10 locations and tested for parameters like pH, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, and total dissolved solids. Maps showing the spatial distribution of water quality in 2003 and 2015 were generated. It was found that the maximum nitrate level was 4800 mg/l in 2006, and that some areas had increasingly high levels of salts and nitrates over time due to factors like fertilizer use and wastewater. The study identified some areas as potable and others as moderate or non-potable. It concluded that water quality is
This document analyzes the seasonal bioaccumulation of copper in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) collected from the Butuanon River in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected from four stations along the river in both the dry and wet seasons. Copper levels in the water were within acceptable standards but exceeded limits in some sediment samples. Guppies from one station exceeded safe copper levels for fish. The bioaccumulation factor, which measures how much copper accumulates in fish from water, was higher in the wet season. The octanol-water partition coefficients, which indicate the form and levels of copper, varied between stations. Traces of thiodiazole were also
HOW PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER CHANGE WITH DISTANCE IN A LAKE: CASE ...ijac123
Pollution resulting from unsustainable agricultural and urbanization activities in the Ruhezamyenda and Bunyonyi catchments are threatening lake Bunyonyi. These have led to high chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, iron (II) concentration and low dissolved oxygen (DO5). In this study we have investigated the how COD, turbidity, pH, concentration of iron, total suspended solids, total nutrients and DO5 of water changed with distance in lake. Water sampled from different distances in the lake filtered using Whatman paper at ambient temperatures was tested for COD, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total nutrients, iron, hardness and DO5. COD was 20.8±.0.03mg/L to 16 ± 0.03mg/L; total hardness was 16.5±0.2 mg/L to 18.6 ± 0.3 mg/L total nitrate was 103.5± 2 mg/L to 88 ± 3 mg/L; total phosphate was 100.8 ±.2.5 to 87± 3 mg/L; high TSS values from 3.4 ± 0.1 mg/L to 2.5 ± 0.1 mg/L showed contamination of water. As pH decreased from 8.3 ± 0.03 to 7.6 ± 0.04 revealed that bases were getting removed. The turbidity dropped from 25.7 ± 0.3 NTU to 20 ± 2 NTU due settling down of sediments. Iron (II) concentration ranging from 1.1± 0.1 to 0.8± 0.1 mgL-1 . Dissolved oxygen decreased from 7.9 ±0.3 mg/L to 4.8 ± 0.2 mg/L indicating surface water can uphold life of aquatic organisms. Total hardness ranged from 0.22± 0.05 to 0.19± 0.05 mg/L Electrical conductivity was high and ranged from 130± 5 to 150± 5 µS/cm indicating presence of electrolytes. Lake Bunyonyi water is not greatly polluted, but requires to be safe guarded against poor unsustainable agricultural practices, sewage draining from towns, schools and hotels in nearby settlements.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The Quality of Ground Water for Selected Area in South of Babylon Governorate...iosrjce
City of Hillasuffers from the high shallow groundwater levels which causes serious problems to
agricultural and civil construction activities. five different tracks perpendicular to Shatt Al-Hilla channel are
selected beside large number of hand dug wells within the area to monitor the relationships among the levels of
water between these two water resources during one year,the results of many hydrochemical parameters
confirm the similar pattern of inter-relationships between the two water bodies. According to hydrogeochemical
measurements ,we find that the proportion of sulfates rate for these wells high and it hurts in the use of water
for several purposes ,the ratio of chlorides and other high and this shows that the water wells unfit for uses of
Agriculture purposes, but there is one well we have that shows the proportion of chlorides is a few , a high
proportion of sulfates From Sholler classification of study area with high concentration of Na +k and SO4was
observed because of the Fat'ha Formation, which contains gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite , are believed to be
the major source of SO4 and Mg in the water
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Irrigation Water Quality Assessment for Water Resources used in Irrigation of...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study assessing the quality of irrigation water sources used for agricultural fields in Mezitli, Turkey. Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points over 4 months. Sample pH ranged from 7.05-8.26 and EC ranged from 292-1103 μmhos/cm. According to the US Salinity Lab classification, some waters were moderately saline (C2S1) while others were highly saline (C3S1). Boron levels in all samples were below the threshold of 0.67 ppm. Water quality parameters did not significantly change over the irrigation season. The study aims to evaluate water quality to ensure suitable irrigation and prevent salinity issues.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
11.assessment of the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of imo r...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the vulnerability of water supply aquifers in parts of the Imo River Basin in southeastern Nigeria. Twenty-three locations were investigated to obtain data on parameters like depth to water table, recharge rate, aquifer and soil properties, topography, and hydraulic conductivity, which were used in the DRASTIC model to develop a groundwater vulnerability map. The map showed that areas within the Imo shale and Ameki Formations generally have moderate vulnerability to pollution, while some locations like Okwelle, Umuna, and Okwe showed low vulnerability, likely due to lower porosity in clay- and shale-underlain areas.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
Similar to The Relationship of Spatial Fisheries Diversity with Hydrological Conditions of Ulhas River Estuary (20)
This patent application is for a herbal topical composition to treat acne vulgaris. It contains an effective combination of chitosan nanoparticles and an alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia. A skin cream is prepared from this combination along with pharmaceutical excipients. Testing showed this composition effectively inhibits Propionibacterium acnes in amounts needed to treat acne. The ratios of chitosan nanoparticles and Tinospora cordifolia extract providing this inhibition were determined.
This patent application publication describes an eco-friendly and economical method for large-scale manufacturing of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles using an extract of lac. The application was filed on February 6, 2017 by 12 inventors including Mr. Nitin Prakash Koche, Dr. Kantilal Hiralal Nagare, and Dr. Dinesh Daujirao Wanule. The application contains 9 pages, 6 claims, and describes using an extract of lac to manufacture iron and iron oxide nanoparticles on a large scale in an eco-friendly and economical manner.
NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) was founded by former Prime minister Indira Gandhi to save tiger. This body promotes the conservation on the basis of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
Project tiger was launched in 1973. Initially 9 suitable habitats were selected later it increased to 47.
Objective was to conserve forest and biodiversity, through intensified protection; conservational development and strengthening research activities
India has diverse biomes like tropical rain forest (jungles), alpine forest, desert, marsh land, islands, deltas, savannas, scrub lands etc.
Wildlife of India has been gifted by very diverse flora and fauna.
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Science means ‘to know’.
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Chordata is an assemblage of heterogeneous animals which differ widely in their characteristics but have a few common features like they have notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits and post-anal tail. The notochord is a cartilaginous skeletal rod present at some stage in their life cycle. Nerve cord is mid-dorsally placed and is hollow containing axial nerve canal. Pharynx is perforated containing several gill slits primarily were used for filter feeding but later evolved as respiratory in function in aquatic forms.However, in terrestrial forms they disappear in adults but are occurred in embryonic stages. The body extends beyond anal terminal to give rise to a balancing or important part in locomotion called as tail.
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The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall, vertical or near vertical spar, or arrangement of spars, which supports the sails.
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Wood borers are highly specialised animals which penetrate wooden structures such as boats, wharves, jetties, driftwood and even living mangrove trees. Many can digest the wood owing to cellulose-digesting bacteria or protozoa living in their guts. Only a few species can actually produce their own cellulose-digesting enzymes (cellulases).Wood borers are insects that chew their way into the solid trunk of a living tree or into a wooden structure, such as an old boat or house. Healthy trees are rarely attacked by wood borers, but a diseased or dying specimen can often host these kinds of invaders. The same goes for old houses and boats, where rain-soaked or rotten wood is more susceptible to invasion.
Temperature, light, Oxygen, salinity, pH are important marine factors which impact the major life and physical properties of the oceans. These factors make the marine environment a dynamic entity and otherwise impacting on the terrestrial ecosystems too.
Gill net
Trawl
Purse seine net
Hooks and lines
TED (turtle exclusion devices)
Non-conventional fishing methods:
light fishing; hose pipe fishing; electric fishing.
Pelagic (surface/open ocean) gillnets are systems of netting with highly specific mesh sizes. Gillnets as long as 2.5km, are placed vertically in the water column with the use of buoys and weights. These nets may be anchored or allowed to drift with prevailing currents, intercepting migrating sharks and fishes such as tuna and mackeral. Large fish become entangled or gilled in the net (commonly around the gills), whilst smaller fish are able to pass through the designated mesh size.
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Fundamentals of Aquarium Setting for Beginners. Historic
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Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Val., 1837) is a mudskipper species inhabiting, in abundance on the intertidal
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implied to record the lagged immergence of B. dussumieri on the surface during ebb-tide. The study revealed
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occurred at Kolshet creek along the west bank of the Ulhas River estuary. PCO obtained with Euclidean
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Ulhas River Estuary (URE) sediment is highly silted. Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Val., 1837) is a mudskipper
species of a common occurrence on the intertidal mudflats developed on either banks of URE. The present study
recorded the various activities like burrow construction, feeding, territoriality and courtship, of B. dussumieri
using scan and focal sampling method on the surface during tidal movements on the exposed mudflats of URE
near Kolshet creek. Although the breeding and territoriality of B. dussumieri being normal, the other
behavioral activities such as courtship, construction of burrows and survivorship were different as compared to
the earlier observations by various experts. Breeding pairs preferred to develop burrows at spring tide limits.
Burrows lacked chimneys and pit-pools. Juveniles remained without burrows and were found to secure position
by penetration in loose soil during flood tide. Feeding on muddy surface was performed by strange straining
behaviour.
More from Dr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science (20)
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
The Relationship of Spatial Fisheries Diversity with Hydrological Conditions of Ulhas River Estuary
1. 285 | P a g e
International Conference on
Eco Friendly and Socially Responsive Economy and Equity:
Issues and Challenges of 21st
Century for Emergent Sustainable Development amongst SAARC Countries
The Relationship of Spatial Fisheries Diversity with
Hydrological Conditions of Ulhas River Estuary
1
Rathod Sudesh D*, 2
Patil Nandini N
VPM’s B N Bandodkar College of Science, Thane, Maharashtra, India.
Abstract : Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental
variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and
lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on
monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher
pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination
and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the
existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries,
diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal
coordination analysis.
INTRODUCTION
Ulhas River estuary (URE) is an estuarine part of Ulhas River which confluences with several
rivers viz. Bharvi, Kalu, Bhatsa etc. while meandering through the hilly terrain of Raigad and Thane dis-
tricts before it meets the Arabian Sea near historical Vasai fort. The study area extended from
19°14’51”N (Latitude) and 73°06’55” E (Longitude) near kalyan road-bridge to 19°19’18” N and
72°47;21” E at the mouth of the estuary opening to Arabian sea at Paachu jetty near Vasai (Bassein) Fort.
Hence URE was also referred as Bassein creek named after Bassein fort.
URE is highly impacted by industrial, urban and certain civil activities viz. textile, medicinal,
paint and chemical industries, domestic sewage, mangrove annihilation, solid waste disposal, reclamation
etc. along upper reach (UZ-I); agriculture fields, solid waste disposal, sand dredging, bridges, pipelines
and mangrove annihilation in middle reach (UZ-II) and sand dredging, boat building, reclamation,
bridges in the lower reach (UZ-III). Industries were established along the banks of Ulhas River estuary
(URE) at Ambivli, Ulhas Nagar, Kalyan, Dombivli, Thane-Balkum, and Bhayandar on the south bank and
Bhiwandi on north bank (Fig.1).
Ulhas River estuary is well known for its hydrological (Metcalf and Eddy, 1979a &1979b;
Zingade, 1979; Durve & Bal,1961; Patil, 1982; Moghal and Sawant, 1984; Qamrul, 1984; Rathod & Patil,
2009a; Mishra et al., 2007; Lokhande et al. 2008; Nikam, et al., 2008b; Menon & Mahajan, 2010), ben-
thos (Mishra, 2002), mangroves (Quadros, 2001; Athalye et al. 2003; Nikam, et al. 2008a; Borkar et al.,
2009; Rathod, 2016), fisheries (Archeivala, 1969; Kunte, 1974; Qamrul and Sawant, 1980; Jyothi & Nair,
1990; Rathod et al., 2002; Quadros and Athalye, 2012, Rathod, 2016) heavy metals and fish biology
(Mutsaddi, 1964; Mutsaddi & Bal, 1969 & 1973; Krishnamurti and Nair, 1999; Rathod, 2005; Rathod &
Patil, 2009b, Rathod, 2016) studies by various experts. However, the pollution was not correlated with the
fishery diversity on qualitative and quantitative basis in earlier studies.
2. 286 | P a g e
The Relationship of Spatial Fisheries Diversity with Hydrological Conditions of Ulhas River Estuary
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The selection of sampling station was based on the convenience of approachable site for the
observation of mudskippers during the ebb tide phase and the occurrence of anthropogenic activities
probably causing severe decline in health of water in the vicinity of the sampling station. Also the sampling
stations were selected towards the lower side of the zones to ensure that the samples thus collected repre-
sented the appropriate hydro-sedimentological characteristics of the study zone.
Hydro-sedimentological parameters were assessed on monthly basis from July 2004 to June,
2006. The samples were collected at their respective sampling stations of three zones of URE viz. Station-
I at Kharegaon sand landing centre lying in zone one (UZ-I, extending from Dombivli-Kalayan to Ka-
sheli-Bhiwandilike bridge); Station-II at Gaimukh jetty lying in zone two (UZ-II, from Kasheli-Bhiwandi
bridge to Versova bridge); and Station-III at Bhayandar Ghodbundar a sand landing centre found in zone
three (UZ-III, from Versova bridge to Bhayandar-Vasai bridge) (Fig.1).
Fig.1: Google map of Ulhas River estuary showing divisions (red lines) of the study zones UZ-I, UZ-II
& UZ-III and their corresponding sampling stations (UI, UII & UIII).
Hydrological variables like water color, light penetration and dissolved oxygen (DO) were
assessed on site. Water samples were collected during flood-tide in washer-capped PVC bottles of 1.5L ca-
pacity from each station separately and carried to laboratory for instant analyses of remaining parameters.
Water samples were filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 42 (Ashless; porosity 2.5µm.) before use.
Sediment samples were collected by scraping superficial layer at ebb-tide in polyethylene bags and oven
dried at 70°C temperature until the constant weight was gained before analyses of soil texture and Or-
ganic carbon (Org-C). The hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed using following methods
(Table 1).
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Table-1: The water and sediment parameters
Sr.No. Hydrological Parameter Abbreviation Method of Analysis
1 Water color (FU unit) (Fig. ‘A’) WC Forel-Ule Scale (Prabhakar, 2002;
Wernand & Woerd, 2010
2 Light penetration (LP) LP (cm) Secchi disc
3 Suspended solids (SS) SS (gm/L) Evaporation method
4 Salinity (ppt/psu) (Sal) Sal (ppt) Mohr's argentometric method
5 Dissolved oxygen (DO) DO (mg/L) Winkler’s method
6 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) BOD (mg/L) Winkler’s method
7 Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) NO3-N (mg/L) Phenol-disulphonic acid method
8 Phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) PO4-P (mg/L) Ammonium molybdate method
Sr.No. Sedimentological Parameter Abbreviation Method of Analysis
1 Organic carbon Org-C (%) Walkley and Black method (1934)
2 Soil texture (silt) Silt (%) Buchanan’s pipette method (1984)
Data of environmental variables was processed in Primer v6 software to obtain resemblance in
Euclidean distance matrix after overall transformation of the samples to fourth-roots and normalizing it.
Principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination was run and overlaid by normalized data of environ-
mental variables. The biological data such as fishery species diversities (abundance and biomass) and di-
versity indices were run for resemblance in Bray-Curtis similarity matrix after overall transformation to the
square-root/fourth-root of the samples (Clarke & Warwick, 2001) before PCO was obtained. The data of
fisheries species biomass against abundance was used to produce zone wise K-dominance or ABC
(Abundance Biomass Comparison) curves (*Warwick, 1986; SOKI Wiki, 2014).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Hydro-sedimentology
Water colour ranged from 14 FUS to maximum 25 FUS. Despite the negligible sand dredging in
UZ-I the WC remained fairly high which portrayed impact of high anthropogenic perturbation. However,
high WC levels in UZ-II and UZ-III attributed to the extensive sand dredging activities. Light penetration
ranged from 2 cm to 46.25 cm dependent on the seasons and other human activities. LP declined in rainy
season due to agricultural field sheet flow and storm water from the urban sectors of Thane, Kalyan,
Dombivli, Alimghar, Anjur, Vehele, Bhiwandi, Mumbra, Kharegaon, Kalher, Kevani and Kharbhao ar-
eas. Low LP in UZ-II and UZ-III was due to high sand dredging activities whilst in UZ-I it probably de-
picted repercussions due to the domestic sewage, industrial effluents and certain allochthonous sources like
river influx, agricultural fields etc. SS, on an average, ranged from minimum 0.45 gm L-1
to maxi- mum
13.44 gm L-1
(Table 2). Extensive sand dredging in UZ-II attributed to the high levels of SS. UZ-III also
had considerable sand dredging activities. But UZ-I was impacted due to the contribution of SS from
adjacent human habitation. Low salinity levels (minimum 0.19 ppt) was related to either fresh water in-
flux due to the rains in monsoon season or the water released from dams, intermittently, during non-
monsoon months. This probably encouraged the entry of fresh water fish species in UZ-I from reverine
part of URE and other rivers confluences like Bhatsa, Kalu, Bharvi etc. Salinity gradually increased to-
wards the oceanic segments of the estuary to maximum of 31.81ppt. DO oscillated from minimum range
0.55 mgL-1
to maximum 4.54 mgL-
1. DO remain entirely hypoxic in all the zones. However, UZ-III was,
occasionally, enriched with DO probably due to the oceanic tidal water.
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Fig.2 : Hydro-sedimentological parameters of URE with reference line (in red) showing standard
limits
UIII_1UII_1UI_1
50
40
30
20
10
0
cm
Light penetration
UIII_3UII_3UI_3
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ppt
Salinity
UIII_8UII_8UI_8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
%
Organic carbon (sediment)
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The Relationship of Spatial Fisheries Diversity with Hydrological Conditions of Ulhas River Estuary
Persistent hypoxia along with high BOD, phosphates, nitrates, organic carbon and silt levels dis-
cerned high organic load in the entire stretch of the estuary. Nonetheless, hydro-sedimentological para-
meters showed declined condition as the ambient hydrological parameters like dissolved oxygen (DO), Bio-
chemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphates (PO4-P), nitrates (NO3-N), organic carbon (Org-C) and silt
were frequently recorded beyond standard limits (Fig. 2) of surface water category-II (SW-II) as per the
guidelines as follows-
Table 3: Standard limits of water/sediment parameters ascribed by various experts
Sr. no Authors Parameter/s Std. limit
1 Ryther & Dunstan (1971) PO4-P 0.086 mg L-1
2 Raman & Ganapati (1986) NO3-N 1.26 mg L-1
3 CPCB (1998) DO & BOD DO, 4 mg L-1
BOD 3 mg L-1
4 Athalye et al. (2001), SS 1 gm L-1
5 Rathod (2016) WC and Silt WC, 10 FUS; Silt, 35%
Zone wise
average
Zone Zone WC LP SS Sal DO BOD PO4 NO3 Org-C Silt
UZ-I 18.21$
16.75 4.37η
15.15 2.25∞
8.31∞
0.42*
7.17Ψ
2.28Ψ
31.32
UZ-II 18.17$
17.08 6.23η
20.32 2.41∞
5.63 0.28*
4.95Ψ
1.72Ψ
47.99$
UZ-III 17.83$
13.58 4.17η
23.09 2.70∞
6.75∞
0.32*
4.90Ψ
1.65Ψ
46.07$
Underlined bold figures indicate the samples represent level beyond the tolerable standard limits as ascribed by
*
Ryther & Dunstan (1971); Ψ
Raman & Ganapati (1986); ∞
CPCB (1998); η
Athalye et al. (2001), $
Rathod (2016).
UZ-I exhibited high water colour (WC), BOD, PO4-P, NO3-N, Org-C and lowest DO as com-
pared to the remaining two zones. High BOD, phosphates, nitrates and org-C and low DO might be due to
nearby human habitations contributing pollution factors in form of agricultural activities, domestic sew-
age and industrial effluents. However, the others like LP, SS, salinity, and silt were high in UZ-II and UZ-
III. The high silt and low LP in UZ-II and UZ-III probably attributed to the overwhelming sand dredging
activities occurred during study period (Table 3).
Spatial scenario of environmental variables in PCO represented 100% variation of ordination. It
indicated very high impact of BOD, phosphates, nitrates, organic carbons on UZ-I whereas UZ-II and UZ-
III were highly impacted due to the sand dredging activities revealing significant variations in DO, silt,
suspended solids (SS), light penetration (LP) and water colour (WC). Overall UZ-II and UZ-III were
closer in the makeup of environmental variables (Fig. 3).
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Fig.3: The PCO ordination of 100% of representation of the
variations in the normalized spatial environmental variables
(Overall fourth-root transformed) viz. WC, LP, ŚS, Salinity, DO,
BOD, PO4-P, NO3-N, Org-C and silt. Superimposition of the den-
drogram of cluster analysis of environmental variables at group
average mode agglomeration isolated the zones into two major
groups at 4.1 levels of distances respectively.
Variable Mean SD
WC
LP
SS
Sal
DO
BOD
PO4-P
NO3-N
Org-C
Silt %
18.069
15.806
4.9244
19.52
2.4545
6.8971
0.34201
5.675
1.8842
41.792
0.20554
1.9317
1.1351
4.0265
0.23246
1.3426
7.0757E-2
1.2989
0.34795
9.1216
Fish Species Diversity
URE was represented by total 134 species belonging to 65 families composed of 100 species
from 48 families of fin-fish; 25 crustacean species belonging to 12 families and 9 species of molluscs
from 5 families. UZ-I was represented by 40; UZ-II by 85 whilst UZ-III by 122 fish species. Total 13 and
12 fresh water fin-fish species were identified from UZ-I and UZ-II respectively. UZ-III was found to be
richest in fish species diversity which mostly comprised of marine fish (Fig. 4 and 5).
Fish landings were recorded as 32904 kg in UZ-I; 38280 kg in UZ-II and 53739 kg in UZ-III
(Table 4). Similar observation was mentioned by Qamrul and Sawant (1980) in upper zone of URE but it
was not correlated with the hydro-sedimentological conditions of the ambient water. The fish species
structure was in accordance to the environmental variables which defined that UZ-II and UZ-II were simi-
lar in characteristics as compared to UZ-I in present study (Fig. 5).
Spatial status of environmental variables in URE
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
PCO1 (70% of total variation)
-2
0
2
PCO2(30%oftotalvariation)
Transform: Fourth root
Normalise
Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance
Zone
I
II
III
Distance
1
2
3.1
4.1
I
II
III
WC
LP
SS
Sal
DO
BOD
PO4-P
NO3-N
Org-C
Silt %
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The Relationship of Spatial Fisheries Diversity with Hydrological Conditions of Ulhas River Estuary
Table 4.: A spatial pattern of number of
fin-fish and shell-fish species and their landings
(kg)
Category UZ-I UZ-II UZ-III
1 Elasmobranchs 0 0 3
2 Marine Bony fish 20 52 82
3 Fresh water fish 13 12 3
Total of Fin-fishes 33 64 85
4 Crustaceans 5 16 25
5 Molluscans 2 5 9
Total of Shell-fishes 7 21 34
Total fish species 40 85 122
Total fish landing (kg) 33112 37852 57973 Fig. 4: Fish species diversity in terms of the species richness
and biomass (kg) landings on zonal basis in URE
Fig. 5: PCO ordination of spatial fish species abundance structure represented by 100% of vari-
ations depicted low species richness in UZ-I as compared to remaining two zones of URE. Superim-
position of the dendrogram obtained from group average mode agglomeration showed that all the
three zones had 40% of similarity but UZ-II and UZ-III exhibited closer relation (60% similarity)
in species structure (each number on the plot, i.e. 1 to 134, represents a species observed during the
present study).
0
20
40
60
80
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
UZ-I UZ-II UZ-III
Fishlandings(1000kg)
Fishspeciesrichness
Zone
Spatial Fish Species Richness and Landings in URE
Total fish species Total fish landing (kg)
Spatial fisheries species diversity regime in URE
-40 -20 0 20 40
PCO1 (95.3% of total variation)
-20
0
20
PCO2(4.7%oftotalvariation)
Transform: Fourth root
Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity
Zone
I
II
III
Similarity
20
60
80
UZI
UZII
UZIII
123
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
12
1314
15
16
17
18192021
22
23
2425
26
27
28
29
3031
32
33
34
35
36
37
3839
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
525354
55
565758
59
60
6162
63
64
65
66
67
6869
70
71
72
73
7475
76
77
78
7980
8182838485
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102103104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122123
124
125126
127
128129130131
132
133
134
135
136
137
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Fig. 6: K-dominance curves of fish species diversity
(biomass vs. abundance) along three zones of URE.
Overall all the zones have higher biomass than abun-
dance show high stress and grossly polluted condi-
tions. UZ-I had species rank below 100; UZ-II nearly
1000 and UZ-III recorded above 1000. Warwick sta-
tistic value (W) depicted high pollution stress in up-
per reach (UZ-I) which decreased towards the mouth
of the estuary (UZ-II & UZ-III).
K-dominance or ABC (abundance-biomass curve) curves indicated that the species diversity in-
creased towards the lower zones of the estuary. The high Warwick statistic values indicated high perturb-
bations in upper zone of the URE (Fig. 6). Mishra (2002) also got similar relationship of benthic fauna
with instantaneous pollution status of URE.
CONCLUSION:
The month wise water and sediment parameters study depicted high stress in the ambient water
body. Frequent occurrence of low values of DO and LP whilst the high values of WC, SS, BOD, PO4,
NO3, Org-C and silt attributed to the pollution status of entire stretch of the URE. UZ-I was highly
stressed due to anthropogenic activities causing pollution and other disturbances in the water conditions
as it lies very close to the human habitations like Kalyan, Dombivli, Mumbra, Kharegaon, Thane, some
villages and Bhiwandi. These areas were recognized for residential, industrial, agricultural and other an-
thropogenic activities probably caused depletion in spatial hydro-sedimentological conditions ultimately
impacting adversely on the fisheries species diversity regime of UZ-I. However, UZ-II and UZ-II were
comparatively better but high siltation and suspended solids.
Oceanic zones were rich in fish abundance and biomass. Both, quantitative and qualitative diver-
sity of fisheries increased from head towards mouth of the URE according to the pollution gradient. Due to
fresh water inundations from the catchment of URE, the UZ-I, held significant fresh water fin-fish fauna.
Distant relationship in species structure of UZ-I depicted the impact of fresh water inundation from
catchment of Ulhas River affecting the salinity which imparts different fish fauna (fresh water fish spe-
cies) as compared to the more saline water occurring in lower reaches of the estuary.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our gratitude is expressed to the management and the Principal of VPM’s B. N. Bandodkar Col-
lege of Science, Thane, Maharashtra, India for allowing presenting this paper.
UZ-I
Biomass vs abundance
1 10 100
Species rank
0
20
40
60
80
100
CumulativeDominance%
Abundance
Biomass
W = 0.464
UZ-II
Biomass vs abundance
1 10 100
Species rank
0
20
40
60
80
100
CumulativeDominance%
Abundance
Biomass
W = 0.452
UZ-III
Biomass vs abundance
1 10 100 1000
Species rank
0
20
40
60
80
100
CumulativeDominance%
Abundance
Biomass
W = 0.408
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The Relationship of Spatial Fisheries Diversity with Hydrological Conditions of Ulhas River Estuary
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