Food selection depends on the energy strategy of the feeder. The food size, quantity and quality varies with species to species and also depends on the ability of feeder, its body size etc.
Feeders are either specialists or opportunists. Food selection depends on competitive principle, learned aversion and food energy budget.
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a series or sequence of acts that occur behaviorally in animals. it is also known as instinctive behaviour as it is determined by gene of an organism and exhibited automatically without having any prior experience.
types of orientation- primary and secondary, different types of kinesis - orthokinesis and klinokinesis and taxis - tropotaxis, klinotaxis, menotaxis, transverse orientation, dosal light reaction and ventral light reaction
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a series or sequence of acts that occur behaviorally in animals. it is also known as instinctive behaviour as it is determined by gene of an organism and exhibited automatically without having any prior experience.
types of orientation- primary and secondary, different types of kinesis - orthokinesis and klinokinesis and taxis - tropotaxis, klinotaxis, menotaxis, transverse orientation, dosal light reaction and ventral light reaction
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Two broad categories of behaviors are Proximate and Ultimate behaviour. The presentation gives a brief introduction on Proximate and Ultimate causes of behaviour
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Animal behaviour includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. It is defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus.
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Two broad categories of behaviors are Proximate and Ultimate behaviour. The presentation gives a brief introduction on Proximate and Ultimate causes of behaviour
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Animal behaviour includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. It is defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus.
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
Resources are defined as matter, space and time utilized for the wellbeing of mankind is called as resources. The natural resources are materials, which living organisms can take from nature for sustaining their life or any components of the natural environment that can be utilized by man to promote his welfare is considered to be natural resources.
The percentage frequency of occurrence (F) revealed the
predominance of ‘P Wo’, and Mol in both the
water bodies, indicative of main food items.
Feeding index (IA) shows high percentage of ‘P Wo’, ‘Mol’ and ‘NF’ in food compositionof M. gulio which attributed to vacuity index (VI). Both ‘NF’ being compensatory food and
conspicuous VI in feeding of M. gulio ascribed to the higher pollution in TC as compared toURE. The food selection habit of M. gulio was corroborating with the pollution status of theambient water bodies
FYBSc course-I, semester-II, Ethology, question bank is for reference of B N Bandodkar college of Scince, Thane. Pl do not consider these question as IMP. This may help preparing for the forthcoming examination, All the best!!!
Abstract:
It has envisaged to make available the information on a season-wise pooled data of the feeding habits of
Boleopthalmus dussumieri (Cuv. & Val) studied along the Ulhas river estuary using point method during the period of two years from July 2004 to June 2006,. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of stomach content were carried out to calculate percentage frequency of occurrence of food items
(F)
, feeding index
(IA)
and vacuity index
(VI).
. Electivity analysis showed that the fish is herbivorous feeding mainly on diatoms and other species of algae.
Exploring the Online Information-seeking Strategies of Education Graduate Stu...Wil Weston
This paper is the result of a recent exploratory study completed in November 2013, which examines how education graduate students at San Diego State University (SDSU) seek information online. Understanding this group’s online research and information-seeking strategies are critical when one considers that these future graduates will be occupying leadership positions in education and determining educational policy. How they evaluate information resources will impact policy and determine the importance they place on specific informational resources. Discovering the strategies utilized by these graduate students in their information seeking behavior will provide insight into the use of online resources and broader information seeking-strategies.
fish ecology and feed chain in aquatic enviromentwaleedelhawarry2
describe the aquatic ecosystem and different natural food and feeding habits of fish species, thus helping to quite clearly understand the requirements for successful fish farming
This patent was registered with Govt of India in 2014.
The patent emphasizes on the remedy of Acne vulgaris which is a stubborn disease of facial surface. The topical treatment of admixture of extract from Tinospora cordifolia (Indian tinospora) and chitosan nanoparticles was effective remedy on Acne vulgaris.
In the present invention a novel method of large scale production of Iron and Iron Oxide nanoparticle is invented using extract of lac (an animal Secretary Product). Method is one easy, less ingredient involving, cheap, ecofriendly, less energy consuming and help in production of Iron and Iron Oxide nanoparticle on large scale. This is the first successful method of preparation of Iron and Iron Oxide nano particles from extract of lac and or waste product of lac industry.
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) was founded by former Prime minister Indira Gandhi to save tiger. This body promotes the conservation on the basis of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
Project tiger was launched in 1973. Initially 9 suitable habitats were selected later it increased to 47.
Objective was to conserve forest and biodiversity, through intensified protection; conservational development and strengthening research activities
India has diverse biomes like tropical rain forest (jungles), alpine forest, desert, marsh land, islands, deltas, savannas, scrub lands etc.
Wildlife of India has been gifted by very diverse flora and fauna.
It is our prime duty to conserve and sustain it for forthcoming generations.
World is loosing one species everyday.
Science means ‘to know’.
To gain knowledge through the mode of thinking and experimenting with reasoning.
Ideas are tested and hypotheses are set and finally the concept is accepted or rejected.
Person involved in these activities is known as ‘scientist’.
Chordata is an assemblage of heterogeneous animals which differ widely in their characteristics but have a few common features like they have notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits and post-anal tail. The notochord is a cartilaginous skeletal rod present at some stage in their life cycle. Nerve cord is mid-dorsally placed and is hollow containing axial nerve canal. Pharynx is perforated containing several gill slits primarily were used for filter feeding but later evolved as respiratory in function in aquatic forms.However, in terrestrial forms they disappear in adults but are occurred in embryonic stages. The body extends beyond anal terminal to give rise to a balancing or important part in locomotion called as tail.
A hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull is the superstructure and/or deckhouse, where present. The line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline.
The gunwale is a nautical term describing the top edge of the side of a boat.
The bow is a nautical term for the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway.
The opposite to the bow of boat is called the stern.
A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull, which forms the 'roof' for the hull, which both strengthens the hull and serves as the primary working surface.
The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall, vertical or near vertical spar, or arrangement of spars, which supports the sails.
Organisms in the water, especially saltwater, attach to slick surfaces like a boat's hull. It doesn't take long for a boat hull to become slimy with algae. Algae pave the way for adherence of other organisms. The general term for organism on a boat hull is fouling. Fouling makes boats drag, use more fuel and harder to maneuver. Invasive organisms spread by hitching a ride on the underside of a boat. Common marine foulers include barnacles, algae, shellfish, tunicates, ship-
worms, gribbles etc.
Wood borers are highly specialised animals which penetrate wooden structures such as boats, wharves, jetties, driftwood and even living mangrove trees. Many can digest the wood owing to cellulose-digesting bacteria or protozoa living in their guts. Only a few species can actually produce their own cellulose-digesting enzymes (cellulases).Wood borers are insects that chew their way into the solid trunk of a living tree or into a wooden structure, such as an old boat or house. Healthy trees are rarely attacked by wood borers, but a diseased or dying specimen can often host these kinds of invaders. The same goes for old houses and boats, where rain-soaked or rotten wood is more susceptible to invasion.
Temperature, light, Oxygen, salinity, pH are important marine factors which impact the major life and physical properties of the oceans. These factors make the marine environment a dynamic entity and otherwise impacting on the terrestrial ecosystems too.
Gill net
Trawl
Purse seine net
Hooks and lines
TED (turtle exclusion devices)
Non-conventional fishing methods:
light fishing; hose pipe fishing; electric fishing.
Pelagic (surface/open ocean) gillnets are systems of netting with highly specific mesh sizes. Gillnets as long as 2.5km, are placed vertically in the water column with the use of buoys and weights. These nets may be anchored or allowed to drift with prevailing currents, intercepting migrating sharks and fishes such as tuna and mackeral. Large fish become entangled or gilled in the net (commonly around the gills), whilst smaller fish are able to pass through the designated mesh size.
This article includes Basics classification like binomial nomenclature, Taxa hierarchic, Five kingdoms of Robert H. Whittaker, Levels of Organization, and Classificationa and features of Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata
Temperature as ecological factor its impact on animal life.
Animals can tolerate temp. from -10 to 50 ⁰C
Praying mantis can survive at 62 ⁰C whereas certain bacteria can live at 90 ⁰C.
Animals tolerating diff. range of temperature.
Stenothermal and eurythermal organisms.
Enzymatic activity are controlled by certain temp ranges. E.g. Human 30 to 40 ⁰C.
Reproduction is controlled by temperature
Activities are controlled by temp. hibernation, aestivation and migration.
Morning lower temp. make animals sluggish.
Animals are distributed according to temp. tolerance in terrestrial and aquatic body (thermocline).
Visible light – Photosynthesis
Infra red light – Warmth of earth at high altitudes
Ultraviolet light – Ionosphere (Ozone layer)
Light reaching earth depends on angle of incidence, altitude, latitude, season, clouds, fog, suspended particles, dust, water drops, smog (pollution) and time of day.
Conservation involves maintenance of the natural environment of man including the infinite resources of air, water, soil and life forms. Conversation also involves the collective responsibility of governments, private organizations, industries and individuals and the setting aside of funds, finances for ecological research and execution of conservation projects.
Fundamentals of Aquarium Setting for Beginners. Historic
Social
Aesthetic and ornamental
Meditating
Commercial
Educational, Scientific and Research
Setting up of aquarium
Maintenance of aquarium
Accessories required
Decorative used
Types of fish
Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Val., 1837) is a mudskipper species inhabiting, in abundance on the intertidal
mudflats occurred on either banks of Ulhas River estuary. The present study scan and focal sampling method
implied to record the lagged immergence of B. dussumieri on the surface during ebb-tide. The study revealed
direct correlation with the declining water level and rate of exposure of the mudflat during the ebb-tide
occurred at Kolshet creek along the west bank of the Ulhas River estuary. PCO obtained with Euclidean
distance matrix represented 100% ordination of the samples depicting that the level of water defined the rate of
surficial emergence of individuals.
Ulhas River Estuary (URE) sediment is highly silted. Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Val., 1837) is a mudskipper
species of a common occurrence on the intertidal mudflats developed on either banks of URE. The present study
recorded the various activities like burrow construction, feeding, territoriality and courtship, of B. dussumieri
using scan and focal sampling method on the surface during tidal movements on the exposed mudflats of URE
near Kolshet creek. Although the breeding and territoriality of B. dussumieri being normal, the other
behavioral activities such as courtship, construction of burrows and survivorship were different as compared to
the earlier observations by various experts. Breeding pairs preferred to develop burrows at spring tide limits.
Burrows lacked chimneys and pit-pools. Juveniles remained without burrows and were found to secure position
by penetration in loose soil during flood tide. Feeding on muddy surface was performed by strange straining
behaviour.
More from Dr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science (20)
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. T Y B Sc. Zoology Notes: Paper IV –Animal Behavior
Food is one of the important commodities for all living organisms. It is a source of energy required for
movement, migration, courtship, performing various activities, even for foraging for food and digesting
it. All animals select specific food in their natural habitat, some more so than others. Dependent on
their feeding habits animals are classified into 11 groups viz.
a. Predators 2. Grazers 3. Browsers 4. Scavengers
5. Particle feeders 6. Filter feeders 7. Fruit eaters 8. Seed eaters
9. Flower feeders 10. Food borrowers 11. Parasites
Ecologically animals are classified as carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, and saprophytes depending
upon their food types. No two species living together at the same time and place eat exactly the same
staple food, called as phenomenon of competitive principle (Lack, 1954; Mayr, 1963). The feeding
electivity is a subject of major biological importance to find out relationship between the problems of
interspecific competition for food and studies of their nutrition.
1. Carnivores: Carnivores occupy topmost trophic level. They live largely by killing and devouring
other animals. Some of the carnivores are specialists and others are opportunists.
a. Specialists: These predators tend to live a sort of lazy life e.g. eagles, big cats, snakes, owls
etc. specialist predators may spend only a very small percentage of their time in the pursuit of
food. They generally select bigger prey which they can feast for some days which allows them to
rest and digest flesh. This food is highest in nutritive quality. The feeding technique in this
category involves good efficiency and risk of physical injury e.g. lion feeding on large ungulates
such as beast, deer, antelope. Big cats when initiate hunting they first observe the prey
population in the vicinity and find out the easiest target from all of them. e.g. the injured or
weaker individual from buffalo. This way tiger requires less energy and effort to kill the prey.
The smaller prey catching is laborious, time and energy consuming as each time they are to be
tracked and killed. As they provide less amount of food, must be killed in large numbers to
satiate the hunger e.g. anteaters feeding on ants or insects. But the advantage is that there are
plenty of prey populations and no other competitor predator to share the food.
Ant-eater (Specialist)
By Prof. S D Rathod
Dept. of Zoology
B N Bandodkar College of Science, Thane, India
2. T Y B Sc. Zoology Notes: Paper IV –Animal Behavior
b. Opportunists: opportunists are always on the lookout for a new kind of meal e.g. crows,
mongoose, dogs, leopards, foxes etc. are typical busy opportunists. They kill anything they can
catch and devour it with relish. Opportunistic feeders must have a rich and complex
environment for their survival.
Leopard is another opportunist having pronounced individual feeding habit. One living near a
farm along with antelope and bush pigs was seen to be selecting bush pigs. Another individual
fed largely on Tilapia fish living nearby a bank of river or lake. Another leopard residing near
farm-field was observed to select the baboon prey. Thus leopard can shift from one prey to
another according to its availability.
Leopard (Opportunist)
2. Herbivores: these are direct plant feeding heterotrophs e.g. hare, horse, deer, antelope, buffalo,
giraffe, zebra etc. The ones which feed on grasses are known as grazers and others which feed on
tree foliage and tree parts are called as browsers. Herbivores need lot of food being it contains less
nutritive value. They eat large amount of food and digest it slowly as it mostly contains cellulose.
Therefore they spend most of their life’s time in foraging. Although the plants are abundant the
herbivores select a few varieties of them while feeding. Some plants are preferred to others,
depending upon the concentrations of tannins, alkaloids, and other toxic compounds. Plants
containing high toxic compounds concentrations are avoided.
Buffalos, zebra and wildebeests, topi and Thomson gazelle live together in huge groups. These
ungulates make up some 90% of the total weight of the mammals living in the Serengeti. Bell et al.
studied the stomach contents of the four (except Buffalo); they found that each species was living
on a different part of the vegetation. Study revealed that, Thomson gazelle ate nutritious fruits
whereas rest fed on different proportions of succulent leaves and harder stems. Therefore their
food selectivity differed greatly. Zebra being non ruminant largely browsed on bigger fresh leaves
which are low in nutritive quality. Thus zebra has to explore new feeding grounds for more leaves
before other herbivores move in. Therefore zebras are fast in/fast out feeders. After grazing and
trampling by zebra, the ruminant wildebeest and topi arrive to eat the nutrition rich stems and left-
out succulent leaves. The above three including zebra requires more food proportionate to their
body size, so they eat abundant food. Whereas Thomson gazelle prefer, rich fruits being small in
body size.
By Prof. S D Rathod
Dept. of Zoology
B N Bandodkar College of Science, Thane, India
3. T Y B Sc. Zoology Notes: Paper IV –Animal Behavior
Clockwise from top-left: Thomson’s gazelle, zebra, wildebeest and topi.
3. Important Aspects of Food Selection:
How do animals determine where to look for and how do they decide what food is and what is
not? The environment of an animal contains all sort of things, some of which are edible some of
which are not. The problem for the hungry animals is to distinguish non-edible and edible things
and select the best suitable. The complexity of the problem depends on the type of food and
the specificity of the feeder. Specialist feeder eats one or two types of preys or omnivorous
feeder eats many kinds of food. Omnivorous feeder like rats will initially sample in a small
quantities of food to eat. It samples almost anything but if they find that it makes them sick then
they avoid eating it again and vice versa. Thus rats land up with variety of potentially edible
things around and survive on any of them.
a. Competitive principle-
Lack (1954) and Mayr (1963) stated that no two species living together at the same time and
place, eat exactly the same staple food. This avoids the interspecific competition for food.
e.g. four spp. of Serengeti (wildebeest, Topi, Zebra and Thomson’s gazelle) and finches of
Galapagos Island.
By Prof. S D Rathod
Dept. of Zoology
B N Bandodkar College of Science, Thane, India
4. T Y B Sc. Zoology Notes: Paper IV –Animal Behavior
b. Learned aversion-
The larvae and adults of some insects such as Monarch butterfly, contains toxic chemicals
(Glycosides). This causes illness in birds which eat them. Bird starts nausea and regurgigates
the eaten monarch butterfly or its larva. Next time when a bird encounters the monarch
butterfly or its larva again it associates the appearance of the insect with the illness it
produced and avoids eating it again. Such phenomenon is called as learned aversion.
Learned aversion protects many animals from eating toxic or dangerous foods.
c. Energy budget in foraging strategy-
The animal selecting a food depends on foraging energy budget. The energy required to
search, stalk, grab and devour should be always lower than the energy obtained from that
food. The zebra requires more food proportionate to its body size so it eats more amount of
food. Whereas Thomson’s gazelle prefers a few nutrients rich fruit being small in body size.
Lion stalking big prey herd like buffalo, zebra or wildebeest first observes all individuals and
finds which one is crippled or sick and attacks it. This saves energy and avoids chances of
losing the attempt likewise lion save energy.
By Prof. S D Rathod
Dept. of Zoology
B N Bandodkar College of Science, Thane, India