This document discusses the neuroanatomy and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. It outlines the various receptor types involved in emesis, including dopamine, 5-HT3, opioid, histamine, and muscarinic receptors. It then describes different drug classes that act on these receptors, such as 5-HT3 antagonists, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, antihistamines, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride and other prokinetic agents. The mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of selected antiemetic medications are also summarized.
Introduction to the endocrine system
Growth hormone: Mechanism of Action, secretion, regulation.
Prolactin
Sex hormones
Oral contraceptives
Corticosteroids
Introduction to the endocrine system
Growth hormone: Mechanism of Action, secretion, regulation.
Prolactin
Sex hormones
Oral contraceptives
Corticosteroids
This slide is based upon prokinetic agents with detailed descriptions of their dosage to be taken with their respective usage in conditions and effects to be careful. I hope you will get the best of your knowledge from the respective material.
Lecture slides for MBBS Undergraduate Medical students. Study material was taken from Essentials of pharmacology by KD Tripathi. Figures were searched from google.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Introduction TO VOMITING,Pathophysiology of vomiting,Emetics,Anti emetics,classification,pharmacology,Drug treatment in selected circumstances FOR EMETICS were included.
In conclusion, the present study found that esomeprazole 40 mg daily may be more effective than either omeprazole 20 mg daily, pantoprazole 40 mg daily or lansoprazole 30 mg daily for the rapid relief of heartburn symptoms in patients with endoscopically proven reflux esophagitis.
This is an overview of drugs used to control nausea and vomiting. This presentation was for 2nd year pharmacy students as part of a pharmacology & toxicology course and accompanies Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 46.
This slide is based upon prokinetic agents with detailed descriptions of their dosage to be taken with their respective usage in conditions and effects to be careful. I hope you will get the best of your knowledge from the respective material.
Lecture slides for MBBS Undergraduate Medical students. Study material was taken from Essentials of pharmacology by KD Tripathi. Figures were searched from google.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Introduction TO VOMITING,Pathophysiology of vomiting,Emetics,Anti emetics,classification,pharmacology,Drug treatment in selected circumstances FOR EMETICS were included.
In conclusion, the present study found that esomeprazole 40 mg daily may be more effective than either omeprazole 20 mg daily, pantoprazole 40 mg daily or lansoprazole 30 mg daily for the rapid relief of heartburn symptoms in patients with endoscopically proven reflux esophagitis.
This is an overview of drugs used to control nausea and vomiting. This presentation was for 2nd year pharmacy students as part of a pharmacology & toxicology course and accompanies Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 46.
This seminar is my attempt to discuss screening of anti-emetic drugs using different animal models. The materials used in the presentation is derived from different standard textbooks, internet and journals. Please feel free to suggest ways to improve it.
Side effects of chemotherapy are the most dreaded of all times. Fortunately, there are different ways to prevent, treat and manage the side effects today, and cancer specialists take special care to make sure that their patients don’t suffer.
Prokinetics are the type of drugs which enhances gastrointestinal motility/transit by
increasing the frequency or strength of contractions.
They speed up gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.
Treat Gastrointestinal symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, Bloating, constipation,
Heart burn, nausea and vomiting. And few gastrointestinal disorders : irritable bowel
Syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.
Increases gastric emptying
Relief of gastric stasis
Decreases reflux esophagitis/heart burn
Decreases regurgitation of gastric contents& emesis
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Class antiemetics 3
1. Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
SSIMS & RC.
1
2. Vomiting Centre
(medulla)
Stomach
Small intestine
Higher cortical
centres
Chemoreceptor
Trigger Zone
(area prostrema,
4th ventricle)
Memory, fear, anticipationSensory input (pain, smell, sight)
Surgery
Surgery
Labyrinths
Anaesthetics
Vomiting Reflex
Neuronal pathways
Factors which can
cause nausea & vomiting
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Opioids
Sites of action of drugs
5HT3
antagonists
Sphincter modulators
Histamine antagonists
Muscarinic antagonists
Gastroprokinetic
agents
Benzodiazepines
Histamine antagonists
Muscarinic antagonists
Dopamine antagonists
Cannabinoids
3. Area Type of receptors Stimulus
Chemoreceptor trigger
zone (CTZ)
a) Dopamine D2
b) 5HT3
c) Opioid
d) H1 anti
1) Cancer chemotherapy
2) Opioids
3) Morning sickness
Vestibular nuclei a) Muscarinic
b) Histamine H1
1) Motion sickness
Pharynx and GIT a) 5HT3 1) Cancer chemotherapy
2) Radio therapy
3) Gastroenteritis
Cerebral cortex 1) Smell
2) Sight
3) Thought
4) Anticipatory emesis
6. Phenothiazines are primarily antipsychotic
Mechanism of the antiemetic action: inhibition
of central dopamine, muscarinic and H1
histamine receptors receptors
Use:
Chemotherapy-induced vomiting
Radiotherapy-induced vomiting
postoperative nausea and vomiting
7. are primarily antipsychotic agents
Mechanism of the antiemetic action: inhibition
of central dopamine receptors
Use:
Chemotherapy-induced vomiting
Radiotherapy-induced vomiting
postoperative nausea and vomiting
Adverse effects: droperidol may prolong the QT
inter, therefore, it should not be used in patients
with QT prolongation (should only be used in
patients who have not responded adequately to
alternative agents).
8. 1. Ondansetron, Granisetron, Dolasetron,
Palonosetron
2. Mechanism of action: Peripheral 5-HT3 receptor
blockade on intestinal vagal afferents.
Central 5-HT3 receptor blockade in the vomiting
center and chemoreceptor trigger zone
High first pass metabolism
Excreted by liver & kidney
9. 1) Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting
2) Post radiation nausea & vomiting
3) Vomiting of pregnancy
4) Postoperative vomiting
Adverse drug reactions
Headache and dizziness
Constipation or diarrhoea
10. Dexamethazone
Corticosteroids have antiemetic properties
Mechanism of action: possibly by suppressing
peritumoral inflammation and prostaglandin
production.
Use: to enhance efficacy of 5HT3 receptor antagonists
in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced vomiting.
11. Use: prevention or treatment of motion sickness.
Adverse effects: sedation, dizziness,confusion, dry mouth,
cycloplegia, and urinary retention.
.
Diphenhydramine dimenhydrinate First generation H1 receptor blockers
that have anticholinergic and
sedating properties
Meclizine First generation H1 receptor blockers
that have lesser anticholinergic and
sedating properties
Hyoscine Muscarinic receptor blocker
12. Pharmacokinetics: Readily absorbed after oral
administration
It undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism with
limited systemic bioavailability after single doses.
Metabolites are excreted primarily via the biliary-fecal
route
Adverse effects: Euphoria or dysphoria, sedation
1. withdrawal syndrome (restless, insomnia and irritability)
2. Autonomic effects (sympathetic) in the form of
tachycardia, palpitation, orthostatic hypotension.
Use: For the prevention of chemotherapy-induced
nausea and vomiting
13. Substituted benzamides Metoclopramide
5HT3 and 5HT4 receptor antagonist
Mechanism of antiemetic action: Central dopamine-
receptor blockade
Prokinetic effects- activation of 5HT4 receptors
Side effects: (mainly extrapyramidal):
Restlessness,Dystonias
Parkinsonian symptoms
Galactorrhoea and gynacomastia
14. Structurally similar to haloperidol
MOA similar to metaclopramide
Used to prevent emetic side effect of
levodopa or bromocriptine
15. Ipecac is an OTC drug
Administration
Take with a glass of water or fluid, not with milk or
carbonated beverage
Vomiting occurs in 20 to 30 minutes and if not,
repeat dose
Gastric lavage may be needed if vomiting does not
occur
Caution: avoid vomiting if substance is caustic or
petroleum
Apomorphine is a morphine derive emetic, SQ/IM,
Onset 15 min
16. Cisapride, Mosopride, Zacopride, Renzapride,
Prucalopride
-no antiemetic effect
Promote release of Ach from myentric plexus
Cisapride- facilitates gastric motility,
throughout the GIT
Hastens gastric emptying, improves LES tone
And oesophageal peristalsis.